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515:, on 1 January 1857 in Washington DC, published "A practical plan for building The Pacific Railroad", in which he outlined the general plan and argued for the need to do a detailed instrumental survey of a specific selected route for the railroad, not a general reconnaissance of several possible routes that had been done in the Pacific Railroad Surveys. In winter 1859-1860, Judah was in Washington D.C. lobbying for a Pacific Railroad bill; California would hold a Pacific Railroad Convention in Sacramento on the first Monday that February. Judah returned to California by July, lobbied local newspapers for public support, and surveyed routes to at least three passes. After finding in Fall 1860 a practical trans-Sierra route from Sacramento over Donner Pass into the Great Basin of Nevada and after finding investors to incorporate the
1003:, taking elevations and measuring distances as they went. The distance from this city to Maple's Ranch by odometer is a few rods more than fifty miles. The measurement was made by the longest route traveled. The observations made on the trip we shall publish as soon as put in proper shape. Beyond question the reconnaissance lately made by Mr. Judah has developed one of the most important facts bearing upon the welfare of Central California. It has been believed by a majority of people that the mountains skirting the eastern boundary of California were impassable to the iron horse except to the extreme north or more extreme south. Actual surveys had determined no other points of entrance. It is true, we had attempted to prove years since by ditch surveys and casual observations that a railroad route through the
82:
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Star of the West when it attempted to reinforce Fort Sumter without arousing much indignation in
Washington. Judah knew that now there would be no reluctance to consider a railroad bill in Congress for fear that a discussion of whether the railroad should take a southern or a central route would make a wider breach between the North and South. By the time Judah returned from Dutch Flat to Sacramento in March, that breach was already as wide as it could ever be. Southern Congressmen had left their seats and Southern Senators, many of them giving impassioned farewell addresses, had left the Senate to take over positions of importance in the new Confederacy.
712:, who was at the time assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Baird not only wrote several sections of the report to Congress, but was responsible for many of the natural history illustrations. For example, the bird skins collected by the exploring parties were shipped to him. He had Smithsonian Institution artists produce engravings of the birds as they would appear in life, which were hand-tinted and included in the final report.
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142:. On August 16, 1856, Mr. Denver of the House Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph reported that: "the necessity that exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument; it is conceded by every one."
1375:. This 1860 map was made to gain interest from prospective investors, and shows they were trying to secure capital before they had even settled on the actual Donner Pass route which also bypassed Nevada City. The elevation profile at the bottom is extrapolated to Henness Pass. The proposed rail line is even labeled "
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earliest practicable period. Resolved, That we are in favor of a
Homestead Bill the establishment of a daily Overland Mail the building of an Overland Telegraph and Pacific Railroad; and that there is no constitutional objection to Congress extending such aid as will insure the speedy construction of such road.
47:. "These volumes... constitute probably the most important single contemporary source of knowledge on Western geography and history and their value is greatly enhanced by the inclusion of many beautiful plates in color of scenery, native inhabitants, fauna and flora of the Western country." Published by the
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our navigable waters to
Missouri. Besides saving at least a hundred and fifty miles of road, a route entering the State at the point indicated will best subserve the interests of the bulk of our population. This important fact will figure largely, if we mistake not, in all future discussions in Congress on
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The collections in this department of science were not restricted to what was new or undescribed, as I considered it quite as interesting to know that the flora of this region were the same as those common to other parts of the country, or that they were different. It was, therefore, established as a
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T. D. Judah, in a communication to the Bee, and referring to the
California Central Railroad from Folsom to Lincoln, says so far from any prospect of its being discontinued or abandoned, there is little doubt but that road, the California Central Railroad, will be in operation to Lincoln by December
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In
December South Carolina seceded and on Christmas day the Richmond Examiner called for Maryland to join Virginia in seizing the capital. After the first break secession came fast: Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. South Carolina guns had fired on the Union flag and had driven off
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The object of this communication is to direct attention to some newly discovered facts with reference to the route of the
Pacific Railroad throughout the State of California. Confident of the existence of a practicable line across the Sierra Nevada mountains, nearer and more direct than the proposed
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That one of the necessities of the age, in a military and commercial point of view, is speedy communication between the
