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458:, another animal that naturally paces. However, a camel is much taller than a horse and so even at relatively fast speeds, a rider can follow the rocking motion of a camel. A pacing horse, being smaller and taking quicker steps, moves from side to side at a rate that becomes difficult for a rider to follow at speed, so though the gait is faster and useful for harness racing, it becomes impractical as a gait for riding at speed over long distances. However, in the case of the Icelandic horse, where the pace is known as the
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the right hind leg); then the horse lifts its right front leg (it is now supported laterally on both left legs), and shortly afterwards it sets down the right hind leg (only the right front leg is now lifted). Then it lifts its left hind leg (diagonal support), puts down the right front (lateral support), lifts the left front, puts down the left hind, and the pattern repeats.
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Listening to a horse canter, one can usually hear the three beats as though a drum had been struck three times in succession. Then there is a rest, and immediately afterwards the three-beat occurs again. The faster the horse is moving, the longer the suspension time between the three beats. The word is thought to be short for "Canterbury gallop".
274:". Except in special cases, such as the counter-canter, it is desirable for a horse to lead with its inside legs when on a circle. Therefore, a horse that begins cantering with the right hind leg as described above will have the left front and hind legs each land farther forward. This would be referred to as being on the "left lead".
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into the canter. In addition, when jumping over fences, the rider typically signals the horse to land on the correct lead to approach the next fence or turn. The rider can also request the horse to deliberately take up the wrong lead (counter-canter), a move required in some dressage competitions and routine in
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In complete contrast to the suspended phase of a gallop, when a horse jumps over a fence, the legs are stretched out while in the air, and the front legs hit the ground before the hind legs. Essentially, the horse takes the first two steps of a galloping stride on the take-off side of the fence, and
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The gallop is very much like the canter, except that it is faster, more ground-covering, and the three-beat canter changes to a four-beat gait. It is the fastest gait of the horse, averaging about 40 to 48 kilometres per hour (25 to 30 mph), and in the wild is used when the animal needs to flee
215:
To not be jostled out of the saddle and to not harm the horse by bouncing on its back, riders must learn specific skills in order to "sit" the trot. Most riders can easily learn to sit a slow jog trot without bouncing. A skilled rider can ride even a powerfully extended trot without bouncing, but to
180:
In this gait, the horse moves its legs in unison in diagonal pairs. From the standpoint of the balance of the horse, this is a very stable gait, and the horse need not make major balancing motions with its head and neck. The trot is the working gait for a horse. Horses can only canter and gallop for
496:
and other tasks where a rider must spend long periods of time in the saddle. There are two basic types: lateral, wherein the front and hind feet on the same side move in sequence, and diagonal, where the front and hind feet on opposite sides move in sequence. Ambling gaits are further distinguished
423:
The pace is a lateral two-beat gait. In the pace, the two legs on the same side of the horse move forward together, unlike the trot, where the two legs diagonally opposite from each other move forward together. In both the pace and the trot, two feet are always off the ground. The trot is much more
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Like a canter, the horse will strike off with its non-leading hind foot; but the second stage of the canter becomes, in the gallop, the second and third stages because the inside hind foot hits the ground a split second before the outside front foot. Then both gaits end with the striking off of the
135:
In detail, a horse starts a walk by lifting its left front leg (the other three feet are touching the ground). It then lifts its right hind leg (while being supported by the diagonal pair right front and left hind). Next, the left front foot touches the ground (the horse is now supported by all but
131:
The walk is a four-beat gait that averages about 7 kilometres per hour (4.3 mph). When walking, a horse's legs follow this sequence: left hind leg, left front leg, right hind leg, right front leg, in a regular 1-2-3-4 beat. At the walk, the horse will alternate between having three or two feet
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There are a significant number of names for various four-beat intermediate gaits. Though these names derive from differences in footfall patterns and speed, historically they were once grouped together and collectively referred to as the "amble". In the United States, horses that are able to amble
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Contrary to the old "classic" paintings of running horses, which showed all four legs stretched out in the suspension phase, when the legs are stretched out, at least one foot is still in contact with the ground. When all four feet are off the ground in the suspension phase of the gallop, the legs
203:
