PTPRK - Knowledge (XXG)

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amplified from tumor cDNA to confirm the LOH observed. In these specimens, 6 different mutations were observed, two of which (one in each phosphatase domain) disrupted the enzymatic activity of PTPRK. Expression of wild-type PTPkappa in U87-MG and U251-MG cells resulted in a reduction in cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Expression of the variants of PTPkappa with mutations in the phosphatase domains, however, increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion, supporting a role for the involvement of the mutated variants of PTPkappa in tumorigenicity.

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consequently reduces the level of nuclear β-catenin and reduces the expression of the β-catenin-regulated genes, cyclin D1 and c-myc. Expression of ful-length PTPkappa in melanoma cells that normally lack its expression results in reduced cell migration and cell proliferation. Because the presence of PTPkappa at the cell membrane was shown to sequester β-catenin to the plasma membrane, these data suggest that one mechanism whereby PTPkappa functions as a tumor suppressor is by regulating the intracellular localization of free-β-catenin.

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proposed to explain the influence of PTPkappa on cell proliferation is via PTPkappa dephosphorylation of the EGFR on tyrosines 1068 and 1173 directly. The reduction of PTPkappa expression in CHO cells with PTPkappa siRNA increased EGFR phosphorylation. Therefore, the hypothesis is that PTPkappa functions as a tumor suppressor gene by dephosphorylating and inactivating EGFR.

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PTPkappa is further cleaved by ADAM 10 to yield a shed extracellular fragment and a membrane tethered intracellular fragment, PΔE. The membrane tethered PΔE fragment is further cleaved by the gamma secretase complex to yield a membrane-released fragment, PIC, that can translocate to the cellular nucleus, where it is catalytically active.

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and CA 1-3 regions of the hippocampus. In the midbrain, β-gal was observed in the subthalamic nucleus, the superior and inferior colliculi and in the red nucleus. β-gal activity was also observed in the neural retina, in the inner nuclear layer and in small ganglion cells of the ganglion cell layer.

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Full-length PTPkappa protein is cleaved by furin to generate two cleaved fragments that remain associated at the plasma membrane, an extracellular (E) subunit and an intracellular phosphatase (P) subunit. In response to high cell density or calcium influx following trifluoperazine (TFP) stimulation,

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Crystal structure analysis of the first phosphatase domain of PTPkappa demonstrates that it shares many conformational features with PTPmu, including an unhindered open conformation for the catalytically important WPD loop, and a phosphate binding loop for the active-site cysteine (Cys1083). PTPkappa

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The intracellular fragments of PTPkappa, PΔE and PIC, are catalytically active, and can also dephosphorylate β-catenin. Tyrosine phosphorylated β-catenin translocates to the cell nucleus and activates TCF-mediated transcription to promote cell proliferation and migration. While full-length PTPkappa

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By expressing a dominant negative form of PTPkappa or by using short-hairpin RNA for PTPkappa in bone-marrow derived stem cells, CD4(+) T cells development is inhibited. PTPkappa likely regulates T-cell development by positively regulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation via the regulation of MEK1/2 and c-Raf

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of the extracellular domain of PTPkappa was demonstrated to occur preferentially in WiDr colon cancer cells that over-express N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase V (GnT-V). Over-expression of GnT-V in these cells increased the cleavage and shedding of PTPkappa ectodomain and increased migration of WiDr

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In situ hybridization localized PTPkappa mRNA to the brain, lung, skeletal muscle, heart, placenta, liver, kidney and intestines during development. PTPkappa was also found to be expressed in the developing retina, in nestin-positive radial progenitor cells and later in development, in the ganglion

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Use of short interfering RNA (siRNA) of PTPkappa to reduce PTPkappa protein expression in the mammary epithelial cell line, MCF10A, resulted in increased cell proliferation. PTPkappa expression, conversely, was demonstrated to reduce cell proliferation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The mechanism

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Using a β-galactosidase (β-gal) reporter gene inserted into the phosphatase domain of the murine PTPkappa (PTPRK) gene, Shen and colleagues determined the detailed expression pattern of endogenous PTPRK. β-gal activity was observed in many areas of the adult forebrain, including layers II and IV,

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in melanoma. A form of PTPkappa with a point mutation in the fourth fibronectin III repeat was identified to be a melanoma specific antigen recognized by CD4+ T cells in a melanoma patient with 10-year tumor-free survival after lymph node resection. This particular mutated form of PTPkappa was not

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Additional studies have suggested a function for PTPkappa during nervous system development. PTPkappa promotes neurite outgrowth from embryonic cerebellar neurons, and thus may be involved in axonal extension or guidance in vivo. Neurites are extensions from neurons that can be considered the in

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CD4. If the transgene was incorporated into a gene with a signal sequence, β-gal activity would remain in the cytosol of the cell and therefore be active. If the reporter gene was incorporated into a gene that lacked a signal sequence, β-gal activity would be in the ER where it would lose β-gal

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Patients with reduced PTPRK transcript expression have shorter breast cancer survival times and are more likely to have breast cancer metastases or to die from breast cancer. In an experimental model of breast cancer, PTPRK was reduced in breast cancer cell lines with PTPRK ribozymes. In these

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One mechanism whereby PTPkappa tyrosine phosphatase activity can be perturbed in cancer is via oxidative inhibition mediated by reactive oxygen species generated by either hydrogen peroxide in vitro or UV irradiation of skin cells in vivo. In cell-free assays, the presence of hydrogen peroxide

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PTPkappa possesses an extracellular region, a single transmembrane region, and two tandem catalytic domains, and thus represents a receptor-type PTP (RPTP). The extracellular region contains a meprin-A5 antigen-PTP mu (MAM) domain, an Ig-like domain and four fibronectin type III-like repeats.

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Assem and colleagues identified loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events in malignant glioma specimens, and identified PTPRK as a significant gene candidate in one LOH region. A significant correlation between the presence of PTPRK mutations and short patient survival time was observed. PTPRK was

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Shedding of PTPkappa may also be regulated by the presence of galectin-3 binding protein, as has been shown in WiDr cells. The authors suggest that the ratio of galectin-3 binding protein to galectin 3 influences the cleavage and shedding of PTPkappa, although the exact mechanism of how these

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In addition, glycosylation by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V (GnT-V) has been shown to reduce full-length PTPkappa expression, likely via increasing its cleavage. This aberrant glycosylation has been shown to increase the phosphorylation of EGFR on tyrosine 1068, likely because of reduced

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and to a lesser extent in layer VI of the cortex. β-gal activity was also observed in apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells, the granule layer of the olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs, the anterior hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and in granule and pyramidal layers of the

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yields the same results, namely a reduction of PTPkappa tyrosine phosphatase activity and an increase in EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation. EGFR phosphorylation then leads to cell proliferation, suggesting that PTPkappa may function as a tumor suppressor in skin cancer in addition to melanoma.