Atlantic and Pacific States, and the Democratic party pledge themselves to such a constitutional enactment as will insure the construction of a railroad to the Pacific Coast at the
101:
Beginning in the 1840s, several government sponsored expeditions hoped to find potential railroad routes across the west. However, no consensus route emerged due to the selfish economic motives of rival companies. In addition, cities and states competed for the route and terminus so no consensus was
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was perfectly practicable. But these attempts of ours had not the warrant of a survey by a competent engineer with proper instruments. The observations of Mr. Judah have set all doubts at rest, and demonstrate that a splendid crossing for a railroad over the mountains exists, on a direct line from
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ast-west railroads were being pushed forward in the hope that they might serve as the "first links" of the transcontinental. The question, according to a
Wisconsin paper, was: "Shall the upper West or shall the lower West be the great avenue of trade and commerce?" As the Civil War approached, the
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and other centers of expertise for evaluation. This trip often required months of rugged travel, and not all the collections survived. Heermann, in a letter of transmittal to Lt. Parke, commented on these difficulties: "Of the reptiles, in which these countries are very rich, I had succeeded in
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to the summit is but 82 miles in length as measured by the odometer, and presents no obstacles of any moment. The representations of Mr. Judah are so favorable that fifty thousand dollars in stock have been already subscribed by citizens of Dutch Flat and this place, and immediate steps will be
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Most of these men also served as the medical doctors for their exploring parties, and most were expert in only one or two areas of natural history. With limited time and expertise, their main charge was simply collection and preparation of plants and animals to be shipped back east for further
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Several of the expedition naturalists wrote reports on their areas of expertise which were included in the War
Department's report to Congress. For example, Heermann wrote the report on birds, and Hallowell wrote the report on reptiles for Lt. Parke's exploration. Other leading naturalists
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The
Washington correspondent of the San Francisco Bulletin says the President in the course of an interview with Mr. Judah of California expressed himself warmly in favor of the Pacific Railroad, and said that no man cast of the Rocky Mountains desired its construction more heartily than he
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forming quite a handsome collection, but unfortunately the cans in which they were contained became leaky, and possessing neither the means to correct this mishap, nor the alcohol to supply that wasted, they were all lost with the exception of a few specimens which I preserved in bottles."
19:
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We have received the subjoined letter from T. E. Judah, Esq. We shall commence soon and publish the documents, which are of an interesting nature. No other paper having paid attention to this matter, the record of the proceedings of the Railroad Committee will, we trust, be found valuable
89:
Starting in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many Americans began a westward migration that would come to greatly influence the development of American history. However, water travel remained the most common and most efficient form of transit available. Soon, the development of the
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policy, but could ultimately affect the balance of power between the north and south in Congress when new states were inevitably admitted into the Union out of these regional territories. Just three years after this compromise, Jefferson Davis strongly influenced the
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and the summit of the Sierra Nevada, with reference to its capabilities for a railroad route. Mr. Judah reports having discovered a most excellent route, the grade nowhere exceeding one hundred feet to the mile. The course pursued by Mr. Judah, was from Auburn to
889:"Pacific railroad surveys. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting reports of surveys, &c., of railroad routes to the Pacific Ocean. February 6, 1854. -- Referred to the select committee on the subject of the Pacific railroad, and ordered to be printed"
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in the spring of 1860 and the seemingly inevitable election results the following November, rather than a sudden breakthrough engineering "discovery" for a Donner Pass railroad route in an otherwise well-explored mountain range. While the terrain surrounding
503:
discounted southern politicians from interfering with a plan to build a northern or central route. Third, a growing population of railroad specialists allowed Congress several options to consider the most efficient and cost effective route to build a
844:
Because the upper West was free soil and the lower West was slave, the choice of a route and its terminals quickly became a national issue, pitting North against South. Thus divided, Congress failed to settle on any route across the
51:
from 1855 to 1860, the surveys contained significant material on natural history, including many illustrations of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. In addition to describing the route, these surveys also reported on the
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till near Dutch Flat, when it runs up Canon Creek a short distance to near its source, when by a not very considerable cut the banks of Bear River are reached, thence continuing up the stream till the country becomes flattened