Depending on the horse and its speed, a trot can be difficult for a rider to sit because the body of the horse drops a bit between beats and bounces up again when the next set of legs strike the ground. Each time another diagonal pair of legs hits the ground, the rider can be jolted upwards out of
147:
The fastest "walks" with a four-beat footfall pattern are actually the lateral forms of ambling gaits such as the running walk, singlefoot, and similar rapid but smooth intermediate speed gaits. If a horse begins to speed up and lose a regular four-beat cadence to its gait, the horse is no longer
277:
When a rider is added to the horse's natural balance, the question of the lead becomes more important. When riding in an enclosed area such as an arena, the correct lead provides the horse with better balance. The rider typically signals the horse which lead to take when moving from a slower gait
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In the canter, one of the horse's rear legs – the right hind leg, for example – propels the horse forward. During this beat, the horse is supported only on that single leg while the remaining three legs are moving forward. On the next beat the horse catches itself on the left hind and
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performing the canter. The left hind and right fore will land at the same moment, creating three beats in the stride. This horse is on the left lead, as the left rear and right fore are moving together, with the left hind leading the right hind. As the left fore lands, it will be in front of the
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A horse that paces and is not used in harness is often taught to perform some form of amble, obtained by lightly unbalancing the horse so the footfalls of the pace break up into a four beat lateral gait that is smoother to ride. A rider cannot properly post to a pacing horse because there is no
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Because the trot is such a safe and efficient gait for a horse, learning to ride the trot correctly is an important component in almost all equestrian disciplines. Nonetheless, "gaited" or "ambling" horses that possess smooth four-beat intermediate gaits that replace or supplement the trot (see
114:
The so-called "natural" gaits, in increasing order of speed, are the walk, trot, canter, and gallop. Some consider these as three gaits, with the canter a variation of the gallop. All four gaits are seen in wild horse populations. While other intermediate speed gaits may occur naturally to some
262:
The canter, or Lope as it is known in
Western circles of riding, is a controlled three-beat gait that is usually a bit faster than the average trot but slower than the gallop. The average speed of a canter is 16–27 km/h (10–17 mph), depending on the length of the stride of the horse.
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from predators or simply cover short distances quickly. Horses seldom will gallop more than 1.5 to 3 kilometres (0.9 to 2 mi) before they need to rest, though horses can sustain a moderately paced gallop for longer distances before they become winded and have to slow down.
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is a gait that is often described as being unique to the
Icelandic horse. The footfall pattern is the same as for the rack, but the tölt is characterized by more freedom and liquidity of movement. Some breeds of horses that are related to the Icelandic horse, living in the
235:. The piaffe is essentially created by asking the horse to trot in place, with very little forward motion. The passage is an exaggerated slow motion trot. Both require tremendous collection, careful training and considerable physical conditioning for a horse to perform.
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do so requires well-conditioned back and abdominal muscles, and to do so for long periods is tiring for even experienced riders. A fast, uncollected, racing trot, such as that of the harness racing horse, is virtually impossible to sit.
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breed, but it is also seen under different names in other gaited breeds. The fox trot is a four-beat diagonal gait in which the front foot of the diagonal pair lands before the hind. The same footfall pattern is characteristic of the
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by whether the footfall rhythm is isochronous (four equal beats in a 1–2–3–4 rhythm) or non-isochronous (1–2, 3–4 rhythm) created by a slight pause between the ground strike of the forefoot of one side to the hind foot of the other.
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The trot is a two-beat gait that has a wide variation in possible speeds and averages about 13 kilometres per hour (8.1 mph). A very slow trot is sometimes referred to as a jog. An extremely fast trot has no special name, but in
139:
Ideally, the advancing rear hoof oversteps the spot where the previously advancing front hoof touched the ground. The more the rear hoof oversteps, the smoother and more comfortable the walk becomes. Individual horses and different
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All ambling gaits are faster than a walk but usually slower than a canter. They are smoother for a rider than either a trot or a pace, and most can be sustained for relatively long periods, making them particularly desirable for
282:, which requires a degree of collection and balance in the horse. The switch from one lead to another without breaking gait is called the "flying lead change" or "flying change". This switch is also a feature of dressage and
267:
right front legs while the other hind leg is still momentarily on the ground. On the third beat, the horse catches itself on the left front leg while the diagonal pair is momentarily still in contact with the ground.
