Pratt & Whitney PW1000G - Knowledge (XXG)

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between the center of gravity of the bowed rotor and the bearing axis, causing a slight imbalance and potentially reducing the tight clearance between the rotor blade tips and the compressor wall. All production standard engines now feature a damper on the third and fourth shaft bearings to help stiffen the shaft and data from engines in service and under accelerated testing is expected to gradually reduce engine start times. According to P&W President Bob Leduc, "by the time we get to June (2016), it will be down to 200 seconds for start time and by the time we get to December (2016) we will be down to 150 seconds for start time".

651: 571: 40: 237:, and 13 compressor stages instead of the 22 in the V2500 for similar thrusts. Preliminary development was to end by June 1, the first test for 10 months later, and certification 20 months after, for $ 400 million. Pratt had tested gearboxes for 950 hours for $ 350 million in the previous decade and aimed for 99.5% efficiency. The ADP gearbox was 30% more powerful and the reversing pitch fan was not retained for the PW8000. P&W was to control 60% of the program, shared with IAE partners MTU and FiatAvio but not Rolls-Royce, and possibly with Volvo and MHI. 367: 749: 414: 485:-7 and reduced noise relative to the FAA's Stage 4 by 25 dB. In 2012, wind tunnel tests were completed on an earlier version of the fan and in 2015, 275h of testing were completed on a fan rig. More than 175h of ground testing of key components were completed in October 2017, on a shorter duct inlet, a part of the nacelle and a fan with lower-pressure ratio blades, significantly fewer than the 20 blades of the PW1100G. The US FAA 993: 295: 437:, which won 396 A320neo orders compared to 39 for the GTF from January through early August 2017: 46% of the GTF-powered A320neos were out of service for at least one week in July 2017 compared with just 9% of those using the LEAP. The GTF's market share fell from 45% to 40% in 2016, but 1,523 planes (29%) were still undecided, and as of August 2017 Pratt had an 8,000 engine orderbook including 1,000 non-Airbus planes. 966:

expanded this recall to include all 3,000 engines. P&W says the inspections take 250 to 300 days to complete, and the company said it expected an average of 350 airplanes to be on the ground through 2026 with the highest number coming in early 2024. P&W estimated that the metal contamination issue will cost Pratt & Whitney and its partners $ 6 to $ 7 billion, 80% of which is customer compensation.

1597: 673:, occurred on January 20, 2016. It entered commercial use later that month. As of early August 2017, Pratt was supporting 75 aircraft: 59 Airbus A320neos with PW1100Gs and 16 Airbus A220s with PW1500Gs. In January 2018, it reached 500,000 flight hours on a fleet of 135 aircraft flown by 21 operators. Due to teething problems, overall 956:

to supply 5 spare engines per month to Go First between August and December 2023. Pratt & Whitney disputed the claims and said that Go First "had no right" to get new engines because the leases over the aircraft that required engines had been terminated; the lease terminations had happened due to

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Pratt & Whitney has reduced life limits on PW1500G (installed on the Airbus A220) and PW1900G (installed on Embraer E190/E195-E2) high-pressure compressor front hubs after corrosion was discovered during routine engine overhaul. This corrosion reduces the low-cycle fatigue capability and may lead

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Testing of the CSeries bound PW1524G model began in October 2010. In addition to the geared turbofan, the initial designs included a variable-area fan nozzle (VAFN), which allows improvements in propulsive efficiency across a range of the flight envelope. However, the VAFN has since been dropped from

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in March 2019, and was subsequently incorporated into the engines of a number of Airbus A220 aircraft. The software update addressed the root cause of the compression stall problem by adjusting the engine's control logic to provide more consistent and stable airflow through the engine core. This was

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is the most demanding point for a turbofan, where the compressor spins the fastest. The directive states that "high altitude climbs at higher thrust settings for engines with certain thrust ratings" may be a contributor to the failures, and cautions that "this condition, if not corrected, could lead

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In July 2023 P&W ordered a recall to inspect 1,200 of the 3,000 PW1100G geared turbofan engines used on the A320neo due to the discovery that contaminated powdered metal was used in production of some engine parts. The inspections led to the discovery of cracked parts. In September 2023, P&W

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aircraft until they are fitted with spares. Later, Airbus decided to stop accepting additional PW1100G engines for A320neo aircraft. Despite the part failure that could hold up engine deliveries to Airbus until April, P&W reaffirmed its 2018 delivery goal of doubling its 2017 rate of 374 engines

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A320s—has been compounded by a new Indian tax on goods and services, impeding imports. With removals without sufficient spare engines available, IndiGo had to ground as many as nine jets on some days. The disruptions to operations were compensated for by Pratt & Whitney which at the time said it

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In November 2016, Pratt had fixed the issue of engine start time and wanted to deliver 150 powerplants by the year-end, 50 fewer than originally planned. This was because of low yield of fan blades when less than one-third were passing inspection at the start of the year compared to 75% success for

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in the 1980s. The gearbox consisted of 40 components, weighed 500 lb (230 kg), and shared a 3-U.S.-gallon (11-liter) oil tank with the rest of the engine. The efficiency of the gearbox was 99.7%. Eight engines would have been used for certification. After several years, the PW8000 project

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engines; hardware fixes and software upgrades decreased the time required by a little over a minute, and cooling down both engines at the same time saved slightly over two minutes, for a total reduction of three and a half minutes. These modifications were included on new-build engines, as well as

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used for engine components necessitated extensive repairs, with individual engine fixes estimated to take 250-300 days. This extended downtime for a significant portion of the PW1000G-powered fleet ultimately led some airlines to reassess their engine selection strategies, with some opting for the

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On 24 October 2017, a 99.8% dispatch reliability was attained and Pratt remained on track to deliver 350 to 400 engines in 2017, as 254 have been delivered including 120 in the third quarter, but 12–15% were diverted for spares as the carbon air seal and combustor liners were wearing out quickly,

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by up to 12% and noise by 31 dB compared with then-current engines. P&W was planning a ground engine demonstration in late 2007, aimed at 30,000 lbf (130 kN) thrust with a 2 m (80 in)-diameter fan. The first ground test of the demonstrator was performed in November 2007 at

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composite blades had a 15:1 bypass ratio. It aimed to cut fuel consumption by 6–7%, emissions by 15%, and generate less noise due to lower fan tip speed of 950 ft/s (290 m/s), down from 1,400 ft/s (430 m/s) in conventional 5:1 bypass turbofans. While the gearbox and larger fan

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reported four incidents involving in-flight engine stall during climb followed by shutdown, which occurred on the 24th, 25th and 26 October 2019. The cause of the shutdowns has been traced to problems with the Low-Pressure Turbine (LPT). On 1 November 2019 the Indian Directorate General of Civil

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for the third and fourth bearings to offset the rotor-bow, with the repairs retrofitted on-wing after testing at Airbus and Pratt. Boosting durability of the third bearing compartment air seal, the upgraded carbon seal package was certified on April 12 and can be retrofitted over a typical night

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due to rotor bow, or thermal bowing, due to asymmetrical cooling after shut-down on the previous flight. Differences in temperature across the shaft section supporting the rotor lead to different thermal deformation of the shaft material, causing the rotor axis to bend; this results in an offset

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The program cost is estimated at $ 10 billion. The list price was $ 12 million in 2011. At the start of its production in 2016, each GTF was costing PW $ 10m to build, more than the sale price, but should become less than $ 2m per engine. MTU provides the first four stages of the high-pressure

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went further and grounded all A320neo with an affected engine. The design flaw will cost Pratt & Whitney $ 50 million to resolve. P&W will replace the seals in the 55 engines delivered to Airbus and in the 43 in-service GTFs, as the target of 750 deliveries in 2018 seems more remote.