519:
in June 1861, Judah was sent in October 1861 to Washington DC to lobby for the Pacific Railway bill to aid in the construction of the first transcontinental railroad along his trans-Sierra route. The route followed much of the
1185:"Pacific railroad. Memorial of the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California. December 9, 1861. -- Referred to the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad, and ordered to be printed, with report of Chief Engineer"
110:, wrote, "We never went through the canyons or worked our way over the dividing ridges without asking where the rails could be laid." On March 3, 1853, Congress appropriated $ 150,000 and authorized Secretary of War
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would become a very costly endeavor. In fact, “Even the least expensive proposed routes would equal the federal budget for one year.” Despite these obstacles, a developing urgency clearly indicated the need for a
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973:, and from thence to the summit. We learn from Mr. Judah, that the greatest depression from a uniform grade occurs between Illinoistown and Dutch Flat. This line continues along the unbroken ridge south of
1012:, and we do not hesitate to express a belief that the discovery of Mr. Judah will prove the initiative step which will one day lead a railroad across the mountains on the eastern border of Nevada county.
72:
of the land as well as provided ethnographic descriptions of the Native peoples encountered during the surveys. Importantly, a map of routes for a Pacific railroad, was compiled to accompany the report.
773:"Isothermal chart of the region north of the 36th Parallel &c. &c. between the Atlantic & Pacific oceans; compiled under the direction of Isaac I. Stevens, Govnr. of Washington Territory"
2129:
253:. Contrasting national division along party lines on the issue, both major California political parties included a Pacific Railroad as part of their platform. That week and month,
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study. They collected everything: plants, mammals, fish, insects, birds, mollusks, snakes, lizards, and turtles, both common and rare. This approach was described by geologist
1061:, I have devoted the past few months to an exploration of several routes and passes through Central California, resulting in the discovery of a practicable route from the
43:. The expeditions included surveyors, scientists, and artists and resulted in an immense body of data covering at least 400,000 square miles (1,000,000 km) on the
1044:
948:
257:, who himself had been engineering railroads since the 1840's, and California railroads in particular since the 1850's, finally obtained the political opportunity for
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2015:"Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean v.12:pt.2"
107:
1879:
Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs, Iowa, March 7, 1864
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1244:
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rule to collect everything; it being as easy at the conclusion of the survey to reject what was superfluous, as it would be difficult to replace what was wanting.
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1937:"Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean v.10"
1990:"Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean v.3"
1965:"Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean v.2"
1291:, rather than the dammed reservoir at the former Excelsior/Summit City settlement which currently carries this name. "Eureka South" was later renamed
726:
122:(TOPOGS), a division in the United States Army established to “discover, open up, and make accessible the American West,” to fulfill this obligation.
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250:
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114:“to Ascertain the Most Practical and Economical Route for a Railroad From the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.” Davis ordered Brevet Captain
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491:, they were not compelling enough to lead directly to construction. Three important trends also influenced Congress’ final decision. First, the
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speculation in what would be popularly known as the "Dutch Flat Swindle" which politically threatened the timely completion of the railroad.
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on account of political factors not included in the original surveys. The route followed a prior survey for a Donner Pass wagon toll road by
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The congressional inaction in the survey's aftermath is a reflection of the severity of this proxy fight. Despite the United States having
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Botanist Frederick Creutzfeldt accompanied the exploring party of the Central Pacific route but was killed with Captain Gunnison in Utah.
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until 1862. This is consistent with the view that the impetus of building the CPRR was newfound political feasibility indicated by the
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led to a dramatic increase in population in the west. Second, the secession of the South from the Union during the beginnings of the
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attempted to influence the selected locations because of the important social, political, and economic consequences. In addition, a
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1093:, with maximum grades of one hundred feet per mile. The distance from Sacramento to Summit is one hundred and two miles ; to
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Passes, and will leave for Washington on the next steamer with a view of laying the information he has obtained before Congress.