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The slow gait is a general term for various lateral gaits that follow the same general lateral footfall pattern, but the rhythm and collection of the movements are different. Terms for various slow gaits include the
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horses, these four basic gaits occur in nature across almost all horse breeds. In some animals the trot is replaced by the pace or an ambling gait. Horses who possess an ambling gait are usually also able to trot.
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short periods at a time, after which they need time to rest and recover. Horses in good condition can maintain a working trot for hours. The trot is the main way horses travel quickly from one place to the next.
85:" gaits that are various smooth-riding, four-beat footfall patterns that may appear naturally in some individuals. Special training is often required before a horse will perform an ambling gait in response to a
784:"Junior Equitation and Horse Welfare 3A requires riders to 'maintain a balanced and secure position at walk, trot (sitting and rising), canter and gallop, showing the rider is progressing along the right lines"
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are referred to as "gaited". In almost all cases, the primary feature of the ambling gaits is that one of the feet is bearing full weight at any one time, reflected in the colloquial term, "singlefoot".
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leading leg, followed by a moment of suspension when all four feet are off the ground. A careful listener or observer can tell an extended canter from a gallop by the presence of the fourth beat.
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With one exception, a fast pace is uncomfortable for riding and very difficult to sit, because the rider is moved rapidly from side to side. The motion feels somewhat as if the rider is on a
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Based on studies of the
Icelandic horse, it is possible that the pace may be heritable and linked to a single genetic mutation on DMRT3 in the same manner as the lateral ambling gaits.
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Stills of the
Muybridge sequence; images 7 and 8 show the suspension phase, the second from the last image shows the broken strike sequence of the inside hind and outside fore feet
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vary in the smoothness of their walk. However, a rider will almost always feel some degree of gentle side-to-side motion in the horse's hips as each hind leg reaches forward.
596:, a four-beat lateral gait with footfalls in the same sequence as the regular walk but characterized by greater speed and smoothness. It is a distinctive natural gait of the
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If a horse is leading with one front foot but the opposite hind foot, it produces an awkward rolling movement, called a cross-canter, disunited canter or "cross-firing".
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Not all horses can perform an ambling gait. However, many breeds can be trained to produce them. In most "gaited" breeds, an ambling gait is a hereditary trait. A 2012
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A slow pace can be relatively comfortable, as the rider is lightly rocked from side to side. A slightly uneven pace that is somewhat between a pace and an amble is the
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504:
study of movement in
Icelandic horses and mice have determined that a mutation on the gene DMRT3, which is related to limb movement and motion, causes a premature "
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to the trot, rising up and down in rhythm with the horse to avoid being jolted. Posting is easy on the horse's back and once mastered is also easy on the rider.
339:, which in a short sprint of a quarter mile (0.25 miles (0.40 km)) or less has been clocked at speeds approaching 55 miles per hour (88.5 km/h). The
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horses, pacers breed truer than trotters – that is, trotting sires have a higher proportion of pacers among their get than pacing sires do of trotters.
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589:. In the rack, the speed is increased to be approximately that of the pace, but it is a four-beat gait with equal intervals between each beat.
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111:, but not the gallop. The British Horse Society equitation examinations also require proficiency in the gallop as distinct from the canter.
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766:"Junior Equitation and Horse Welfare 2A requires riders to 'be able to develop a hand gallop from a canter and return smoothly to canter"
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the other two steps on the landing side. A horse has to collect its hindquarters after a jump to strike off into the next stride.