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PTPkappa is localized to cell-cell contact sites, where it colocalizes and co-immunoprecipitates with β-catenin and plakoglobin/γ-catenin β-catenin may be a PTPkappa substrate. The presence of full-length PTPkappa in melanoma cells decreases the level of free-cytosolic β-catenin, which

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The same reporter construct used by Shen and colleagues, and described above was created by Skarnes et al. during a screen to identify genes important in mouse development. The transgenic mouse was created by combining a β-galactosidase (β-gal) reporter gene with a signal sequence and the

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PTPkappa interacts by co-immunoprecipitation with E-cadherin, α-catenin and β-catenin in pancreatic acinar cells prior to the dissolution of adherens junctions in a rat model of pancreatitis. The authors suggest that the presence of PTPkappa at the plasma membrane in association with the

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Novellino L, De Filippo A, Deho P, Perrone F, Pilotti S, Parmiani G, Castelli C (2008). "PTPRK negatively regulates transcriptional activity of wild type and mutated oncogenic beta-catenin and affects membrane distribution of beta-catenin/E-cadherin complexes in cancer cells".

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PTPkappa mediates homophilic cell-cell aggregation via its extracellular domain. PTPkappa only mediates binding between cells expressing PTPkappa (i.e. homophilic), and will not mediate cell aggregation between cells expressing PTPkappa, PTPmu or PTPrho (i.e. heterophilic).

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Alternative splicing of exons 16, 17a, and 20a has been described for PTPRK. Two novel forms of PTPRK were identified from mouse full-length cDNA sequences and were predicted to result in two PTPkappa splice variants: a secreted form of PTPkappa and a membrane tethered form.

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Kim YS, Kang HY, Kim JY, Oh S, Kim CH, Ryu CJ, Miyoshi E, Taniguchi N, Ko JH (2006). "Identification of target proteins of N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase V in human colon cancer and implications of protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa in enhanced cancer cell migration".

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PTPRK has also been shown to be downregulated in response to androgen stimulation in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The mechanism whereby PTPRK is downregulated is via the expression of a microRNA, miR-133b, which is upregulated in response to androgen stimulation.

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Horvat-Bröcker A, Reinhard J, Illes S, Paech T, Zoidl G, Harroch S, Distler C, Knyazev P, Ullrich A, Faissner A (2008). "Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases are expressed by cycling retinal progenitor cells and involved in neuronal development of mouse retina".

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In the adult rat brain, PTPkappa mRNA is highly expressed in regions of the brain with cellular plasticity and growth, such as the olfactory bulb, the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. PTPkappa mRNA is also observed in the adult mouse cerebellum.

1426:, with TGFβ1 increases the levels of PTPkappa (PTPRK) mRNA as assayed by northern blot analysis. TGFβ1 also increased PTPkappa mRNA and protein in normal and tumor mammary cell lines. HER2 overexpression reduced PTPkappa mRNA and protein expression. 1464:

Using a transposon-based genetic screen, researchers found that disruption of the PTPRK gene in gastrointestinal tract epithelium resulted in an intestinal lesion, classified as either an intraepithelial neoplasia, an adenocarcinoma or an adenoma.

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Starr TK, Allaei R, Silverstein KA, Staggs RA, Sarver AL, Bergemann TL, Gupta M, O'Sullivan MG, Matise I, Dupuy AJ, Collier LS, Powers S, Oberg AL, Asmann YW, Thibodeau SN, Tessarollo L, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Cormier RT, Largaespada DA (2009).

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gene are both deleted in the rat Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) strain, and are both required for the CD4+ T-cell deficiency observed in this strain of rats. Deletion of PTPkappa was shown to generate T-helper immunodeficiency in the LEC strain.

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Kim YS, Jung JA, Kim HJ, Ahn YH, Yoo JS, Oh S, Cho C, Yoo HS, Ko JH (2011). "Galectin-3 binding protein promotes cell motility in colon cancer by stimulating the shedding of protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa by proprotein convertase 5".

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are enzymes that add phosphates to tyrosine residues, and are the opposing enzymes to PTPs. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and

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antagonizes TCF-mediated transcription, the PIC fragment augments it, perhaps by regulating other proteins in TCF-mediated transcription. This suggests that phosphatase activity of the PIC fragment opposes that of full-length PTPkappa.

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cells in transwell assays. As a result of glycosylation of PTPkappa by GnT-V, EGFR was phosphorylated on tyrosine 1068 and activated, and is likely the cause of the increased cell migration observed following PTPkappa cleavage.

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Kose H, Sakai T, Tsukumo S, Wei K, Yamada T, Yasutomo K, Matsumoto K (2007). "Maturational arrest of thymocyte development is caused by a deletion in the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa gene in LEC rats".

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Wang C, Yang Y, Yang Z, Liu M, Li Z, Sun L, Mei C, Chen H, Chen L, Wang L, Zha X (2009). "EGF-mediated migration signaling activated by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V via receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa".

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Yang Y, Gil M, Byun SM, Choi I, Pyun KH, Ha H (1996). "Transforming growth factor-beta1 inhibits human keratinocyte proliferation by upregulation of a receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase R-PTP-kappa gene expression".

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activity. This construct inserted into the phosphatase domain of PTPkappa. Mice generated from these ES cells were viable, suggesting that PTPkappa phosphatase activity is not necessary for embryonic development.

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Sun PH, Ye L, Mason MD, Jiang WG (2013). "Protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (PTPRK) is a negative regulator of adhesion and invasion of breast cancer cells, and associates with poor prognosis of breast cancer".

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Yang Y, Gil MC, Choi EY, Park SH, Pyun KH, Ha H (Mar 1997). "Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of a human gene homologous to the murine R-PTP-kappa, a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase".

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cell layer, inner plexiform layer and outer segments of photoreceptors. PTPkappa protein is observed in neural progenitor cells and radial glial cells of the developing mouse superior colliculus, as well.

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Expression analysis of PTPkappa mRNA in normal melanocytes and in melanoma cells and tissues demonstrated that PTPkappa is downregulated or absent 20% of the time in melanoma, suggesting that PTPkappa is a

2537:"Cloning and characterization of R-PTP-kappa, a new member of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase family with a proteolytically cleaved cellular adhesion molecule-like extracellular region" 1950:

Drosopoulos NE, Walsh FS, Doherty P (1999). "A soluble version of the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa stimulates neurite outgrowth via a Grb2/MEK1-dependent signaling cascade".

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cells, adhesion to matrigel, transwell migration, and cell growth were all increased following the reduction of PTPRK expression, again supporting a function for PTPRK as a tumor suppressor.