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The family of engines generates 15,000 to 34,000 lbf (67 to 151 kN) of thrust, it uses gearboxes rated between 16,000 hp (12,000 kW) and 32,000 hp (24,000 kW). By putting a 3:1 gearbox between the fan and the low-pressure spool, each spins at its optimal speed:

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between the fan and the low-pressure core. This allows each section to operate at its optimal speed: the large front fan spins slower for maximum air intake efficiency, while the core with its compressor and turbine operates at a much faster speed for improved thrust generation. This design

158:, entered service in 2016 and encountered some problems during its early introduction. These issues, including grounded aircraft and in-flight failures, necessitated corrective measures from Pratt & Whitney. The various models in the PW1000G family can generate 15,000 to 33,000 1044:

On 15 October 2019, another engine failed and the crew diverted to Paris-Charles de Gaulle, after which Swiss withdrew its fleet for inspection. Swiss returned some aircraft to flight status the same day after engine checks and planned to restore flight operations by 17 October. A

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The Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engine family initially garnered significant interest from airlines due to its touted fuel efficiency advantages. However, subsequent technical challenges have impacted its standing in the market. Notably, the discovery of contamination of the

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environment, 42 engines were prematurely removed from those companies' aircraft by 24 February, with more removals scheduled, after warnings, mandatory checks, and possible repairs were due after only three flight hours instead of ten. 28 engine removals were due to an air

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turbine ran at 9,160 rpm, reduced by 3:1 for a 3,250 rpm fan having a 1,050 ft/s (320 m/s) blade tip speed down from 1,400 ft/s (430 m/s), dropping noise to 30 EPNdB cumulated below Stage 3 requirements. The 76–79 in (190–200 cm) fan had 20

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Pratt & Whitney also conducted a comprehensive review of the PW1500G engine and its components to identify any other potential issues. Extensive testing and data analysis and resulted in further modifications to the engine's design and performance characteristics.

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The first digit of the program or model number indicates the generation (1 for this engine family). The second digit represents the customer (1 for Airbus, 2 for Mitsubishi, 4 for Irkut, and 5 for ex-Bombardier). The last two digits denote the nominal thrust in

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Aviation (DGCA) asked IndiGo to replace engines on all of the 98 A320neo airplanes it currently operates by January 31, 2020 and suggested to defer future deliveries until the existing fleet is re-engined. Later DGCA extended the deadline to May 31, 2020.

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system froze shut on occasion due to cold temperatures on four of its five A320neos, a problem also experienced by IndiGo, leading Spirit to impose a 30,000 feet (9,100 m) ceiling on their aircraft. To avoid troubles with the P&W1100G engines,

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To address the issue for the PW1500G, Pratt & Whitney developed a software update for the engine control system that was specifically designed to improve engine performance during all flight operations. The update was first approved by the

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Gregory Hayes stated when asked about the start up issues on the PW1100G-JM; "On the technical stuff, I would tell you it is in the rearview mirror. The start time with the software drops have been pretty well addressed". Airbus group chief

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version of the A320neo's PW1100G available from 2024, after over a year of ground and flight testing. It offers 1% more fuel efficiency, more durability and more thrust with 34,000 lbf (151 kN), up to 8% more than before at

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that replaced the fan section with a gear box and a new single-stage fan, which would provide about 90% of the propulsive power of the engine. The PW8000 engine aimed for 10% lower operating costs, or $ 600,000 per aircraft annually.

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In 2018 some engines were reported as emitting "a strange howling noise" as heard by people below the aircraft as it made its landing approach. Pratt & Whitney had not established what was causing the noise at that time.

788:, which allowed metal particles to enter the oil system, triggering detectors. Pratt & Whitney discovered these issues in 2015 and revised the design in 2016 after the 160th engine with improved bearing compartments and 915:

by the end of 2018. Pratt & Whitney stated the A220's and Embraer E2's PW1500G/PW1900Gs are free from the issue and that less than 2% of PW1100Gs are affected while 182 GTF-powered A320/A321neos have been delivered.

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retrofitting existing units. Pratt & Whitney continued to improve start up times, with fuel-nozzle modifications and oil filling procedure changes expected to save another minute when introduced by the end of 2017.

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translates to significant performance gains. Pratt & Whitney claims the PW1000G delivers a 16% improvement in fuel efficiency compared to previous generation engines, while also achieving a 75% reduction in noise.

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core but with a new gearbox and a single-stage fan. It had its first run on March 16, 2001. This led to the Geared Turbofan (GTF) program, which was based around a newly designed core jointly developed with German

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In 2010, Pratt & Whitney launched the development of an ultra high-bypass version, with a ratio significantly higher than the PW1100G's 12.2:1 for the A320neo, to improve fuel consumption by 20% compared to a

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weighed more, this was mitigated by using 40% composites by weight, up from 15%. In 1994 P&W was planning to run a 60,000 hp (45,000 kW) gearbox for 75,000 lbf (330 kN) of thrust.

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production designs due to high system weight. The PW1500G engine achieved Transport Canada type certification on February 20, 2013. The first flight test on one of its intended production airframes, the

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The engines involved in the July and September incidents had 154 and 230 cycles, respectively, while the October failure occurred to an engine with 1,654 cycles since new but within 300 cycles after an

948:, initially until May 2023, later until July 2023. The airline cited poor reliability of the PW1100G engines as reason for suspension and claimed that Pratt & Whitney did not comply with a previous 865:

To solve the issue, a revised configuration with a mature and approved design will be released from early March engine deliveries. The EASA and FAA imposed flying A320neos with mixed engines and forbid

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P&W first attempted to build a production geared turbofan starting around 1998, with the PW8000, targeted for the 25,000–35,000 lbf (110–160 kN) range. This was an upgrade of the existing

1569: 1163: 175: 265:(CFD) optimized. The gearbox could handle 50 hp/lb (82 kW/kg). The physical size of the gearbox was 17 inches (430 mm) in diameter, or no more than half the gearbox size of the 306:

on aeronautics research was severely cut at the start of 2006, Pratt & Whitney committed to spend $ 100 million a year on the geared turbofan (GTF) development for the next generation of

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airliners, focused on the 25,000–35,000 lbf (110–160 kN) thrust range. By then, P&W was supporting 36% of the engines in the Western-operated commercial fleet, compared to

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In 2017, IndiGo had to ground seven planes, two in May, four in June and one in July after, their engines out of service, waiting for upgrades: a lack of spare parts—grounding also

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in mid 2018 for the MRJ 2020 introduction. Icing, thermal environment, stall, drainage, performance, operability and other development tests were completed. MHI manufactures the

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the latest. 350–400 engine deliveries were targeted for 2017. Fuel-burn performance was 16% better than the IAE V2500 baseline, on target, and even 18% better in best cases.