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rules require competitors to perform four variations of the walk, six forms of the trot, five leaping gaits (all forms of the
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177:. The North American speed record for a racing trot under saddle was measured at 48.68 kilometres per hour (30.25 mph)
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are typically categorized into two groups: the "natural" gaits that most horses will use without special training, and the "
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428:, naturally prefer to pace. Pacers are also faster than trotters on average, though horses are raced at both gaits. Among
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the saddle and meet the horse with some force on the way back down. Therefore, at most speeds above a jog, especially in
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The more extended foreleg is matched by a slightly more extended hind leg on the same side. This is referred to as a "
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diagonal gait pattern to follow, though some riders attempt to avoid jostling by rhythmically rising and sitting.
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The trot, a two-beat gait involving diagonal pairs of legs. The two legs with white stockings are off the ground.
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on the ground. A horse moves its head and neck in a slight up and down motion that helps maintain balance.
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of racing
Thoroughbreds, the average racing colt has a stride length of 24.6 feet (7.5 m); that of
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369:, are the first documented example of high-speed photography and they clearly show the horse airborne.
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are sometimes raced as far as 2.5 miles (4.0 km). The fastest galloping speed is achieved by the
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uses three categories: walking and ambling gaits, running or trotting gaits, and leaping gaits. The
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Many South
American horse breeds have a range of smooth intermediate lateral ambling gaits. The
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224:" below) are popular with riders who prefer for various reasons not to have to ride at a trot.
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settled an argument about whether racehorses were ever fully airborne: he paid photographer
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1985:
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lists a
Thoroughbred as having averaged 43.97 miles per hour (70.76 km/h) over a two-
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2005:
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873:"Chantal Rides Trotter to North American Record – Horse Racing News – Paulick Report"
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horse races are seldom longer than 1.5 miles (2.4 km), though in some countries
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1082:"Mutations in DMRT3 affect locomotion in horses and spinal circuit function in mice"
392:, for instance, was 24.8 feet (7.6 m), which was probably part of his success.
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Two variations of the trot are specially trained in advanced dressage horses: the
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Agricultural
Communications, Texas A&M University System (5 September 2012).
17:
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1911:
1906:
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1616:
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466:, it is a smooth and highly valued gait, ridden in short bursts at great speed.
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Map detailing the relationship between the gaits of the
Icelandic horse
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A controlled gallop used to show a horse's ground-covering stride in
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988:. American Quarter Horse Association. May 26, 2014. Archived from
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443:. On the other hand, a slow pace is considered undesirable in an
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746:
Understanding Balance: The Mechanics of Posture and Locomotion
567:. The lateral gait of the Mangalarga Marchador is called the
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543:'s speed variations are called (from slowest to fastest) the
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to prove it photographically. The resulting photos, known as
1284:
424:
common, but some horses, particularly in breeds bred for
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The suspension phase, seen in the canter and the gallop
1184:"'Gaited' Gene Mutation and Related Motion Examined"
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is a lateral gait most commonly associated with the
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199:'s 1878 photographs of the trotter "Abe Edgington".
1080:Andersson, Lisa S; et al. (30 August 2012).
148:walking but is beginning to either trot or pace.
92:Another system of classification that applies to
60:, either naturally or as a result of specialized
1269:– videos of walking gaits of various racehorses
1252:Animations of the gaits of the Icelandic horse
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399:competition is called a "gallop in hand" or a
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1300:
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173:is faster than the gallop of the average non-
8:
1212:6th edition USA: Interstate Publishers 1990
724:6th edition USA: Interstate Publishers 1990
639:is a four-beat lateral gait associated with
347:(0.25 miles (402 m)) distance in 2008.
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1273:Natural Gaits of the Horse from eXtension
1168:Lieberman, Bobbie. "Easy-Gaited Horses".
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1462:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics
508:" in horses with lateral ambling gaits.
355:are bent rather than extended. In 1877,
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1981:Animal locomotion on the water surface
982:"American Quarter Horse-Racing Basics"
536:seen in various South American breeds.
323:The gallop is the gait of the classic
1172:, issue 359, August, 2007, pp. 47–51.