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Passes, and will leave for Washington on the next steamer with a view of laying the information he has obtained before Congress.
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A letter appears in the Placerville Democrat, which states that Mr. Judah, the Engineer, has recently made examinations of the
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contributed to the War Department's report by describing the collections returned from the exploring parties. These included
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bitterest controversy was between those who wished a road to serve the North and those who wished a road to serve the South.
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A letter published in the Placerville Democrat, states that Mr Judah, the engineer, has recently made examinations of the
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Exploration and surveys for the Pacific Railroad were carried out under the direction of Secretary of War Jefferson Davis
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960:, Esq., Civil Engineer, on Thursday evening last, who had just returned from the reconnaissance of the county between
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Although the Pacific Railroad Surveys (1853–1855) provided valuable information regarding the possible routes for the
231:
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1125:"Map showing the location of Sacramento Valley Railroad, Cal. Sacramento, Septr., 1854; T.D. Judah, Chief Engineer"
201:. The route of the first transcontinental railroad would determine whether slaves could be legally and efficiently
35:(1853–1855) were a series of explorations of the American West designed to find and document possible routes for a
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Plants and animals were preserved as well as could be in the expeditions' camps, and shipped overland back to the
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to develop and facilitate the construction of the transcontinental railroad, however it effectively repealed the
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36:
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Jefferson Davis, George Mcclellan and the War Department's Pacific Railroad Explorations and Surveys of 1853-54
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792:"Map of routes for a Pacific railroad, compiled to accompany a report of the Hon. Jefferson Davis, sec. of war"
592:
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during the 1830s, Americans felt an increased incentive to expand this new technology to the western frontier.
223:
1212:
721:
709:
676:
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393:
245:, Congress was politically unable to enact any decision on an initial transcontinental railroad route until
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became an invaluable contribution to this westward expansion. As railroads gained popularity in the eastern
2099:—role of Spencer Fullerton Baird in United States and Mexican Boundary Survey and Pacific Railroad Surveys
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Heermann accompanied Lt. Williamson on the expedition up the West Coast from Fort Yuma to San Francisco
1458:"Map of the central portion of the United States showing the lines of the proposed Pacific railroads"
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1743:"Theodore Judah And The Blazing Of The First Transcontinental Railroad Over The Sierra Nevada"
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1625:"Theodore Judah and the blazing of the first transcontinental railroad over the Sierra Nevada"
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1203:"Map of central California showing the different rail road lines completed & projected"
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which is labeled "Cary's Mill." The latter locale is shown east of the juncture between
1239:. The proposed route appears to tunnel through the pacific crest in the vicinity of the
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taken, we understand to organize a company. A few days since Mr. Judah, in company with
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would build continuous railroad and telegraph lines west from the Eastern shores of the
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1235:, the latter of which is aptly labeled "starvation camp" in reference to the ill-fated
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903:"Platform Adopted by the Democratic State Convention in Sacramento on 6th of September"
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into these geographically isolated territories. So the route was not just ancillary to
182:
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1750:
American Society of Civil Engineers — Golden Spike 150th Anniversary History Symposium
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432:
346:
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990:. The summit at the crossing is 5900 ft. above the level of the sea. The route from
2084:
The Great Reconnaissance—Soldiers, Artists and Scientists on the Frontier 1848-1861
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involved the location of where to build the railroad. With government involvement,
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Dr. Caleb B. R. Kennerly accompanied the Whipple expedition on the southern route.
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Digitized version of the complete survey reports from the Smithsonian Institution
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referred to as a promising route for a transcontinental railway circa 1853. The "
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623:"Red-tailed Black Hawk" from volume X of the War Department's report to Congress
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69:
1855:
1837:
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1801:"THE PEOPLE OF SAN FRANCISCO ASK TO BE DEFENDED AGAINST THE DUTCH FLAT SWINDLE"
1472:
1271:—a Free Soil Democrat who became an ardent Confederate sympathizer—was renamed
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611:, Utah, after making a combined 1,774 miles (2,855 km) of railroad track.