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believes 12–18 months will be needed to get back to normal. On 17 July 2018, Pratt & Whitney announced that the PW1500G had been granted ETOPS 180 approval by the FAA.

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On 12 February 2020 another PW1500G suffered an uncontained engine failure on an A220-300 belonging to Air Baltic during flight BT-677 from Riga, Latvia to Malaga, Spain.

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program's low aspect-ratio airfoils. A floatwall/TALON combustor was followed by a single stage HP turbine and a counter rotating 3-stage LP turbine with 400 blades, both

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costs, while the fan gear has no limit. The fan drive gear system (FDGS) is expected to stay on wing for 30,000 flight hours or more before it needs its first overhaul.

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The A320 engine, the PW1100G, had made its first static engine test run on November 1, 2012, and was first tested on the 747SP on May 15, 2013. The first flight of the

4171: 4395:. Penton. Pratt & Whitney's geared turbofan program is set to take to the skies with innovations ranging from reduction gearing to low-emission combustion cycles. 3956: 4282: 4296: 5242: 629:

The 30,000-horsepower (22,000-kilowatt) gearbox is designed as a lifetime item with no scheduled maintenance other than changing oil. It has up to 25,000 cycles

402: 1029:. The inspection has shown that "stage-one rotor in the low-pressure compressor had separated and there was a hole in the compressor case". On 26 September the 4258: 397:

followed on September 25, 2014. The PW1100G engine achieved FAA type certification on December 19, 2014. The fourth variant of the engine, the PW1900G for the

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said while releasing Airbus's 2016 first half financial results that the first upgraded "golden engine" would be delivered to Lufthansa in early August 2016.

5266: 4519: 3014: 486: 2454: 3229:"Airbus A220 and Embraer E2 operators are being advised of cycle limit amendments to the high-pressure compressor hub on their Pratt & Whitney engines" 2786: 3794: 3484: 2606: 1559:

of a model. (The digits "00" just represent the overall engine program, not a particular thrust model.) The suffix "G" indicates a geared turbofan engine.

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As of June 2023, there have been no other reported incidents of compression stalls on PW1500G-powered aircraft since the software update was implemented.

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4,000–5,000 RPM for the fan and 12,000–15,000 RPM for the spool, the high-pressure spool spinning at more than 20,000 RPM. The PW1431G variant has a

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achieved by optimizing the engine's inlet guide vanes and airflow sensors, as well as altering the engine's response to certain flight conditions.

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for the climb over this altitude before engaging it again in cruise. For the PW1500G, N1 is the Low Pressure Spool, with a nominal speed of 10,600

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had an inflight shutdown of one of its PW1500G engines after a faulty O-ring seal on the engine's fuel oil cooler led to a loss of oil pressure.

135:. Following years of development and testing on various demonstrators, the program officially launched in 2008 with the PW1200G destined for the 4480: 4195: 3401: 5235: 2528: 2330: 426:

compressor, the low-pressure turbine and other components. In October 2016, MTU started to deliver the engine assembled on its line to Airbus.

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Unlike traditional turbofan engines where a single shaft connects all components, forcing them to operate at the same speed, the PW1000G has a

2882: 1932:"Pratt & Whitney Begins Ground Testing on Geared Turbofan Demonstrator Engine Ahead of Schedule; Targeting 12%+ Improvements in Fuel Burn" 441:

requiring engine removals to change the part. P&W expects to deliver over 2,500 GTFs from 2018 to 2020, more than 10,000 engines by 2025.

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In summer 1993, Pratt & Whitney started to test its 53,000 lbf (240 kN) Advanced Ducted Propulsor (ADP) demonstrator at the

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Initially, the PW1000G start up sequence took about seven minutes, compared to one to two and a half minute startups on the similar

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would be able to sort out the issues within one and a half years. Indigo had to replace 69 engines from mid 2016 till early 2018.

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on July 11, 2008 through mid-August 2008, totaling 12 flights and 43.5 flight hours. It then flew starting October 14, 2008 on an

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Following these Airbus A220 PW1500G failures, the similar PW1900G electronic control software was upgraded for the

366: 323: 3203: 39: 5172: 4961: 4921: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4871: 4699: 833: 218: 4932: 4604: 2920: 2587: 903:, 78% of the time due to engine issues as 14 unplanned engine changes were made. In September 2018 its A320neos 4886: 4881: 4876: 4861: 3214: 2692: 1679: 1025:

On 16 September 2019, a similar accident happened just before reaching 35,000 ft and the crew returned to

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wind tunnel, using a 4:1, 40,000 hp (30,000 kW) gearbox. Its 118.2 in (300 cm) fan with 18

5062: 5045: 5002: 4997: 1022:. The low-pressure compressor of one its PW1500G engines disintegrated while climbing through 32,000 ft. 5156: 5146: 5067: 5040: 4817: 4765: 3975: 2136: 5072: 5050: 4992: 4987: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4956: 4951: 4916: 4891: 4866: 4856: 4851: 4841: 4807: 4775: 4714: 1143: 1034: 721: 453: 343: 103: 4413: 3698: 5151: 5077: 5057: 5035: 5030: 4846: 4835: 4812: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4770: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4722: 4420:. Jul 1, 2013. Tests suggest A320NEO engines will deliver on promises, but who will win in the long term?. 3920: 2749: 2074:"Transport Canada Certifies Pratt & Whitney PurePower® PW1500G Engine for Bombardier CSeries Aircraft" 1637: 1471: 1137: 1064:

limiting the power to 94% of N1 (low pressure spool) above 29,000 ft (8,800 m), disengaging the

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By October 2018 about 10 P&W-powered A320neos were typically grounded for repairs at any given time.

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update. Pratt & Whitney recommends inspections on engines with up to 300 cycles after the update.

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Go First's financial issues caused by Pratt & Whitney's defective engines grounding the fleet.

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panels, apparently due to saltier air, and Pratt & Whitney developed and tested a more durable

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blades, and moved 1,369 lb (621 kg) of air per second in climb. The conventional 3-stage

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jets, as well as being up to 75% quieter. As the higher bypass ratio and gear leverage a higher

132: 70: 3272:"Singapore Tribunal Instructs Pratt & Whitney To Provide Engines To Go First From August 1" 1834: 1811: 1699: 598:

Pratt & Whitney claims the PW1000G is 16% more fuel efficient than current engines used on

4276: 3468: 2674: 2664: 2644: 1860: 1774: 1736: 1732: 1665: 1652: 1134: 781: 689: 580: 494: 311: 266: 183: 1178: 5193: 4073: 2656: 1656: 1287: 1057: 523: 283: 167: 143:, became the first certified engine in 2013. The program cost is estimated at $ 10 billion. 4504: 4538: 4055: 2787:"GTF better, says one airline; engine OEMs need 12–18 months to solve issues, says lessor" 1661: 1642: 1602: 1175: 1096: 1046: 850: 818: 809: 681: 449: 319: 128: 50: 1782: 3248:"Go First's financial crisis and its Pratt & Whitney dispute: what you need to know" 2473: 5198: 5118: 4425: 2223: 1647: 1130: 1026: 858: 584: 522:

control between the turbine and seals, a reduction of temperature in the high-pressure

445: 394: 303: 294: 171: 108: 3976:"Pratt & Whitney Geared Turbofan engine selected to power Mitsubishi Regional Jet" 1951:"Pratt & Whitney Geared Turbofan engine selected to power Mitsubishi Regional Jet" 5255: 4546: 2158: 2101: 1014:

On 25 July 2019, an Airbus A220-300 operated by Swiss International Air Lines had an

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as nearly 100 engines delivered to Airbus are problematic, including 43 in service.