7:
744:Tristan David Martin Roberts (1995)
1234:Photographs of various horse traits
559:'s lateral gaits are known as the
519:is most often associated with the
56:(patterns of leg movement) during
25:
1612:Mountain and moorland pony breeds
1151:New York: Howell Book House 1993
1149:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
1059:New York: Howell Book House 1993
1057:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
1038:New York: Howell Book House 1993
1036:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
963:New York: Howell Book House 1993
961:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
919:New York: Howell Book House 1993
917:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
893:New York: Howell Book House 1993
891:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
854:New York: Howell Book House 1993
852:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
828:New York: Howell Book House 1993
826:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
807:New York: Howell Book House 1993
805:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
511:The major ambling gaits include:
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1011:"Fastest speed for a race horse"
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672:
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1263:Bluegrass Thoroughbred Services
189:The Fairman Rogers Four-in-Hand
341:Guinness Book of World Records
58:locomotion across solid ground
1:
1730:Lists of horse-related topics
938:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1397:Glossary of equestrian terms
1897:Comparative foot morphology
286:schooling and competition.
27:Ways of movement of equines
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1520:Ancient and Imperial China
1190:. Blood-Horse Publications
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127:The walk, a four-beat gait
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1976:
1780:Animal locomotion on land
1725:
1407:List of equestrian sports
208:disciplines, most riders
1210:Horses and Horsemanship
722:Horses and Horsemanship
680:Tennessee Walking Horse
598:Tennessee Walking Horse
447:, where it is called a
1860:Rectilinear locomotion
1015:Guinness World Records
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337:American Quarter Horse
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74:Terrestrial locomotion
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1855:Undulatory locomotion
986:America's Horse Daily
877:www.paulickreport.com
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98:British Horse Society
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879:. 23 September 2013.
703:Notes and references
521:Missouri Fox Trotter
1850:Concertina movement
1804:Arboreal locomotion
1530:Indian subcontinent
1106:10.1038/nature11399
1098:2012Natur.488..642A
697:performing the rack
682:at the running walk
587:American Saddlebred
451:or a "piggy-pace".
384:, who analyzed the
366:The Horse in Motion
1563:American Civil War
1323:Equine science and
1278:2010-04-13 at the
1247:Gaits of the Horse
1238:Eadweard Muybridge
942:www.etymonline.com
748:, Nelson Thornes,
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361:Eadweard Muybridge
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197:Eadweard Muybridge
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47:
40:Eadweard Muybridge
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1998:
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1242:Animals in Motion
1208:Ensminger, M. E.
1147:Harris, Susan E.
1092:(7413): 642–646.
1055:Harris, Susan E.
1034:Harris, Susan E.
959:Harris, Susan E.
915:Harris, Susan E.
889:Harris, Susan E.
850:Harris, Susan E.
824:Harris, Susan E.
803:Harris, Susan E.
720:Ensminger, M. E.
462:"flying pace" or
299:Canter and gallop
245:Canter and gallop
36:chronophotography
18:Pace (horse gait)
16:(Redirected from
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167:harness racing
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569:marcha picada
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557:Peruvian Paso
554:
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239:Canter (Lope)
238:
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222:ambling gaits
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193:Thomas Eakins
191:(1879–80) by
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41:
37:
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19:
1962:
1814:Hand-walking
1700:Winged horse
1695:White horses
1592:Horse breeds
1583:Horse breeds
1573:World War II
1457:Horse racing
1361:
1347:Conformation
1241:
1209:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1148:
1089:
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1018:. Retrieved
1014:
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994:. Retrieved
990:the original
985:
976:
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721:
649:Sindhi horse
636:
632:
628:, also tölt.
616:
609:
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594:running walk
593:
579:
575:
568:
565:sobreandando
564:
560:
552:
548:
544:
533:
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516:
510:
499:
494:trail riding
490:
486:
483:Ambling gait
472:
468:
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448:
437:sobreandando
436:
434:
430:Standardbred
422:
405:
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394:
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329:Thoroughbred
322:
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179:
171:Standardbred
163:
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134:
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113:
91:
89:'s command.