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Nakamura M, Kishi M, Sakaki T, Hashimoto H, Nakase H, Shimada K, Ishida E, Konishi N (2003). "Novel tumor suppressor loci on 6q22-23 in primary central nervous system lymphomas".

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Erdenebayar N, Maekawa Y, Nishida J, Kitamura A, Yasutomo K (2009). "Protein-tyrosine phosphatase-kappa regulates CD4+ T cell development through ERK1/2-mediated signaling".

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Forrest AR, Taylor DF, Crowe ML, Chalk AM, Waddell NJ, Kolle G, Faulkner GJ, Kodzius R, Katayama S, Wells C, Kai C, Kawai J, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y, Grimmond SM (2006).

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vitro equivalent of axons and dendrites. The extension of cerebellar neurites on purified PTPkappa fusion proteins was demonstrated to require Grb2 and MEK1 activity.

2920:"Oxidative inhibition of receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase kappa by ultraviolet irradiation activates epidermal growth factor receptor in human keratinocytes" 3119:"Down-regulation of the TGF-beta target gene, PTPRK, by the Epstein-Barr virus encoded EBNA1 contributes to the growth and survival of Hodgkin lymphoma cells" 1422:

PTPkappa is expressed in human keratinocytes. TGFβ1 is a growth inhibitor in human keratinocytes. Stimulation of the cultured human keratinocyte cell line,

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cadherin/catenin complex is important for the maintenance of adherens junction in pancreatic acinar cells, much as it was suggested above in melanoma cells.

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plasma-membrane associated PTPkappa expression and hence reduced PTPkappa-mediated dephosphorylation of its membrane associated substrates, such as EGFR.

898: 139: 879: 2349:"Transforming growth factor {beta} (TGF-{beta})-Smad target gene protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type kappa is required for TGF-{beta} function" 2194:"Furin-, ADAM 10-, and gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of a receptor tyrosine phosphatase and regulation of beta-catenin's transcriptional activity" 2083:"A deletion mutation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (Ptprk) gene is responsible for the CD4+ T-cell immunodeficiency (thid) in the LEC rat" 3262:"Identification of novel AR-targeted microRNAs mediating androgen signalling through critical pathways to regulate cell viability in prostate cancer" 3427:"Tumor derived mutations of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type k affect its function and alter sensitivity to chemotherapeutics in glioma" 2291:"Protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa and SHP-1 are involved in the regulation of cell-cell contacts at adherens junctions in the exocrine pancreas" 3783: 1788:"Cytogenetical assignment and physical mapping of the human R-PTP-kappa gene (PTPRK) to the putative tumor suppressor gene region 6q22.2-q22.3" 3736: 1648: 54: 1630: 4561: 1453:

PTPkappa was also identified as the putative tumor suppressor gene commonly deleted in primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs).

2789:"Homophilic interactions mediated by receptor tyrosine phosphatases mu and kappa. A critical role for the novel extracellular MAM domain" 303: 1158: 1165: 280: 3049:

Novellino L, Renkvist N, Rini F, Mazzocchi A, Rivoltini L, Greco A, Deho P, Squarcina P, Robbins PF, Parmiani G, Castelli C (2003).

3051:"Identification of a mutated receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa as a novel, class II HLA-restricted melanoma antigen" 1357:

exists as a monomer in solution, with the caveat that dimers of PTPkappa are observed depending on the nature of the buffer used.

1550: 2638:"Genomic structure and alternative splicing of murine R2B receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPkappa, mu, rho and PCP-2)" 1617: 1596: 1409:

reduces PTPkappa tyrosine phosphatase activity and increases EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation. UV-irradiation of primary human

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Flavell JR, Baumforth KR, Wood VH, Davies GL, Wei W, Reynolds GM, Morgan S, Boyce A, Kelly GL, Young LS, Murray PG (2008).

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Mo W, Zhang J, Li X, Meng D, Gao Y, Yang S, Wan X, Zhou C, Guo F, Huang Y, Amente S, Avvedimento EV, Xie Y, Li Y (2013).

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Downregulation of PTPkappa was found to occur following Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection of Hodgkin's Lymphomas cells.

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Schnekenburger J, Mayerle J, Krüger B, Buchwalow I, Weiss FU, Albrecht E, Samoilova VE, Domschke W, Lerch MM (2005).

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Bondar C, Plaza-Izurieta L, Fernandez-Jimenez N, Irastorza I, Withoff S, Wijmenga C, Chirdo F, Bilbao JR (2013).

3632:"Profile and differential expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases in mouse pancreatic islet tumor cell lines" 1900:"Expression of a truncated receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa in the brain of an adult transgenic mouse" 3814: 947: 127: 2830:"Characterization of the adhesive properties of the type IIb subfamily receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases" 3005:

McArdle L, Rafferty M, Maelandsmo GM, Bergin O, Farr CJ, Dervan PA, O'Loughlin S, Herlyn M, Easty DJ (2001).

3673:"THEMIS and PTPRK in celiac intestinal mucosa: coexpression in disease and after in vitro gliadin challenge" 928: 924: 3218:"The nonreceptor-type tyrosine phosphatase PTPN13 is a tumor suppressor gene in non-small cell lung cancer" 1263:

The human PTPRK gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 6, a putative tumor suppressor region of the

110:, R-PTP-kappa, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type K, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type K 3216:

Scrima M, De Marco C, De Vita F, Fabiani F, Franco R, Pirozzi G, Rocco G, Malanga D, Viglietto G (2012).

3775: 1441: 2403:"Receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase-kappa regulates epidermal growth factor receptor function" 3722: 3438: 3273: 3172: 2042:"Contiguous gene deletion of Ptprk and Themis causes T-helper immunodeficiency (thid) in the LEC rat" 1843: 1445:

identified in 10 other melanoma cell lines, and may thus represent a unique mutation in one patient.

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PTPRK mRNA was shown to be significantly reduced by RT-PCR in human lung cancer-derived cell lines.