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In an earnings briefing on 26 July the CEO of Pratt & Whitney's parent company

603: 547: 515: 375: 307: 226: 4135: 3957:"Pratt & Whitney Launches Geared Turbofan Engine with Mitsubishi Regional Jet" 3758:"Incident: Baltic BCS3 near Bordeaux on Feb 12th 2020, uncontained engine failure" 2660: 4037: 3865: 3819: 3378:"The Problem with Pratt & Whitney's PW1100G Engines on the A320neo Family –" 1872: 1752: 1748: 1344: 1333: 1328: 1155: 1124: 1004: 997: 949: 907:

was half of its A320ceos. By the end of November, Airbus planned to explain the

888: 871: 418: 379: 315: 140: 93: 4376:"MTU Aero Engines designs high-speed turbine for P&W's GTF geared turbofan" 3402:"Pratt Execs Do Not See GTF Issues On Military Engines | Aviation Week Network" 887:, sometimes before 1,000 flight hours and mostly at high power settings in the 684:

confirms a fuel burn reduction better than the 15% promised, perhaps by 1%–2%.

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By September 2018, the A320neo's PW1100Gs were experiencing increasing engine

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gain margin of 5–7% over the next decade, averaging 1% per year combined with

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In 2010, Pratt & Whitney proposed the PW9000 medium-bypass engine for the

398: 354:, then targeting a 2013 entry into service. In July 2008, the GTF was renamed 2841:"Edited Transcript of UTX earnings conference call or presentation 26-Jul-16" 1968: 1864: 1778: 1740: 1072:, with the fan geared with a ratio of 1:3.0625 (nominal speed 3461 RPM). The 845:

In February 2018, after in-flight failures of PW1100G with its high pressure

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airports. This is achieved through more flow into the core; a tweaked active

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propfan demonstrator engine that Pratt & Whitney worked jointly on with

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to an uncontained failure of the engine and damage to the aeroplane". The

326:' 6% (growing); but it was decreasing as it was mostly based on the older 4827: 4732: 4691: 3464:"DGCA extends deadline till May 31 for IndiGo to replace P&W engines" 1349: 1338: 941: 912: 611: 588: 498: 434: 246: 188: 4161:"Type Certificate Data Sheet No. IM.E.093 for PW1100G-JM Series Engines" 5099: 3030:"In-flight failures prompt emergency call for P&W-powered A320neos" 2414:"P&W unveils upgraded 'GTF Advantage' geared turbofan for A320neos" 2157:(Press release). Pratt & Whitney. December 19, 2014. Archived from 1983:"Farnborough '08: Pratt & Whitney Launches PurePower Engine Family" 1568:

Exports of the engine have been indefinitely halted as a result of the

1310: 1183: 822: 737: 666: 658: 527: 469: 147: 17: 4051: 3795:"E195-E2 engine software upgrade ordered after A220 failure incidents" 3485:"Swiss A220 engine shutdown traced to leak from unmodified oil cooler" 3325:

Pfeifer, Sylvia; Claire, Bushey; Georgiadis, Philip (14 August 2023).

2883:"Airlines Praise Airbus A320neo Performance, But Engine Issues Remain" 4223:"Type Certificate Data Sheet No. IM.E.090 for PW1500G Series Engines" 4038:"Russia will start the production of Sukhoi SuperJet NG in 2019–2020" 3906: 3302:"Pratt & Whitney says India's Go First has no right over engines" 1259: 980: 764: 760: 752: 688:'s A320neos deliveries are 11 months late but its executive chairman 493:

in the mid-2020s and Airbus' response, and would compete against the

461: 4259:"Boeing updates X-66A progress as details of PW102XG engines emerge" 2731:"Issues With Newest Engines Provide Early MRO-Proving Opportunities" 2309:"P&W speeds up GTF deliveries, but considers new design changes" 534:

rotors. Some improvements could trickle down to the other variants.

2220:"JetBlue Picks Pratt Over CFM for Engines Valued at $ 1.03 Billion" 2181:"P&W launches engine flight test campaign for new Embraer jets" 2940:"Report: Spirit A320neo Fleet Suffering PW1000G Engine Challenges" 2823:"New P&W President Has 'Nothing To Hide' On GTF Starter Issue" 2290:"Pratt's $ 10 Billion Jet Engine Lags GE by 10-to-1 on New Orders" 1086: 991: 867: 768: 747: 736:

coating was applied to the 11 integrally bladed rotors tips: the

732:

To create a better seal and reduce cooling time by 1 min, a cubic

649: 592: 569: 551: 531: 482: 412: 365: 342:

In October 2007, the GTF was selected to power the 70- to 90-seat

293: 278: 230: 4468:"Analysis: P&W details revised geared turbofan recovery path" 4366: 3721:"A220 Flight Restrictions Ordered As NTSB Probes Engine Failures" 3652:"Type Certificate data sheet IM.E.090 for PW1500G Series Engines" 1796: 808:

design to address a tone problem, to be introduced in September.

610:, there is less need for a high performance engine core than the 5126: 4229: 4167: 3658: 3015:"IndiGo Says Has Made 69 Pratt Engine Replacements in 18 Months" 2977:"Pratt Engine Fixes Prompt IndiGo to Ground Seven Airbus Planes" 2626:"Profitability Is Aim Of Crossover Jets' Better Maintainability" 2455:"Northrop Grumman B-21 Unveiling May Answer Lingering Mysteries" 854: 591:

alloys. The A320 PW1100G fan has 20 blades, down from 36 in the

555: 327: 4508: 3074:"P&W reaffirms 2018 GTF delivery goal despite part failure" 2088:"Bombardier's CSeries Aircraft Completes Historic First Flight" 4333:"Technical Analysis: The Core of the PW1000G Geared Turbo-Fan" 4303: 3995:"P&W seals deal to begin design on GTF for Russia's MS-21" 3903:"Airbus offers new fuel saving engine options for A320 Family" 2859:"Airbus: Delivery of P&W 'golden' A320neo engine imminent" 2002:"P&W completes GTF tests on 747SP, readies for A340 trial" 1570:

international sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

1069: 176:

international sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

4455:"FAA directive calls for part changes on 189 PW1100G engines" 3634:"A220 operators told to limit engine thrust at high altitude" 3049:"Airbus stops accepting PW1100G engines for A320neo aircraft" 2996:"Pratt's Woes With Engines Spur Compensation to Biggest User" 740:

production engines start times will be similar to the V2500.