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would not be driven into the transcontinental railroad until 1869, the second
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1027:. Nevada City, California: The Nevada Journal. December 21, 1860. p. 1.
936:
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VANGUARD OF EXPANSION Army Engineers in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1819-1879
1903:"Ceremony at "Wedding of the Rails," May 10, 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah"
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931:. Nevada City, California: The Nevada Journal. November 9, 1860. p. 2.
467:
389:
130:
2115:
Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
1878:
619:
1444:"Railroad map of the central part of California, and part of Nevada. 1865"
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for the eastern division of the exploration of the Northern Pacific route.
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420:
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to facilitate his preferred southern route which was not viable over the
1727:
1634:. Sacramento, CA: ASCE Golden Spike 150th Anniversary History Symposium
1184:
888:
811:
548:, who made much of their prior fortunes facilitating the mining on the
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53:
986:, the transit is made across the summit near, but much lower than the
234:. The map of the Pacific Railroad Surveys would be published in 1855.
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The path of the first transcontinental railroad route was one of many
2054:
Picturing Nature: American Nineteenth-Century Zoological Illustration
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would be decided by the constituency of migration at the time of the
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as a slave state, banned the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in
61:
1902:
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193:— meaning whether any future state from these territories would be
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accompanied the Parke's exploration of the Southern Pacific Route.
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591:) which would meet railroad and telegraph lines build east by the
544:. Central Pacific Railroad entrepreneurs and engineers, including
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route mapped by the Pacific Railroad Surveys, or the intermediate
440:
80:
18:
2056:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 403 pages.
860:
Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800–1890
451:
stagecoach trail where Southern Pacific RR completed the second
627:
Leading naturalists were attached to all the survey parties:
149:
over the future of slavery in the United States exacerbated by
1360:
603:. On May 10, 1869, the two rail lines joined with an honorary
528:
1845-1846 route through the sierra crest made infamous by the
1803:. No. 16:5386. Daily Alta California. December 2, 1864.
361:
with Lt. Richard Arnold out of St. Marysville from the east.
1255:. "Truckee Pass" and "Big Truckee Lake" were later renamed
1196:
1194:
1501:. Nevada National Democrat. January 14, 1860. p. 2.
396:
then took command. Also participating in this survey was
169:
which admitted California as a slave-free state, defined
1851:
People ex rel. Central P. R. Co. v. Board of Supervisors
1693:. Daily National Democrat. December 5, 1860. p. 2.
1597:. Daily National Democrat. October 21, 1860. p. 3.
905:. Daily National Democrat. October 21, 1860. p. 4.
285:
were also initiated at this time out the urgency of the
1379:" despite the fact that this company would not even be
1741:
Rogers, J. David; Spinks, Charles R. (May 5–6, 2019).
1623:
Rodgers, J. David; Spinks, Charles R. (May 5, 2019).
1549:. Daily National Democrat. July 22, 1860. p. 3.
222:
began on account of identical thematic tensions. The
1656:. The Nevada Democrat. December 6, 1860. p. 2.
1473:"A practical plan for building The Pacific Railroad"
1141:
Rails from the West a Biography of Theodore D. Judah
1105:, one hundred and sixty-two miles. The elevation of
816:
Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
2130:
History of rail transportation in the United States
2086:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 288 pages.
1571:. The Nevada Journal. October 12, 1860. p. 2.
634:served as naturalist for the western division, and
427:, a route similar to the western part of the later
357:out of the Columbia Barracks from the west and Lt.
341:and was led by the newly appointed governor of the
2071:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. 256 pages.
1351:. "Proposed Route" apparently attempts to connect
1263:. Likewise, "Lake Bigler" which had been named by
466:The fifth survey was along the Pacific coast from
1881:38th Congress, 1st Session SENATE Ex. Doc. No. 27
1303:which is labeled on the map as "Highest Summit,"
301:then broke ground on January 8, 1863. Though the
1618:
1616:
1247:. CPRR engineers and investors were involved in
1299:landmarks that have contemporary names include
1253:Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road (DFDLWR)
562:Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road (DFDLWR)
275:President of the Confederate States of America
1211:The original proposed CPRR route ran through
8:
1858: (Supreme Court of California 1865).