106: 1141: 1137: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1066: 1062: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 4320: 3659: 3559: 3515: 3486:"Differential expression of MAM-subfamily protein tyrosine phosphatases during mouse development" 3350: 2586:"The crystal structure of human receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa phosphatase domain 1" 2473: 2123: 2022: 1975: 1929: 151: 4353: 1133: 1112: 1058: 1037: 3702: 3651: 3608: 3551: 3507: 3466: 3402: 3373:"Enhancing diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic outcome prediction of gliomas using genomics" 3342: 3301: 3239: 3198: 3140: 3099: 3072: 3028: 2987: 2951: 2895: 2859: 2810: 2769: 2720: 2669: 2615: 2566: 2512: 2465: 2424: 2378: 2320: 2262: 2223: 2161: 2115: 2063: 2014: 1967: 1921: 1871: 1809: 1759: 1736: 1715:"Association of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase kappa with members of the armadillo family" 1684: 99: 47: 4250: 4245: 4214: 4131: 1293:

PTPkappa has also been shown to regulate CD4+ positive T cell development. PTPkappa and the

4446: 4436: 4426: 4421: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4275: 4255: 4235: 4072: 4028: 3947: 3692: 3684: 3643: 3598: 3590: 3543: 3497: 3456: 3446: 3392: 3384: 3334: 3291: 3281: 3229: 3188: 3180: 3130: 3062: 3018: 2979: 2941: 2931: 2887: 2849: 2841: 2800: 2759: 2751: 2710: 2700: 2689:"Genome-wide review of transcriptional complexity in mouse protein kinases and phosphatases" 2659: 2649: 2605: 2597: 2556: 2548: 2504: 2457: 2414: 2368: 2360: 2310: 2302: 2254: 2213: 2205: 2153: 2105: 2097: 2053: 2006: 1959: 1911: 1861: 1851: 1799: 1726: 1676: 1346: 396: 327: 271: 226: 4411: 4406: 4396: 4391: 4310: 4116: 3577:

Reinhard J, Horvat-Bröcker A, Illes S, Zaremba A, Knyazev P, Ullrich A, Faissner A (2009).

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Anders L, Mertins P, Lammich S, Murgia M, Hartmann D, Saftig P, Haass C, Ullrich A (2006).

1544: 1342: 554: 147: 4535: 4343: 3579:"Protein tyrosine phosphatases expression during development of mouse superior colliculus" 1772: 1252: 371: 3161:"A transposon-based genetic screen in mice identifies genes altered in colorectal cancer" 1832:"Capturing genes encoding membrane and secreted proteins important for mouse development" 3442: 3277: 3176: 1847: 4376: 3697: 3672: 3603: 3578: 3547: 3461: 3426: 3397: 3372: 3296: 3261: 3193: 3160: 2946: 2919: 2854: 2829: 2715: 2688: 2610: 2585: 2373: 2348: 2315: 2290: 2218: 2193: 1294: 1257: 30: 3502: 3485: 2764: 2739: 2664: 2637: 2561: 2536: 1916: 1899: 1680: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 4555: 3647: 3023: 3006: 2364: 2209: 1866: 1831: 1518: 1392: 583: 3663: 3563: 3354: 2127: 2026: 1979: 1933: 4368: 3765:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE KAPPA AT 1.95A RESOLUTION 3519: 2477: 1534: 1410: 389: 168: 131: 2258: 1568: 3451: 3286: 3234: 3217: 3135: 3118: 3067: 3050: 2845: 155: 4338: 2010: 1653:

National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine

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National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine

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Agarwal S, Al-Keilani MS, Alqudah MA, Sibenaller ZA, Ryken TC, Assem M (2013).

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Assem M, Sibenaller Z, Agarwal S, Al-Keilani MS, Alqudah MA, Ryken TC (2012).

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Zondag GC, Koningstein GM, Jiang YP, Sap J, Moolenaar WH, Gebbink MF (1995).

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Jiang YP, Wang H, D'Eustachio P, Musacchio JM, Schlessinger J, Sap J (1993).

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ENSG00000273993 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000152894, ENSG00000273993

1244: 1243:(PTP) family. Protein tyrosine phosphatases are protein enzymes that remove 843: 532: 410: 355: 342: 254: 241: 143: 3706: 3612: 3555: 3470: 3406: 3346: 3305: 3243: 3202: 3144: 3103: 3076: 3032: 2983: 2955: 2936: 2899: 2863: 2724: 2705: 2673: 2654: 2619: 2516: 2469: 2461: 2428: 2419: 2402: 2382: 2324: 2266: 2227: 2165: 2119: 2067: 2018: 1971: 1963: 1925: 1804: 1787: 3688: 3655: 3511: 3388: 2991: 2814: 2773: 2570: 2552: 1875: 1813: 1740: 1688: 1205: 1200: 3806: 2828:

Becka S, Zhang P, Craig SE, Lodowski DT, Wang Z, Brady-Kalnay SM (2010).

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Zhang Y, Siebert R, Matthiesen P, Yang Y, Ha H, Schlegelberger B (1998).

1248: 1189: 992: 973: 2755: 2740:"Receptor tyrosine phosphatase R-PTP-kappa mediates homophilic binding" 959: 910: 2110: 76: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4441: 4431: 4305: 4285: 4280: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4240: 4204: 4199: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4126: 4121: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3942: 3907: 1264: 1221: 1173: 865: 3631: 1754:"Entrez Gene: PTPRK protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, K". 1353:. PTPkappa shares most sequence similarity with PTPmu and PTPrho. 1341:

PTPkappa is a member of the R2B subfamily of RPTPs, which includes

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Sap J, Jiang YP, Friedlander D, Grumet M, Schlessinger J (1994).

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Besco J, Popesco MC, Davuluri RV, Frostholm A, Rotter A (2004).

1556: 1228: 123: 3779: 3718: 563: 3714: 3007:"Protein tyrosine phosphatase genes downregulated in melanoma" 2584:

Eswaran J, Debreczeni JE, Longman E, Barr AJ, Knapp S (2006).

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Xu Y, Tan LJ, Grachtchouk V, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ (2005).

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transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

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transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

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Asano A, Tsubomatsu K, Jung CG, Sasaki N, Agui T (2007).

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proteins regulate PTPkappa cleavage was not determined.

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Skarnes WC, Moss JE, Hurtley SM, Beddington RS (1995).

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Fuchs M, Wang H, Ciossek T, Chen Z, Ullrich A (1998).

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The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the

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negative regulation of cell population proliferation

4516: 4481: 4463: 4367: 4329: 4223: 4192: 4166: 4140: 4071: 4056: 3956: 3838: 3831: 3822: 1713:Fuchs M, Müller T, Lerch MM, Ullrich A (Aug 1996). 1126: 1085: 1051: 1010: 779:

negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

3630:Lu J, Li Q, Donadel G, Notkins AL, Lan MS (1998). 1609: 1607: 1605: 1588: 1586: 1584: 2347:Wang SE, Wu FY, Shin I, Qu S, Arteaga CL (2005). 734:negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation 326: 225: 1218:Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa 3420: 3418: 3416: 3366: 3364: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3255: 3253: 3044: 3042: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2631: 2629: 2489: 2487: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2239: 2237: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2139: 2137: 1991: 1989: 1945: 1943: 1898:Shen P, Canoll PD, Sap J, Musacchio JM (1999). 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 18:Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens 2530: 2528: 2526: 1614:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000019889 3791: 3730: 2918:Xu Y, Shao Y, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ (2006). 1825: 1823: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 8: 1231:. PTPRK is also known as PTPkappa and PTPκ. 754:cellular response to reactive oxygen species 4068: 3835: 3828: 3798: 3784: 3776: 3737: 3723: 3715: 1082: 1007: 839: 579: 367: 266: 163: 65: 3696: 3602: 3501: 3460: 3450: 3396: 3295: 3285: 3233: 3192: 3134: 3066: 3022: 2945: 2935: 2853: 2804: 2763: 2714: 2704: 2663: 2653: 2609: 2560: 2418: 2372: 2314: 2217: 2109: 2057: 1915: 1865: 1855: 1803: 1730: 718:intracellular membrane-bounded organelle 3752: 1580: 1530:PTPRK has been shown to interact with: 1768: 1757: 20: 769:negative regulation of cell migration 678:integral component of plasma membrane 622:protein tyrosine phosphatase activity 331: 292: 287: 230: 189: 184: 7: 1404:By reactive oxygen species in cancer 774:protein localization to cell surface 519:vestibular membrane of cochlear duct 814:peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation 602:phosphoprotein phosphatase activity 3548:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.016 2040:Iwata R, Sasaki N, Agui T (2010). 1123: 1048: 983: 964: 938: 915: 889: 870: 549: 467: 405: 384: 14: 1224:that in humans is encoded by the 749:negative regulation of cell cycle 3755: 3648:10.1097/00006676-199805000-00010 3024:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01534.x 2365:10.1128/MCB.25.11.4703-4715.2005 2210:10.1128/MCB.26.10.3917-3934.2006 1551:Epidermal growth factor receptor 553: 315: 308: 302: 279: 214: 207: 201: 176: 29: 1384:Proteolysis and N-glycosylation 653:integral component of membrane 564:More reference expression data 533:More reference expression data 511:Region I of hippocampus proper 1: 3811:protein tyrosine phosphatases 3503:10.1016/S0925-4773(97)00179-2 2259:10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.12.024 1917:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01179-8 1681:10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00684-1 784:neuron projection development 300: 199: 3452:10.1371/journal.pone.0062852 3287:10.1371/journal.pone.0056592 3235:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.038 3136:10.1182/blood-2006-11-059881 3068:10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.6363 2846:10.3109/15419061.2010.487957 1278:type I transmembrane protein 1276:transmembrane domain of the 1251:residues on other proteins. 1241:protein tyrosine phosphatase 4562:Genes on human chromosome 6 2011:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.03.001 673:photoreceptor outer segment 453:stromal cell of endometrium 4578: 2972:Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2892:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.071 2880:Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2158:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.117 2146:Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1306:Cadherin-catenin signaling 3750: 3595:10.1007/s00221-009-1963-6 3339:10.1007/s00432-013-1421-5 2509:10.1016/j.abb.2009.02.005 2102:10.1007/s00335-007-9062-0 1649:"Mouse PubMed Reference:" 1631:"Human PubMed Reference:" 1204: 1199: 1195: 1188: 1172: 1159:Chr 6: 127.97 – 128.52 Mb 1153: 1130: 1109: 1078: 1055: 1034: 1003: 990: 986: 971: 967: 958: 945: 941: 922: 918: 909: 896: 892: 877: 873: 864: 849: 842: 838: 822: 744:protein dephosphorylation 582: 578: 561: 552: 543: 530: 479: 470: 417: 408: 378: 370: 366: 349: 336: 299: 278: 269: 265: 248: 235: 198: 175: 166: 162: 117: 114: 104: 97: 92: 73: 68: 51: 46: 41: 37: 28: 23: 2806:10.1074/jbc.270.24.14247 1836:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1732:10.1074/jbc.271.28.16712 1435:Melanoma and skin cancer 1166:Chr 10: 27.95 – 28.47 Mb 3327:J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 3185:10.1126/science.1163040 2307:10.1136/gut.2004.063164 2059:10.2220/biomedres.31.83 1857:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6592 759:focal adhesion assembly 739:cellular response to UV 4330:Phosphatase and tensin 3957:Non receptor type PTPs 2984:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1736 2937:10.1074/jbc.M602355200 2706:10.1186/gb-2006-7-1-r5 2655:10.1186/1471-2164-5-14 2462:10.1002/pmic.200500400 2420:10.1074/jbc.M507722200 1964:10.1006/mcne.1999.0758 1805:10.1006/geno.1998.5323 632:protein kinase binding 441:superior frontal gyrus 333:10 A4|10 15.06 cM 3689:10.1038/ejhg.2013.136 3389:10.1089/omi.2011.0031 2553:10.1128/MCB.13.5.2942 1442:tumor suppressor gene 1430:Clinical significance 703:leading edge membrane 607:gamma-catenin binding 294:Chromosome 10 (mouse) 2602:10.1110/ps.062128706 2497:Arch Biochem Biophys 1361:Alternative splicing 612:phosphatase activity 597:beta-catenin binding 192:Chromosome 6 (human) 69:List of PDB id codes 42:Available structures 3443:2013PLoSO...862852A 3278:2013PLoSO...856592M 3177:2009Sci...323.1747S 1848:1995PNAS...92.6592S 799:signal transduction 445:islet of Langerhans 425:epithelium of colon 3840:Receptor type PTPs 2756:10.1128/MCB.14.1.1 1370:Homophilic binding 1271:During development 948:ENSMUSG00000019889 727:Biological process 693:neuronal cell body 663:cell-cell junction 646:Cellular component 637:hydrolase activity 590:Molecular function 515:epithelium of lens 4549: 4548: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4073:MAPK phosphatases 4052: 4051: 3773: 3772: 3171:(5922): 1747–50. 3011:J Invest Dermatol 2834:Cell Commun Adhes 2413:(52): 42694–700. 1952:Mol Cell Neurosci 1767:Missing or empty 1460:Colorectal cancer 1302:phosphorylation. 