258: 166:) of thrust. The engine is used on the A220, A320neo family, 4155: 4153: 4128:"Pratt & Whitney Unveils Higher Thrust PurePower Engine" 2643:

Sheridan, William; McCune, Michael; Winter, Michael (2016).

3740:"A220 engine checks revised after high-cycle Swiss failure" 3522:"Public help sought to find fallen Swiss A220 engine parts" 2975:

Anurag Kotoky; Rick Clough; Benjamin D Katz (13 Jul 2017).

2607:"Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher-thrust PD-14s To Replace PS-90A" 899:

254 days since first delivery, 13 times worse than for its

546:, using the PW1000G core with a direct-drive fan for a 4:1 509:

In December 2021, Pratt & Whitney announced an updated

257:

compressor fitted with 700 blades inspired by the military

4439:"The Pratt & Whitney PurePower Geared Turbofan Engine" 3327:"Airlines rush to avoid cancellations after engine recall" 2119:"IN FOCUS: Pratt completes first flight of PW1100G engine" 1773:. SAE International. 1998. Top 15 Technology Innovations. 1081:

adopted the directive, and others are expected to follow.

680:

In May 2018, after receiving and operating five A320neos,

4014:"Russia Ditches MC-21-300 To Focus on Indigenous Version" 3596:"Swiss gradually starts returning A220s to flight status" 2769:"Pratt: GTF-Powered A320neos to Be Fixed by End of April" 2238:"Pontifications: GTF faces steep learning curve on costs" 2056:"P&W readies for CSeries "third knob" engine testing" 1969:"MHI Officially Launches Mitsubishi Regional Jet Program" 932:

to cracking before the component reaches its life limit.

849:

aft hub modified – apparently problems of its knife edge

562:

is powered by two 27,000 lbf (120 kN) PW9000s.

3810: 3808: 3541:"Second Swiss A220 suffers similar engine rotor failure" 2921:"Pratt & Whitney begins A320neo engine seal upgrade" 2550:"Flying The A321neo: Technology Upgrades Under The Skin" 2388:"New tests move P&W closer to ultra-high bypass GTF" 2202:"Boeing's NMA Poses Propulsion Puzzle For Engine Makers" 2020:"Airbus-owned A340 flies P&W geared turbofan engine" 1835:"Geared-turbofan engine design targets cost, complexity" 472:

disks. The first engine was completed by November 2019.

433:

The troubled introduction led to customers choosing the

4481:"Pratt & Whitney Heeds Hard Lessons Learned on GTF" 3182:"Anger as new Airbus A220 'Whisperjet' judged too loud" 3164:"A320neo operators affected by PW1100G vibration issue" 3092:"Pratt & Whitney Implements Solution to PW1100G-JM" 374:

The engine was first tested on the Pratt & Whitney

3841:"Pratt & Whitney Deploys Fix for A220 Engine Flaw" 3126:"Fixing faulty GTF seal to cost $ 50 million: P&W" 2155:"FAA Certifies PurePower® Engine for A320neo Aircraft" 1767:"Pratt & Whitney's next leap in engine technology" 3577:"Third Swiss A220 failure spurs urgent engine checks" 2958:"JetBlue switches A321neos as Pratt troubles persist" 2271:"Pratt Sees Busy Year-End As It Targets GTF Catch-Up" 2038:"Pratt & Whitney geared PW1524G testing underway" 1859:. Vol. 35, no. 8. August 1998. p. 51. 1812:"Pratt & Whitney Launches Geared Turbofan Engine" 1195: 944:(formerly Go Air) suspended operations and filed for 633:

s, 25% better than others at 20,000 cycles, reducing

3681:"Bjorn's Corner: Turbofan engine challenges, Part 4" 1828: 1826: 821:

switched its first three Airbus A321neos in 2018 to

405:

in Canada fitted to the Boeing 747SP test aircraft.

350:

launched the MRJ with an order for 25 aircraft from

5186: 5165: 5135: 5117: 5098: 5011: 4826: 4731: 4713: 4690: 4545: 4414:"Pratt & Whitney's Geared Turbofan Growth Plan" 4217: 4215: 3145:"A320neo Engine Vibration Issue Hits Lufthansa Ops" 3094:(Press release). Pratt & Whitney. Feb 21, 2018. 2569:"The Little Gear That Could Reshape the Jet Engine" 2489: 2487: 2331:"Pratt & Whitney Details GTF Recovery Schedule" 1295:Axial flow, 1 geared fan, 2 stage LPC, 8 stage HPC 1292:Axial flow, 1 geared fan, 3 stage LPC, 8 stage HPC 277:Soon afterwards the ATFI project appeared, using a 4426:"Pratt and Whitney PW1100G Geared Turbofan Engine" 2645:"11. Geared Turbofan engine: Driven by innovation" 2429: 2427: 1888:"The Short Life and Untimely Demise of the PW8000" 1833: 1810: 1698: 587:on the blades are reduced, allowing high-strength 358:, the first in a new line of "PurePower" engines. 4494:"Happy birthday GTF – what airlines say (part 2)" 3943:"Embraer Launches E-Jet RE: Assessing the Impact" 3047:Jens Flottau and Aaron Karp (February 10, 2018). 2712:"Onboard Lufthansa's First Airbus A320neo Flight" 2529:"Pratt, Alcoa pioneer use of aluminum fan blades" 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2107:(Press release). Pratt and Whitney. May 15, 2017. 1716: 1714: 2588:"An Update: GTF Engine from Pratt & Whitney" 2350:"apanese assembly of PW1200G underway in Nagoya" 2090:(Press release). Bombardier. September 16, 2013. 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 665:The first delivery to a commercial operator, an 574:Part of Pratt & Whitney’s PW 1000G Turbofan. 4389:"Green Technology: Jets Gear up to Fly Greener" 3446:"Change all Neo engines by Jan 31, IndiGo told" 3300:Kalra, Aditya; Chaturvedi, Arpan (2023-08-25). 2324: 2322: 2076:(Press release). Bombardier. February 13, 2013. 1700:"Pratt & Whitney starts new ADP test phase" 1053:of fast-moving parts, leading to the failures. 800:inspections revealing blocked cooling holes in 700:The first delivery was to Lufthansa instead of 3699:"Emergency Airworthiness Directive CF-2019-37" 2369:"MHIAEL ships first Japan-made PW1200G engine" 174:(although exports were stopped as part of the 127:(geared turbofan), is a family of high-bypass 27:Geared turbofan engine produced beginning 2007 4520: 3539:David Kaminiski-Morrow (September 20, 2019). 8: 4402:"First phase of GTF flight testing complete" 1721:Sweetman, Bill; Sutton, Oliver (June 1998). 487:Continuous Lower Energy, Emissions and Noise 4281:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3776:"Another engine failure on the Airbus A220" 3738:David Kaminiski-Morrow (October 30, 2019). 3575:David Kaminiski-Morrow (October 15, 2019). 2876: 2874: 2872: 330:. The company was hoping the GTF could cut 253:compressor was followed by a 5-stage, 12:1 4527: 4513: 4505: 3520:David Kaminiski-Morrow (August 20, 2019). 3351:Writer, Stephen SingerStaff (2023-09-12). 2647:. In Blockley, Richard; Shyy, Wei (eds.). 1146: : PW1700G & PW1900G (exclusive) 954:Singapore International Arbitration Centre 677:on the GTF program rose to $ 1.2 billion. 626:of 0.51 lb/lbf/h (14.4 g/kN/s). 390:(Airbus A220), was on September 16, 2013. 382:-600 in Toulouse on the number two pylon. 298:Mockup with compressor and turbine cutaway 4257:Perry2024-06-14T10:45:00+01:00, Dominic. 3921:"PurePower PW1700G & PW1900G Engines" 2902:"Flight test: A321neo stretches its legs" 2881:Jens Flottau; Guy Norris (Mar 24, 2017). 1459:22/23G: 23,815 lbf / 105.93 kN 1452:24/25G: 24,400 lbf (108.54 kN) 1442:24/22G: 24,240 lbf (107.82 kN) 1267:28,000–31,000 lbf (120–140 kN) 1264:24,000–35,000 lbf (110–160 kN) 657:was the first to fly the PW1000G-powered 630: 370:Flight testing on a 747SP, in #2 position 3793:Kaminski-Morrow, David (24 March 2021). 2510:"PD-14: New generation engine for MC-21" 2436:"The B-21 Raider: Designed For Low Risk" 2252:"MTU formally opens A320neo engine line" 1438:30/33G: 33,110 lbf (147.28 kN) 1273:17,000–23,000 lbf (76–102 kN) 1270:19,000–23,300 lbf (85–104 kN) 583:of 42. As the geared fan is slower, the 1690: 1547: 1279:15,000–17,000 lbf (67–76 kN) 1152:: PW1200G (exclusive), project canceled 5243:Pratt & Whitney Canada aeroengines 4297:"Type Certificate data sheet E00094EN" 4274: 3427:"IndiGo's soaring GTF engine problems" 3107:"Pratt & Whitney's Indian trouble" 2693:"Airbus Delivers A320neo to Lufthansa" 2495:"Bjorn's Corner: Engine architectures" 401:, first flew on November 3, 2015 from 29: 4201:. Pratt & Whitney. Archived from 4103:"PurePower Engine Family Specs Chart" 3632:David Kaminski-Morrow (28 Oct 2019). 3594:David Kaminski-Morrow (15 Oct 2019). 3483:Kaminski-Morrow, David (2021-03-26). 2605:Vladimir Karnozov (August 19, 2019). 1771:Aerospace Engineering Magazine Online 1723:"Pratt & Whitney's surprise leap" 1528: 1457:21G: 22,550 lbf / 100.31 kN 1440:27G: 27,075 lbf (120.43 kN) 796:Thirteen engine removals were due to 254: 7: 5267:Pratt & Whitney aircraft engines 4418:Aviation Week & Space Technology 3941:Ernest S. Arvai (February 6, 2013). 3559:"Airworthiness Directive 2019-11-11" 2887:Aviation Week & Space Technology 2630:Aviation Week & Space Technology 2554:Aviation Week & Space Technology 2459:Aviation Week & Space Technology 2440:Aviation Week & Space Technology 2412:Jon Hemmerdinger (2 December 2021). 2275:Aviation Week & Space Technology 2206:Aviation Week & Space Technology 1496: 1455:19G: 20,860 lbf / 92.79 kN 1450:21G: 21,970 lbf (97.73 kN) 1448:19G: 19,775 lbf (87.96 kN) 1237:56 in (142 cm), 18 blades 1234:73 in (185 cm), 18 blades 1231:81 in (206 cm), 20 blades 891:, requiring an early engine change. 250: 241: 4331:Ernest S. Arvai (October 2, 2012). 3847:. Aviation Week Network. 2019-05-09 3719:Sean Broderick (October 25, 2019). 3425:Vedant Agarwal (October 31, 2019). 2750:"GTF Reaches 500,000 Service Hours" 2710:Spaeth, Andreas (25 January 2016). 2453:Steve Trimble (November 14, 2022). 1728:Interavia Business & Technology 1315:Axial flow, 2-stage HP, 3-stage LP 1158:: PW1400G (to be replaced with the 3444:Saurabh Sinha (November 2, 2019). 3204:"Engine vibrations unsatisfactory" 2434:Bill Sweetman (October 11, 2023). 2329:Chris Kjelgaard (March 16, 2018). 1949:Stephen Trimble (9 October 2007). 1886:Robert Luedeman (April 17, 2006). 1853:"Inside the (gear) box thinking". 1616:Pratt & Whitney/Allison 578-DX 154:The PW1100G variant, powering the 25: 4492:Richard Schuurman (Mar 3, 2021). 3679:Bjorn Fehrm (November 18, 2016). 3124:Stephen Trimble (16 March 2018). 2938:Benjamin Bearup (10 April 2017). 2527:Dubois, Thierry (July 28, 2014). 2000:Ostrower, Jon (August 19, 2008). 1445:31,572 lbf (140.39 kN) 1062:emergency airworthiness directive 936:Go First suspension of operations 622:tweaks. The PW1400G has a cruise 4453:Stephen Trimble (29 June 2018). 4446:Académie de l'air et de l'espace 4387:Jessica Shapiro (Jun 19, 2008). 4040:. ruaviation.com. 2 August 2013. 2805:"A220 gains ETOPS certification" 2586:Ernest S. Arvai (May 31, 2017). 2137:"A320neo Completes First Flight" 1971:(Press release). March 28, 2008. 1626:Pratt & Whitney Canada PW800 1595: 624:Thrust-specific fuel consumption 38: 4479:Gregory Polek (July 11, 2018). 4466:Stephen Trimble (6 July 2018). 4437:Alan Epstein (September 2015). 4313:from the original on 2019-11-01 4239:from the original on 2019-11-01 4177:from the original on 2019-11-01 3885:"Airbus set to launch A320 NEO" 3661:. 20 March 2019. Archived from 3613:Tim Hepher (October 24, 2019). 3162:Michael Gubisch (11 Sep 2018). 3072:Stephen Trimble (16 Feb 2018). 2847:. Yahoo Finance. July 26, 2016. 2729:Sean Broderick (Aug 31, 2017). 2508:Fomin, Andrey (December 2011). 2386:Stephen Trimble (13 Oct 2017). 2307:Stephen Trimble (24 Oct 2017). 1466:19,190 lbf (85.4 kN) 755:A320neo waiting for its engines 5178:Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne 3974:Stephen Trimble (9 Oct 2007). 