49:
93:
476:. Despite their relatively low numbers and limited habitat range, their extinction came later than all of the other moa species. Given that there is no evidence that crested moa were ever hunted by humans (unlike every other species of moa), it seems likely that their populations were too isolated and remote to have been accessed by humans. Instead, it is probable that the crested moa were wiped out by
471:
showed that the specimen died between 1396 and 1442 AD, over 100 years after humans first settled on the Island. During the climatic changes before the settlers arrived, the crested moa followed the changes in elevation of their sub-alpine habitats with little change in their
411:. While their remains have occasionally been found together, the heavy-footed moa generally preferred warmer and drier lowland areas. However, it is likely the crested moa would have migrated from the high country to these more hospitable areas in winter.
435:). The robust beak with a pointed tip, sturdy jaws, together with large numbers of gizzard stones suggests the diet of Pachyornis was high in fibrous plant material such as branches of trees and shrubs. The only real threat of predation came from the
374:
Almost nothing is known about the feather pits on the crested moa's skull. It is likely the feathers were used in courtship rituals or to challenge rivals, but no feathers have been found so their color or size can only be speculated at.
892:
Williams, P. W.; King, D. N. T.; Zhao, J. X.; Collerson, K. D. (2005). "Late
Pleistocene to Holocene composite speleothem 18O and 13C chronologies from South Island, New Zealand — did a global Younger Dryas really exist?".
862:
Rawlence, N. J.; Metcalf, J. L.; Wood, J. R.; Worthy, T. H.; Austin, J. J.; Cooper, A. (2012). "The effect of climate and environmental change on the megafaunal moa of New
Zealand in the absence of humans".
1035:
335:. The name crested moa is due to pits being found in their skulls, suggesting they had crests of long feathers. These cranial pits are also found occasionally in
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511:
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792:
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Cooper, A.; Atkinson, I. A. E.; Lee, W. G.; Worthy, T. H. (1993). "Evolution of the moa and their effect on the New
Zealand flora".
736:
564:
1109:
924:
Worthy, T. H. (1990). "An analysis of the distribution and relative abundance of moa species (Aves: Dinornithiformes)".
783:
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003). "Moas (Dinoornithidae)". In
Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J (eds.).
92:
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48:
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The crested moa weighed around 75 kg (165 lb). The crested moa was smaller than the heavy-footed moa (
1000:
515:
837:"Youngest reported radiocarbon age of a moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) dated from a natural site in New Zealand"
363:
787:. Vol. 8: Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
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516:"Checklist-of-Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands and the Ross Dependency Antarctica"
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and other caves in the vicinity. It was the ecological equivalent of the heavy-footed moa in the
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Until recently it was thought that the crested moa became extinct at the
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463:) during a period of significant climatic upheaval. In 2012 however
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802:
Oliver, W.R.B. (1949). "The moas of New
Zealand and Australia".
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134:
960:
603:. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. p. 26.
327:. Some of the species of this group are flightless and lacks a
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297:
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157:
293:. It is one of the 9 known species of moa to have existed.
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Moa: the life and death of New
Zealand's legendary bird
701:
557:
Moa: the life and death of New
Zealand's legendary bird
367:) and their bones are sometimes mistaken for those of
952:
Crested Moa information on "New
Zealand Birds Online"
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459:transition roughly 10,000 years ago (10,000 years
403:area. Crested moa remains have been found in the
399:forests in the North West, particularly in the
649:
683:
681:
8:
423:species, the crested moa filled the role of
841:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
257:Cracraft 1976 non (Owen 1856) Lydekker 1891
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427:in New Zealand, where there are no native
47:
31:
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395:, where it occupied the high altitude
817:"Crested Moa: Birds (of New Zealand)"
512:Ornithological Society of New Zealand
7:
1074:86e9f19b-bf73-431b-8a61-986ced6e2486
835:Rawlence, N. J.; Cooper, A. (2012).
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895:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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1125:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
748:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
371:due to their similar structure.
91:
885:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.004
938:10.1080/03014223.1990.10422598
926:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
296:Moa are grouped together with
1:
597:Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006).
1120:Extinct birds of New Zealand
854:10.1080/03036758.2012.658817
768:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90005-a
600:Extinct birds of New Zealand
467:of crested moa remains from
731:. Craig Potton Publishing.
559:. Craig Potton Publishing.
1146:
915:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.10.024
865:Quaternary Science Reviews
650:Rawlence & Cooper 2012
727:Berentson, Quinn (2012).
555:Berentson, Quinn (2012).
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88:Scientific classification
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1115:Extinct flightless birds
815:Olliver, Narena (2005).
804:Dominion Museum Bulletin
379:Distribution and habitat
907:2005E&PSL.230..301W
364:Pachyornis elephantopus
254:Pachyornis elephantopus
27:Extinct species of bird
1082:Paleobiology Database
38:Temporal range: Late
1110:Holocene extinctions
1001:Pachyornis australis
971:Pachyornis australis
713:Williams et al. 2005
674:Rawlence et al. 2012
510:Checklist Committee
405:Honeycomb Hills Cave
383:The crested moa was
282:Pachyornis australis
220:Pachyornis australis
57:Pachyornis australis
18:Pachyornis australis
877:2012QSRv...50..141R
760:1993TEcoE...8..433C
429:terrestrial mammals
69:Conservation status
702:Cooper et al. 1993
465:radiocarbon dating
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963:Taxon identifiers
821:New Zealand Birds
610:978-0-909010-21-8
441:Hieraaetus moorei
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199:P. australis
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419:As with all
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389:South Island
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141:Infraclass:
61:Ngarua Caves
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29:
1064:crested-moa
1023:iNaturalist
995:Wikispecies
871:: 141–153.
688:Worthy 1990
580:Davies 2003
498:Oliver 1949
453:Pleistocene
431:(excluding
393:New Zealand
357:Description
310:cassowaries
289:species of
277:crested moa
265:Parker 1895
35:Crested moa
1104:Categories
721:References
478:introduced
447:Extinction
397:sub-alpine
350:Pachyornis
185:Pachyornis
525:4 January
486:Footnotes
353:species.
331:on their
302:ostriches
192:Species:
111:Kingdom:
105:Eukaryota
59:bones in
1041:10547590
986:Q5184577
980:Wikidata
776:21236223
619:80016906
514:(2010).
481:mammals.
457:Holocene
338:Dinornis
318:tinamous
285:) is an
237:Synonyms
164:Family:
125:Chordata
121:Phylum:
115:Animalia
101:Domain:
40:Holocene
1130:Ratites
1015:4852025
903:Bibcode
873:Bibcode
826:Feb 15,
756:Bibcode
387:to the
385:endemic
333:sternum
320:in the
287:extinct
230:, 1949)
217:†
196:†
177:Genus:
171:Emeidae
151:Order:
131:Class:
78:Extinct
1087:401554
1071:NZOR:
1061:NZBO:
1054:239969
1028:410552
791:
774:
735:
617:
607:
563:
401:Nelson
316:, and
228:Oliver
1036:IRMNG
519:(PDF)
322:clade
314:rheas
1049:NCBI
1010:GBIF
828:2011
789:ISBN
772:PMID
733:ISBN
615:OCLC
605:ISBN
561:ISBN
527:2016
433:bats
329:keel
306:kiwi
298:emus
275:The
247:List
135:Aves
934:doi
911:doi
899:230
881:doi
849:doi
764:doi
443:).
421:moa
391:of
291:moa
1106::
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461:BP
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181:†
168:†
155:†
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