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1184: 1183: 1149: 1148: 1120: 1119: 1074: 1073: 1045: 1044: 999: 998: 980: 979: 954: 953: 935: 934: 905: 904: 886: 885: 834: 833: 809:dephosphorylation 668:adherens junction 574: 573: 570: 569: 539: 538: 526: 525: 464: 463: 362: 361: 261: 260: 156:PTPRK - orthologs 88: 87: 84: 83: 52:Ortholog search: 4569: 4332:homologs (PTENs) 4069: 3836: 3829: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3777: 3759: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3700: 3667: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3505: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3464: 3454: 3422: 3411: 3410: 3400: 3368: 3359: 3358: 3321: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3289: 3257: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3196: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3070: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2939: 2930:(37): 27389–97. 2915: 2904: 2903: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2857: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2808: 2799:(24): 14247–50. 2784: 2778: 2777: 2767: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2718: 2708: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2667: 2657: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2532: 2521: 2520: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2444: 2433: 2432: 2422: 2398: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2344: 2329: 2328: 2318: 2286: 2271: 2270: 2241: 2232: 2231: 2221: 2189: 2170: 2169: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2113: 2087: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2061: 2037: 2031: 2030: 1993: 1984: 1983: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1919: 1895: 1880: 1879: 1869: 1859: 1827: 1818: 1817: 1807: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1710: 1693: 1692: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1627: 1621: 1611: 1600: 1590: 1260:transformation. 1253:Tyrosine kinases 1197: 1196: 1168: 1161: 1144: 1124: 1115: 1083: 1079:RefSeq (protein) 1069: 1049: 1040: 1008: 984: 965: 939: 916: 890: 871: 840: 580: 566: 557: 550: 535: 487:genital tubercle 475: 473:Top expressed in 468: 413: 411:Top expressed in 406: 385: 368: 358: 345: 334: 319: 312: 306: 295: 283: 267: 257: 244: 233: 218: 211: 205: 194: 180: 164: 158: 109: 102: 79: 66: 60: 39: 38: 33: 21: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4512: 4477: 4451: 4363: 4331: 4325: 4219: 4188: 4162: 4136: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4048: 3952: 3818: 3804: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3746: 3743: 3713: 3677:Eur J Hum Genet 3670: 3629: 3625: 3623:Further reading 3620: 3589:(3–4): 279–97. 3576: 3575: 3571: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3496:(1–2): 91–109. 3483: 3482: 3478: 3424: 3423: 3414: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3323: 3322: 3313: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3061:(12): 6363–70. 3048: 3047: 3040: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2917: 2916: 2907: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2534: 2533: 2524: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2446: 2445: 2436: 2400: 2399: 2390: 2359:(11): 4703–15. 2346: 2345: 2332: 2301:(10): 1445–55. 2288: 2287: 2274: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2204:(10): 3917–34. 2191: 2190: 2173: 2143: 2142: 2135: 2085: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2039: 2038: 2034: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1897: 1896: 1883: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1766: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1725:(28): 16712–9. 1712: 1711: 1696: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1612: 1603: 1591: 1582: 1578: 1528: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1477:Prostate cancer 1471: 1462: 1451: 1437: 1432: 1420: 1406: 1386: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1338: 1325: 1308: 1291: 1273: 1237: 1206:View/Edit Mouse 1201:View/Edit Human 1164: 1157: 1154:Location (UCSC) 1140: 1136: 1132: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1036: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 929:ENSG00000273993 927: 925:ENSG00000152894 818: 722: 708:plasma membrane 641: 617:protein binding 562: 531: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 471: 460: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 437:Achilles tendon 435: 431: 427: 423: 421:corpus callosum 409: 353: 340: 332: 322: 321: 320: 313: 293: 270:Gene location ( 252: 239: 231: 221: 220: 219: 212: 190: 167:Gene location ( 118: 105: 98: 75: 53: 19: 12: 11: 5: 4575: 4573: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4487: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4066: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3833: 3832:Classical PTPs 3826: 3820: 3819: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3712: 3711: 3668: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3569: 3525: 3476: 3412: 3360: 3333:(7): 1129–39. 3311: 3249: 3228:(3): 1202–14. 3208: 3150: 3129:(1): 292–301. 3109: 3082: 3038: 3017:(5): 1255–60. 2997: 2961: 2905: 2869: 2820: 2779: 2730: 2679: 2625: 2576: 2547:(5): 2942–51. 2522: 2483: 2456:(4): 1187–91. 2434: 2388: 2330: 2272: 2233: 2171: 2133: 2096:(11): 779–86. 2073: 2032: 1985: 1939: 1881: 1842:(14): 6592–6. 1819: 1778: 1746: 1694: 1658: 1640: 1622: 1601: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1538: 1527: 1524: 1505: 1504:In development 1502: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1450: 1447: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1419: 1416: 1405: 1402: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1337: 1334: 1324: 1323:EGFR signaling 1321: 1307: 1304: 1290: 1287: 1272: 1269: 1247:moieties from 1236: 1233: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1107: 1106: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1053: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1032: 1031: 1005: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 988: 987: 981: 978: 977: 969: 968: 962: 956: 955: 952: 951: 943: 942: 936: 933: 932: 920: 919: 913: 907: 906: 903: 902: 894: 893: 887: 884: 883: 875: 874: 868: 862: 861: 856: 851: 847: 846: 836: 835: 832: 831: 820: 819: 817: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 794:cell migration 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 