3105:Bjorn Fehrm (March 14, 2018). 3028:Stephen Trimble (9 Feb 2018). 2900:Mike Gerzanics (26 May 2017). 2624:Bernie Baldwin (Sep 7, 2018). 2567:Peter Coy (October 15, 2015). 2472:Button, Keith (October 2018). 2189:. 3 November 2015. p. 12. 2102:"PurePower® PW1100G-JM Engine" 1731:. Vol. 53, no. 621. 1581:fan spinner face to aft flange 1430:3,800 lb (1,724 kg) 1427:4,800 lb (2,177 kg) 1424:6,300 lb (2,858 kg) 940:In March 2023 Indian operator 1: 5236:Joint development aeroengines 4134:. 20 May 2014. Archived from 3013:Anurag Kotoky (11 Feb 2018). 2994:Anurag Kotoky (31 Jul 2017). 2845:Thomson Reuters Street Events 2661:10.1002/9780470686652.eae1018 2240:. Leeham News. June 13, 2016. 1799:. International Aero Engines. 1396:133.9 in (3.401 m) 1282:15,000 lbf (67 kN) 1170:It has been proposed for the 1056:After those engine failures, 1009:Swiss International Air Lines 5262:High-bypass turbofan engines 4400:Jon Ostrower (18 Aug 2008). 4374:Rob Coppinger (9 Oct 2007). 3883:Jon Ostrower (30 Nov 2010). 3376:Snyder, Brett (2023-09-24). 3278:. 2023-07-07. Archived from 3143:Jens Flottau (Sep 6, 2018). 2748:Joe Anselmo (Jan 11, 2018). 2548:Tim Wuerfel (May 26, 2017). 2497:. Leeham News. 4 March 2016. 1707:. July 26, 1993. p. 40. 1410:87.6 in (2.224 m) 1402:113.5 in (2.88 m) 1305:Talon-X Lean-Burn Combustor 1041:inspections on the engines. 560:Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider 263:computational fluid dynamics 4052:"Fokker 120 specifications" 4018:Aviation International News 3246:Aditya Kalra (2023-05-12). 2919:Guy Norris (Apr 20, 2017). 2767:Guy Norris (Mar 19, 2018). 2653:John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2367:Alfred Chua (13 Nov 2019). 2288:Rick Clough (22 Aug 2017). 2269:Guy Norris (Nov 28, 2016). 1912:Guy Norris (7 March 2006). 1842:. Feb 23, 1998. p. 34. 1819:. Feb 23, 1998. p. 32. 491:Boeing New Midsize Airplane 458:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 348:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 121:Pratt & Whitney PW1000G 5293: 5173:Pratt & Whitney Canada 4196:"PurePower PW1500G Engine" 3993:Mary Kirby (13 Apr 2010). 3866:"PurePower PW1000G Engine" 3564:. FAA. September 26, 2019. 2200:Guy Norris (Jun 2, 2017). 961:Metal contamination recall 558:low-pressure section. The 530:and more damage-resistant 460:started final assembly in 448:development were built in 444:After 15 PW1200Gs for the 417:Underneath the wing of an 123:family, also known as the 5232: 3215:New Zealand aviation news 2348:Mavis Toh (3 July 2018). 1539: 1536: 1533: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1489: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1416:62 in (1.57 m) 1415: 1412: 1409: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1314: 1304: 1294: 1291: 1252: 1249: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1133:: PW1100G (alongside the 1087:electronic engine-control 1049:may have caused damaging 857:and Airbus grounded some 834:Hong Kong Express Airways 526:; improved, more durable 476:Ultra high-bypass version 37: 32: 5219:Richard "Dick" Soderberg 4715:Free-piston gas turbines 2737:. Aviation Week Network. 1680:List of aircraft engines 1399:125.4 in (3.184 m) 337:West Palm Beach, Florida 5277:Geared turbofan engines 1144:Embraer E-Jet E2 family 1035:Airworthiness Directive 1020:Paris–Charles de Gaulle 1003:On 13 October 2018, an 996:The PW1500G powers the 501:higher-thrust version. 344:Mitsubishi Regional Jet 225:The PW8000 had an 11:1 104:Embraer E-Jet E2 family 5272:2000s turbofan engines 4448:. Pratt & Whitney. 1638:CFM International LEAP 1472:Thrust-to-weight ratio 1000: 950:arbitration settlement 756: 662: 575: 544:Next-Generation Bomber 422: 371: 346:(MRJ). In March 2008, 299: 235:overall pressure ratio 3149:Aviation Week Network 2754:Aviation Week Network 1413:79 in (2.006 m) 1127:: PW1500G (exclusive) 995: 911:and give an in-depth 784:leakage in the third 751: 686:Air Lease Corporation 653: 608:propulsive efficiency 573: 416: 369: 297: 290:Geared turbofan (GTF) 156:Airbus A320neo family 99:Airbus A320neo family 5214:Frederick Rentschler 4012:Karnozov, Vladimir. 3999:Flight International 3980:Flight International 3889:Flight International 3764:. February 12, 2020. 2226:. December 15, 2011. 2186:Flight International 2006:Flight International 1938:. November 15, 2007. 1918:Flight International 1755:on October 19, 2012. 1276:24,000 lbf (107 kN) 495:Rolls-Royce UltraFan 5137:Aeroderivative gas 4536:Pratt & Whitney 4430:The Flying Engineer 4132:Pratt & Whitney 4099:Pratt & Whitney 3961:Pratt & Whitney 3928:Pratt & Whitney 3708:. October 25, 2019. 3472:. January 13, 2020. 3053:Air Transport World 2925:Air Transport World 2829:. 16 February 2016. 2699:. January 20, 2016. 2697:Wall street journal 2161:on January 10, 2015 2062:. 23 February 2011. 2044:. October 30, 2010. 2026:. October 14, 2008. 1892:The Dougloid Papers 1856:Air Transport World 1610:Related development 1198: 1197:The PW1000G Family 1150:Mitsubishi SpaceJet 927:Excessive corrosion 710:United Technologies 641:Operational history 614:, leaving a larger 229:(twice that of the 137:Mitsubishi SpaceJet 133:Pratt & Whitney 71:Pratt & Whitney 4647:Twin Wasp (R-2000) 4642:Twin Wasp (R-1830) 4138:on 14 January 2019 3909:. 1 December 2010. 3431:Bangalore aviation 3192:. 6 November 2018. 2655:pp. 105–111. 2258:. 21 October 2016. 1936:Green Car Congress 1735:. pp. 25–26. 1632:Comparable engines 1407:Fan case diameter 1196: 1160:Aviadvigatel PD-14 1001: 970:In-flight failures 830:All Nippon Airways 812:reported that the 802:combustion chamber 757: 663: 576: 468:and high-pressure 423: 421:with cowlings open 388:Bombardier CSeries 372: 352:All Nippon Airways 314:'s 33% (growing), 300: 86:Major applications 5249: 5248: 4705:XH-3130 (XH-3730) 4232:. 20 March 2019. 4130:(Press release). 3959:(Press release). 3945:. airinsight.com. 3905:(Press release). 3818:(Press release). 3668:on 16 April 2018. 3469:Business Standard 2670:978-1-118-86635-1 2516:. pp. 20–21. 2480:. pp. 22–29. 2478:Aerospace America 2442:. pp. 14–16. 1987:Aero-News Network 1785:on 20 April 2000. 1733:Highbeam Research 1653:Honeywell ALF 502 1544: 1543: 1135:CFM International 1007:-100 operated by 895:'s A320neos were 879:Engine vibrations 690:Steven Udvar-Hazy 581:compression ratio 550:. Similar to the 267:PW-Allison 578-DX 117: 116: 16:(Redirected from 5284: 5194:Leonard S. Hobbs 4692:H piston engines 4657:Twin Wasp Junior 4539:aircraft engines 4529: 4522: 4515: 4506: 4501: 4488: 4475: 4462: 4449: 4443: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4396: 4383: 4370: 4369: 4367:Official website 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4343:on July 22, 2019 4339:. Archived from 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4301: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4280: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4227: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4165: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4107: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4076:. 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Aviation Week. 2916: 2910: 2909: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2878: 2867: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2716:Airways Magazine 2707: 2701: 2700: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2409: 2396: 2395: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2326: 2317: 2316: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1821: 1820: 1814: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1781:. Archived from 1763: 1757: 1756: 1751:. Archived from 1718: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1695: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1566: 1560: 1552: 1530: 1498: 1370:Likely cancelled 1366:25 January 2016 1199: 1187: 1058:Transport Canada 1018:and diverted to 988:PW1500G failures 975:PW1100G failures 632: 585:tensile stresses 284:MTU Aero Engines 260: 256: 252: 243: 170:and the Russian 168:Embraer E-Jet E2 87: 59: 42: 30: 21: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5228: 5224:Andrew Willgoos 5182: 5161: 5139:turbine engines 5138: 5131: 5113: 5094: 5007: 4822: 4727: 4709: 4686: 4541: 4533: 4491: 4478: 4465: 4452: 4441: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4399: 4386: 4373: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306:. 