77:
48:
38:sequence by
2012:Horse gaits
1958:Canine gait
1931:Facultative
1917:Unguligrade
1912:Plantigrade
1907:Digitigrade
1875:Other modes
1870:Sidewinding
1808:Brachiation
1622:Stock horse
1617:Sport horse
1602:Feral horse
1597:Draft horse
1568:World War I
1515:Middle Ages
1194:6 September
667:at the tölt
584:five-gaited
401:hand gallop
390:Secretariat
258:right fore.
64:by humans.
1968:Human gait
1963:Horse gait
1665:Hippomancy
1632:Wild horse
1484:Equitation
1479:Horse show
1412:Horse tack
1367:Management
1352:Coat color
1325:management
996:2016-03-09
695:Saddlebred
645:Kathiawari
610:singlefoot
561:paso llano
553:paso largo
549:paso corto
506:stop codon
397:horse show
386:biometrics
325:race horse
297:See also:
255:Andalusian
243:See also:
94:quadrupeds
72:See also:
1942:Quadruped
1712:Symbolism
1707:Sacrifice
1670:Mythology
1627:Warmblood
1585:and types
1553:East Asia
1505:Evolution
1467:medalists
1390:and sport
1377:Slaughter
1372:Nutrition
1188:The Horse
1159:pp. 50–55
1046:pp. 57–63
1020:8 January
971:pp. 47–49
927:pp. 42–44
862:pp. 35–37
836:pp. 32–33
732:pp. 65–66
545:paso fino
541:Paso Fino
530:pasitrote
464:flugskeið
327:. Modern
315:In motion
175:racehorse
109:rein back
2006:Category
1951:Specific
1738:Category
1342:Breeding
1337:Behavior
1276:Archived
1124:22932389
517:fox trot
231:and the
101:dressage
62:training
34:An 1878
1889:Anatomy
1865:Rolling
1843:Legless
1834:Walking
1829:Running
1819:Jumping
1717:Worship
1690:Unicorn
1680:Chinese
1675:Centaur
1660:Fiction
1642:Culture
1545:Warfare
1525:Britain
1498:History
1489:Therapy
1447:Driving
1432:Harness
1332:Anatomy
1261:Equix:
1115:3523687
1094:Bibcode
641:Marwari
580:racking
477:Ambling
439:of the
345:furlong
284:reining
233:passage
83:ambling
1937:Triped
1922:Uniped
1797:Legged
1685:Nordic
1655:Burial
1472:venues
1427:Saddle
1422:Bridle
1357:Genome
1316:Horses
1216:
1155:
1122:
1112:
1086:Nature
1063:
1042:
967:
923:
897:
858:
832:
811:
752:
728:
637:ravaal
633:revaal
626:Norway
555:. The
551:, and
526:trocha
460:skeið,
293:Gallop
229:piaffe
142:breeds
105:canter
50:Horses
1927:Biped
1790:class
1236:, by
1220:p. 68
1170:Equus
1067:p. 50
901:p. 39
815:p. 32
532:and
456:camel
382:Equix
87:rider
79:Gaits
54:gaits
42:of a
1788:Gait
1362:Gait
1214:ISBN
1196:2012
1153:ISBN
1120:PMID
1061:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1022:2013
965:ISBN
921:ISBN
895:ISBN
856:ISBN
830:ISBN
809:ISBN
750:ISBN
726:ISBN
631:The
624:and
617:tölt
615:The
608:and
592:The
576:rack
574:The
563:and
515:The
449:lull
419:Pace
411:Pace
280:polo
272:lead
210:post
152:Trot
119:Walk
1650:Art
1417:Bit
1110:PMC
1102:doi
1090:488
647:or
635:or
578:or
502:DNA
253:An
2008::
1265:,
1240:,
1186:.
1132:^
1118:.
1108:.
1100:.
1088:.
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1072:^
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950:^
940:.
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841:^
796:^
786:.
768:.
737:^
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547:,
528:,
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1929:(
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1806:(
1772:e
1765:t
1758:v
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1301:t
1294:v
1198:.
1126:.
1104::
1096::
1024:.
999:.
944:.
790:.
772:.
612:.
600:.
571:.
220:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