1840: (Supreme Court of California 1864).
1822: (Supreme Court of California 1864).
1385:tumultuous presidential election conventions
786:
784:
782:
309:was completed the year the Civil War ended.
16:Explorations of the American West, 1853–1855
1779:"The Big Four and the 'Dutch Flat swindle'"
1477:Virtual museum of the City of San Francisco
1101:, one hundred and forty-six miles: and to
1097:, about one hundred and fifteen miles: to
863:. Columbia University Press. p. 179.
666:, who accompanied Lt. Parke's expedition:
727:United States and Mexican Boundary Survey
2021:. Washington, D.C.: War Department. 1860
1996:. Washington, D.C.: War Department. 1856
1943:. Washington, D.C.: War Department. 1859
1833:People ex rel. Central P. R. Co. v. Coon
1025:"Central Pacific Railroad of California"
836:Schubert, Frank N. (August 1980). "IV".
805:
803:
801:
1728:"Map of wagon routes in Utah Territory"
1179:
1177:
738:
1755:
1089:; which gives nearly a direct line to
439:. The southernmost survey went across
2150:History of United States expansionism
1959:
1957:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1205:. Library of Congress. Archived from
7:
1287:at the top of the North Fork of the
747:"Pacific Railroad Surveys 1855-1861"
455:in 1881. This survey was led by Lt.
349:. Accompanying Stevens were Captain
249:in December 1860 in response to the
1547:"Pacific Railroad Bill in Congress"
1371:; it is currently a high-elevation
956:We had the pleasure of a call from
289:. Congress passed the first of the
125:The most important concern for the
2048:Pacific Railroad Surveys 1855-1861
1412:on account of height, rather than
1311:which is labeled "Slippery Ford,"
1275:. "Meadow Lake" appears to depict
1144:. Golden West Books. p. 113.
251:November 6th presidential election
247:the south succeeded from the Union
181:, and most relevantly established
171:the geographical boundary of Texas
14:
1777:McLaughlin, Mark (Jul 28, 2004).
595:from the navigable waters of the
511:In particular, railroad engineer
1595:"Gold Hill and Lincoln Railroad"
857:Goodrich, Carter (August 1960).
283:first transcontinental telegraph
120:Corps of Topographical Engineers
2140:First transcontinental railroad
1527:. January 20, 1860. p. 1.
1471:Judah, T. D. (1 January 1857).
1420:. It would have outmatched the
1307:which is labeled "Clear Lake,"
708:. Most important of these was
495:and the discovery of silver in
1479:. H. Porkinhorn, Washington DC
1396:presented dueling challenges,
577:Union Pacific Railroad Company
560:and would later invest in the
522:Stephens–Townsend–Murphy Party
218:. A year after this purchase,
1:
1249:Henness Pass Turnpike Company
1243:between White Rock Creek and
1059:head waters of the Sacramento
571:In 1862, Congress passed the
558:Henness Pass Turnpike Company
447:, a route which followed the
384:. This survey was led by Lt.
317:Five surveys were conducted.
307:transatlantic telegraph cable
2155:Exploration of North America
2145:History of the American West
1730:. Library of Congress. 1859.
1460:. Library of Congress. 1862.
1446:. Library of Congress. 1865.
1283:deceptively adjacent to the
1187:. Library of Congress. 1861.
1127:. Library of Congress. 1854.
891:. Library of Congress. 1854.
794:. Library of Congress. 1857.
483:From surveys to construction
398:Frederick W. von Egloffstein
368:survey followed between the
325:survey followed between the
265:party associate and elector
49:United States War Department
25:Fort Massachusetts, Colorado
1762:: CS1 maint: date format (
999:, Esq., proceeded over the
929:"Railroad Route Discovered"
566:Meadow Lake Mining District
556:, had been involved in the
232:Missouri Compromise of 1820
163:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
2176:
2135:1850s in the United States
2082:Edward S. Wallace (1955).