15 May 2017. 4299: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4228:(06 ed.). 4225: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170:. 27 May 2019. 4166:(06 ed.). 4163: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4108:(Press release) 4105: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4056:Rekkof Aircraft 4050: 4049: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3825: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3782:. Feb 13, 2020. 3774: 3773: 3769: 3762:Aviation Herald 3756: 3755: 3751: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3509:. Jul 25, 2019. 3501: 3500: 3496: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3331:Financial Times 3324: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3285: 3283: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2880: 2879: 2870: 2865:. 27 July 2016. 2857: 2856: 2852: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2811:. 16 July 2018. 2803: 2802: 2798: 2793:. May 16, 2018. 2785: 2784: 2780: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2671: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2411: 2410: 2399: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2143:. Sep 25, 2014. 2135: 2134: 2130: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2018: 2017: 2013: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1989:. Jul 14, 2008. 1981: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1911: 1910: 1899: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1832: 1831: 1824: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1662:Turbomeca Aspin 1643:geared turbofan 1603:Aviation portal 1601: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1563: 1553: 1549: 1513:Max. Fan speed 1458: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1441: 1439: 1435:Takeoff thrust 1194: 1181: 1176:Rekkof Aircraft 1121: 1097:Embraer E195-E2 1047:software update 990: 979:Indian airline 977: 972: 963: 938: 929: 881: 843: 841:Knife edge seal 819:JetBlue Airways 810:Spirit Airlines 746: 744:Engine removals 698: 682:Spirit Airlines 648: 643: 568: 540: 507: 478: 411: 364: 292: 274:was abandoned. 210:reversing pitch 202: 197: 129:geared turbofan 113: 85: 58:National origin 57: 51:Geared turbofan 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5290: 5288: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5204:Wright Parkins 5201: 5199:George J. Mead 5196: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5119:Rocket engines 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5019: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4700:X-1800/XH-2600 4696: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4547:Radial engines 4543: 4542: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4489: 4476: 4463: 4450: 4434: 4422: 4410: 4397: 4393:Machine Design 4384: 4371: 4360: 4359:External links 4357: 4355: 4354: 4323: 4288: 4249: 4211: 4208:on 2017-10-15. 4187: 4149: 4119: 4090: 4061: 4043: 4029: 4004: 3985: 3966: 3948: 3933: 3912: 3894: 3875: 3857: 3832: 3804: 3785: 3780:Skies Magazine 3767: 3749: 3730: 3711: 3690: 3671: 3643: 3624: 3605: 3586: 3567: 3550: 3531: 3512: 3494: 3475: 3455: 3450:Times of India 3436: 3417: 3393: 3368: 3343: 3317: 3292: 3263: 3238: 3235:. 4 June 2019. 3220: 3195: 3173: 3154: 3135: 3116: 3097: 3083: 3064: 3039: 3020: 3005: 2986: 2967: 2964:. 25 Apr 2017. 2949: 2930: 2911: 2892: 2868: 2850: 2832: 2814: 2796: 2778: 2759: 2740: 2721: 2702: 2684: 2669: 2649:Green aviation 2635: 2616: 2597: 2578: 2559: 2540: 2519: 2500: 2483: 2464: 2445: 2423: 2397: 2378: 2359: 2340: 2318: 2299: 2280: 2261: 2243: 2229: 2211: 2192: 2172: 2146: 2128: 2125:. 3 June 2013. 2110: 2093: 2079: 2065: 2047: 2029: 2011: 1992: 1974: 1960: 1941: 1923: 1897: 1878: 1845: 1822: 1802: 1788: 1758: 1710: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1648:Garrett TFE731 1640: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1607: 1606: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1574: 1561: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1453: 1446: 1443: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1377:24 April 2018 1375: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1363:Service entry 1360: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1331: 1329:Yakovlev MC-21 1326: 1324:A320neo family 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1193: 1192:Specifications 1190: 1168: 1167: 1156:Yakovlev MC-21 1153: 1147: 1141: 1131:Airbus A320neo 1128: 1120: 1117: 1016:engine failure 989: 986: 976: 973: 971: 968: 962: 959: 937: 934: 928: 925: 880: 877: 859:A320neo family 842: 839: 745: 742: 697: 696:Starting times 694: 647: 644: 642: 639: 567: 564: 539: 536: 506: 503: 477: 474: 446:Mitsubishi MRJ 410: 407: 395:Airbus A320neo 363: 362:Flight testing 360: 304:budget of NASA 291: 288: 201: 198: 196: 193: 184:powdered metal 172:Yakovlev MC-21 115: 114: 112: 111: 109:Yakovlev MC-21 106: 101: 96: 90: 88: 82: 81: 80:November 2007 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 62:United States 60: 54: 53: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5289: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4682:Yellow Jacket 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4432:. 8 Jul 2013. 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4264: 4263:Flight Global 4260: 4253: 4250: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4080:on 2018-08-18 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3967: 3963:. 9 Oct 2007. 3962: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3846: 3845:Aviation Week 3842: 3836: 3833: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3799:Flight Global 3796: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3744:Flight Global 3741: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3600:Flight global 3597: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3545:Flight Global 3542: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3489:Flight Global 3486: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3407: 3406:Aviation week 3403: 3397: 3394: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3282:on 2023-07-15 3281: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3211:Niki aviation 3205: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2962:Flight Global 2959: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2906:Flight Global 2903: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2863:Flight Global 2860: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2828: 2827:Aviation Week 2824: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2809:Flight Global 2806: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2773:Aviation Week 2770: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2256:Flight Global 2253: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2141:Aviation Week 2138: 2132: 2129: 2124: 2123:Flight Global 2120: 2114: 2111: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2060:Flight Global 2057: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2042:Flight Global 2039: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2024:Flight Global 2021: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1919: 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