730: 728: 724: 723: 721: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 649: 647: 643: 642: 640: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 591: 587: 586: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 559: 558: 547: 541: 540: 537: 536: 528: 527: 524: 523: 521: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483:tail of embryo 480: 477: 476: 465: 462: 461: 459: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 415: 414: 402: 401: 393: 382: 376: 375: 372:RNA expression 364: 363: 360: 359: 351: 347: 346: 338: 335: 330: 324: 323: 314: 307: 301: 297: 296: 291: 285: 284: 276: 275: 263: 262: 259: 258: 250: 246: 245: 237: 234: 229: 223: 222: 213: 206: 200: 196: 195: 188: 182: 181: 173: 172: 160: 159: 116: 112: 111: 103: 95: 94: 90: 89: 86: 85: 82: 81: 71: 70: 62: 61: 50: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 25: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4574: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4369:Myotubularins 4366: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224:Atypical DSPs 4222: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060:dual specific 4055: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3764: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3683:(3): 358–62. 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3642:(4): 515–20. 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3583:Exp Brain Res 3580: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3542:(3): 618–45. 3541: 3537: 3529: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437:(5): e62852. 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3383:(3): 113–22. 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3272:(2): e56592. 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3098:(4): 737–41. 3097: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2978:(3): 807–12. 2977: 2973: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2886:(1): 96–102. 2885: 2881: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744:Mol Cell Biol 2741: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2596:(6): 1500–5. 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541:Mol Cell Biol 2538: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:Mol Cell Biol 2350: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253:(5): 872–83. 2252: 2248: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198:Mol Cell Biol 2195: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152:(3): 489–93. 2151: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1910:(2): 157–71. 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1798:(2): 309–11. 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1761: 1750: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519:dentate gyrus 1514: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1486:Breast cancer 1485: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411:keratinocytes 1403: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1393:Glycosylation 1390: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1369: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1004:RefSeq (mRNA) 1002: 995: 994: 989: 985: 982: 976: 975: 970: 966: 963: 961: 957: 950: 949: 944: 940: 937: 931: 930: 926: 921: 917: 914: 912: 908: 901: 900: 895: 891: 888: 882: 881: 876: 872: 869: 867: 863: 860: 857: 855: 852: 848: 845: 841: 837: 830: 826: 821: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 764:cell adhesion 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 729: 726: 725: 719: 716: 714: 713:cell junction 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 648: 645: 644: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 592: 589: 588: 585: 584:Gene ontology 581: 577: 565: 560: 556: 551: 548: 546: 542: 534: 529: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 491:barrel cortex 490: 486: 482: 481: 478: 474: 469: 466: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419: 416: 412: 407: 404: 403: 400: 398: 394: 392: 391: 387: 386: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 357: 352: 348: 344: 339: 329: 325: 318: 311: 305: 298: 290: 286: 282: 277: 273: 268: 264: 256: 251: 247: 243: 238: 228: 224: 217: 210: 204: 197: 193: 187: 183: 179: 174: 170: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 113: 108: 101: 96: 91: 80: 78: 72: 67: 64: 63: 59: 56: 49: 45: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 16: 4062:phosphatases 3892: 3762: 3680: 3676: 3639: 3635: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3539: 3536:Neuroscience 3535: 3528: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3434: 3430: 3380: 3376: 3330: 3326: 3269: 3265: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3168: 3164: 3153: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3058: 3054: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2927: 2923: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2840:(2): 34–47. 2837: 2833: 2823: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2645: 2642:BMC Genomics 2641: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2544: 2540: 2503:(1): 64–72. 2500: 2496: 2453: 2449: 2410: 2406: 2356: 2352: 2298: 2294: 2250: 2246: 2201: 2197: 2149: 2145: 2093: 2089: 2076: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2005:(6): 673–7. 2002: 1998: 1958:(6): 441–9. 1955: 1951: 1907: 1903: 1839: 1835: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1749: 1722: 1718: 1675:(1): 77–82. 1672: 1668: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1535:Beta-catenin 1529: 1526:Interactions 1515: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1480: 1472: 1463: 1455: 1452: 1438: 1421: 1407: 1398: 1391: 1387: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1300: 1292: 1283: 1274: 1262: 1238: 1225: 1217: 1216: 1142:NP_001346285 1138:NP_001346284 1131: 1110: 1103:NP_001278913 1099:NP_001278912 1095:NP_001278911 1091:NP_001278910 1087:NP_001129120 1067:NM_001359356 1063:NM_001359355 1056: 1035: 1028:NM_001291984 1024:NM_001291983 1020:NM_001291982 1016:NM_001291981 1012:NM_001135648 991: 972: 946: 923: 897: 878: 858: 853: 683:cell surface 503:right kidney 499:ciliary body 395: 388: 253:128,520,616 240:127,968,785 115:External IDs 74: 15: 4057:VH1-like or 3745:PDB gallery 3222:Am J Pathol 2924:J Biol Chem 2793:J Biol Chem 2693:Genome Biol 2590:Protein Sci 2407:J Biol Chem 2247:Cell Signal 2090:Mamm Genome 2052:(1): 83–7. 1719:J Biol Chem 1563:Plakoglobin 1469:Lung cancer 495:Paneth cell 429:gallbladder 354:28,473,393 341:27,950,816 93:Identifiers 4141:Slingshots 3092:Cancer Res 2750:(1): 1–9. 2450:Proteomics 2111:2115/33866 2046:Biomed Res 1769:|url= 1620:, May 2017 1599:, May 2017 1576:References 1541:E-cadherin 1418:Expression 1379:Regulation 1289:In T cells 399:(ortholog) 136:HomoloGene 4483:Class III 3817:3.1.3.48) 3055:J Immunol 2699:(1): R5. 2648:(1): 14. 1904:Brain Res 1569:α-catenin 1336:Structure 1258:oncogenic 1245:phosphate 1134:NP_033009 1113:NP_002835 1059:NM_008983 1038:NM_002844 844:Orthologs 144:GeneCards 4556:Category 4518:Class IV 4465:Class II 3807:Esterase 3707:23820479 3664:35807441 3636:Pancreas 3613:19727691 3564:21471047 3556:18308476 3490:Mech Dev 3471:23696788 3431:PLOS ONE 3407:22401657 3355:20002233 3347:23552869 3306:23451058 3266:PLOS ONE 3244:22245727 3203:19251594 3145:17720884 3104:12591717 3077:12794170 3033:11710941 2956:16849327 2900:21094132 2864:20521994 2725:16507138 2674:15040814 2620:16672235 2517:19236842 2470:16404719 2429:16263724 2383:15899872 2325:15987791 2267:18276111 2228:16648485 2166:19800317 2128:20866657 2120:17909891 2068:20203423 2027:28407283 2019:17434290 1999:Genomics 1980:35458154 1972:10383829 1934:40530391 1926:10224293 1792:Genomics 1760:cite web 1616:– 1595:– 1449:Lymphoma 1249:tyrosine 1235:Function 1190:Wikidata 823:Sources: 698:dendrite 658:membrane 433:duodenum 4251:DUSP13B 4246:DUSP13A 4215:PTP9Q22 4132:MK-STYX 3824:Class I 3698:3925264 3656:9598814 3604:2845883 3520:9560178 3512:9510027 3462:3656086 3439:Bibcode 3398:3300066 3297:3579835 3274:Bibcode 3194:2743559 3173:Bibcode 3165:Science 2992:8941358 2947:3738260 2855:3337334 2815:7782276 2774:8264577 2716:1431701 2611:2242534 2571:8474452 2478:6580919 2374:1140650 2316:1774702 2219:1489012 1876:7604039 1844:Bibcode 1814:9722959 1741:8663237 1689:9047348 1618:Ensembl 1597:Ensembl 1553:(EGFR), 960:UniProt 911:Ensembl 850:Species 829:QuickGO 457:stomach 374:pattern 232:6q22.33 100:Aliases 4506:CDC25C 4501:CDC25B 4496:CDC25A 4447:MTMR15 4442:MTMR14 4437:MTMR13 4432:MTMR12 4427:MTMR11 4422:MTMR10 4306:DUSP27 4301:DUSP26 4296:DUSP25 4291:DUSP24 4286:DUSP23 4281:DUSP22 4276:DUSP21 4271:DUSP19 4266:DUSP18 4261:DUSP15 4256:DUSP14 4241:DUSP12 4236:DUSP11 4205:CDC14B 4200:CDC14A 4193:CDC14s 4184:PTP4A3 4179:PTP4A2 4174:PTP4A1 4127:DUSP16 4122:DUSP10 4075:(MKPs) 4065:(DSPs) 4044:PTPN23 4039:PTPN22 4034:PTPN21 4029:PTPN20 4024:PTPN18 4019:PTPN14 4014:PTPN13 4009:PTPN12 4004:PTPN11 3948:PTPRZ2 3943:PTPRZ1 3908:PTPRN2 3705: 3695: 3662: 3654: 3611: 3601: 3562: 3554: 3518: 3510: 3469: 3459: 3405: 3395: 3353: 3345: 3304: 3294: 3242: 3201: 3191: 3143: 3102: 3075: 3031: 2990: 2954: 2944: 2898: 2862: 2852: 2813: 2772: 2765:358350 2762: 2723: 2713: 2672: 2665:373446 2662: 2618: 2608: 2569: 2562:359687 2559: 2515: 2476: 2468: 2427: 2381: 2371: 2323: 2313: 2265: 2226: 2216: 2164: 2126: 2118: 2066: 2025: 2017: 1978: 1970: 1932: 1924: 1874: 1864: 1812: 1739: 1687: 1495:Glioma 1349:, and 1295:THEMIS 1265:genome 1222:enzyme 1220:is an 1176:search 1174:PubMed 993:P35822 974:Q15262 866:Entrez 545:BioGPS 449:rectum 132:103310 124:602545 4491:Cdc25 4417:MTMR9 4412:MTMR8 4407:MTMR7 4402:MTMR6 4397:MTMR5 4392:MTMR4 4387:MTMR3 4382:MTMR2 4359:TENC1 4316:RNGTT 4311:EMP2A 4231:DUSP3 4210:CDKN3 4117:DUSP9 4112:DUSP8 4107:DUSP7 4102:DUSP6 4097:DUSP5 4092:DUSP4 4087:DUSP2 4082:DUSP1 3999:PTPN9 3994:PTPN7 3989:PTPN6 3984:PTPN5 3979:PTPN4 3974:PTPN3 3969:PTPN2 3964:PTPN1 3938:PTPRU 3933:PTPRT 3928:PTPRS 3923:PTPRR 3918:PTPRQ 3913:PTPRO 3903:PTPRN 3898:PTPRM 3893:PTPRK 3888:PTPRJ 3883:PTPRH 3878:PTPRG 3873:PTPRF 3868:PTPRE 3863:PTPRD 3858:PTPRC 3853:PTPRB 3848:PTPRA 3660:S2CID 3560:S2CID 3516:S2CID 3377:OMICS 3351:S2CID 3123:Blood 2474:S2CID 2124:S2CID 2086:(PDF) 2023:S2CID 1976:S2CID 1930:S2CID 1867:41564 1565:, and 1545:CDH-1 1424:HaCaT 1351:RPTPU 1347:RPTPT 1343:RPTPM 1226:PTPRK 899:19272 859:Mouse 854:Human 825:Amigo 397:Mouse 390:Human 337:Start 272:Mouse 236:Start 169:Human 148:PTPRK 140:55693 107:PTPRK 24:PTPRK 4541:EYA4 4536:EYA3 4531:EYA2 4526:EYA1 4473:ACP1 4377:MTM1 4349:TPTE 4344:TPIP 4339:PTEN 4321:STYX 4167:PRLs 4158:SSH3 4153:SSH2 4148:SSH1 3763:2c7s 3703:PMID 3652:PMID 3609:PMID 3552:PMID 3508:PMID 3467:PMID 3403:PMID 3343:PMID 3302:PMID 3240:PMID 3199:PMID 3141:PMID 3100:PMID 3073:PMID 3029:PMID 2988:PMID 2952:PMID 2896:PMID 2860:PMID 2811:PMID 2770:PMID 2721:PMID 2670:PMID 2616:PMID 2567:PMID 2513:PMID 2466:PMID 2425:PMID 2379:PMID 2321:PMID 2263:PMID 2224:PMID 2162:PMID 2116:PMID 2064:PMID 2015:PMID 1968:PMID 1922:PMID 1872:PMID 1810:PMID 1773:help 1737:PMID 1685:PMID 1669:Gene 1557:HER2 1229:gene 880:5796 688:axon 507:iris 380:Bgee 328:Band 289:Chr. 227:Band 186:Chr. 120:OMIM 77:2C7S 58:RCSB 55:PDBe 4354:TNS 3693:PMC 3685:doi 3644:doi 3599:PMC 3591:doi 3587:199 3544:doi 3540:152 3498:doi 3457:PMC 3447:doi 3393:PMC 3385:doi 3335:doi 3331:139 3292:PMC 3282:doi 3230:doi 3226:180 3189:PMC 3181:doi 3169:323 3131:doi 3127:111 3063:doi 3059:170 3019:doi 3015:117 2980:doi 2976:228 2942:PMC 2932:doi 2928:281 2888:doi 2884:404 2850:PMC 2842:doi 2801:doi 2797:270 2760:PMC 2752:doi 2711:PMC 2701:doi 2660:PMC 2650:doi 2606:PMC 2598:doi 2557:PMC 2549:doi 2505:doi 2501:486 2458:doi 2415:doi 2411:280 2369:PMC 2361:doi 2311:PMC 2303:doi 2295:Gut 2255:doi 2214:PMC 2206:doi 2154:doi 2150:390 2106:hdl 2098:doi 2054:doi 2007:doi 1960:doi 1912:doi 1908:826 1862:PMC 1852:doi 1800:doi 1727:doi 1723:271 1677:doi 1673:186 350:End 249:End 152:OMA 128:MGI 48:PDB 4558:: 3815:EC 3809:: 3701:. 3691:. 3681:22 3679:. 3675:. 3658:. 3650:. 3640:16 3638:. 3634:. 3607:. 3597:. 3585:. 3581:. 3558:. 3550:. 3538:. 3514:. 3506:. 3494:70 3492:. 3488:. 3465:. 3455:. 3445:. 3433:. 3429:. 3415:^ 3401:. 3391:. 3381:16 3379:. 3375:. 3363:^ 3349:. 3341:. 3329:. 3314:^ 3300:. 3290:. 3280:. 3268:. 3264:. 3252:^ 3238:. 3224:. 3220:. 3197:. 3187:. 3179:. 3167:. 3163:. 3139:. 3125:. 3121:. 3096:63 3094:. 3071:. 3057:. 3053:. 3041:^ 3027:. 3013:. 3009:. 2986:. 2974:. 2950:. 2940:. 2926:. 2922:. 2908:^ 2894:. 2882:. 2858:. 2848:. 2838:17 2836:. 2832:. 2809:. 2795:. 2791:. 2768:. 2758:. 2748:14 2746:. 2742:. 2719:. 2709:. 2695:. 2691:. 2668:. 2658:. 2644:. 2640:. 2628:^ 2614:. 2604:. 2594:15 2592:. 2588:. 2565:. 2555:. 2545:13 2543:. 2539:. 2525:^ 2511:. 2499:. 2486:^ 2472:. 2464:. 2452:. 2437:^ 2423:. 2409:. 2405:. 2391:^ 2377:. 2367:. 2357:25 2355:. 2351:. 2333:^ 2319:. 2309:. 2299:54 2297:. 2293:. 2275:^ 2261:. 2251:20 2249:. 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