1381:chartered by U.S. Congress
1071:North Fork of the American
1065:, upon the divide between
1325:Major John Ebbett's route
1267:in honor of California's
1225:Excelsior mining district
1109:. Respectfully, &e.
842:. National Park Service.
506:transcontinental railroad
489:transcontinental railroad
449:Butterfield Overland Mail
382:San Francisco, California
140:transcontinental railroad
135:transcontinental railroad
37:transcontinental railroad
27:, made during the surveys
2067:Herman J. Viola (1987).
2052:Ann Shelby Blum (1993).
1377:Central Pacific Railroad
1343:" is shown crossing the
1245:Upper Independence Creek
812:"Eastward to Promontory"
810:Winter, Rebecca Cooper.
645:Dr. Adolphus L. Heermann
593:Central Pacific Railroad
517:Central Pacific Railroad
453:transcontinental railway
299:Central Pacific Railroad
241:railroad infrastructure
33:Pacific Railroad Surveys
2090:Smithsonian Institution
1201:Elliott, S. G. (1860).
1138:Hinkley, Helen (1969).
722:Spencer Fullerton Baird
710:Spencer Fullerton Baird
677:Smithsonian Institution
615:Natural history studies
435:, which was led by Lt.
425:Los Angeles, California
415:surveys. One along the
394:Edward Griffin Beckwith
388:until his death by the
1971:. War Department. 1855
1499:"The Pacific Railroad"
1107:the Pass is 6,600 feet
1010:Pacific Railroad Bills
982:of Bear River and the
775:. Library of Congress.
673:
624:
601:Sacramento, California
575:. The newly chartered
199:petition for statehood
127:United States Congress
86:
28:
1908:World Digital Library
1815:French v. Teschemaker
1400:the South Yuba River
668:
622:
445:San Diego, California
291:Pacific Railroad Acts
84:
22:
1525:"The Nevada Journal"
1333:Pacific Grade Summit
1327:over the sierra via
1265:John Calhoun Johnson
1209:on January 1, 1000.
706:Dr. John S. Newberry
649:Dr. Edward Hallowell
585:Council Bluffs, Iowa
493:California Gold Rush
476:Robert S. Williamson
406:Gouverneur K. Warren
343:Washington Territory
269:. Slavery operative
1856:27 Cal. 655
1838:25 Cal. 635
1820:24 Cal. 518
1691:"Railroad Movement"
1569:"Pacific Rail Road"
1425:Dale Creek Crossing
1223:to the speculative
690:Dr. John L. LeConte
632:Dr. James G. Cooper
573:Pacific Railway Act
472:Seattle, Washington
417:35th parallel north
378:St. Louis, Missouri
374:39th parallel north
370:37th parallel north
351:George B. McClellan
335:St. Paul, Minnesota
331:49th parallel north
327:47th parallel north
224:Kansas–Nebraska Act
191:popular sovereignty
157:resulting from the
116:George B. McClellan
23:An illustration of
2095:2006-02-21 at the
2069:Exploring the West
1654:"Pacific Railroad"
1608:or January next...
1335:of which surveyor
1063:city of Sacramento
698:Dr. Charles Girard
686:Professor Asa Gray
636:Dr. George Suckley
625:
532:, rather than the
501:American Civil War
189:territories under
179:Fugitive Slave Act
167:Compromise of 1850
159:Treaty of Cahuenga
87:
29:
2160:American frontier
1394:Independence Lake
1341:Old Johnson Route
1317:Johnson's Cut-off
1279:which is a large
1111:THEODORE D. JUDAH
702:William G. Binney
609:Promontory Summit
526:John C. Frémont's
474:conducted by Lt.
429:Santa Fe Railroad
228:open up new lands
2167:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
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1986:
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1454:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1408:would have been
1198:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1162:. Archived from
1135:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1049:
1043:. Archived from
1021:
1015:
1014:
988:old Truckee road
953:
947:. Archived from
925:
919:
918:
899:
893:
892:
885:
879:
878:
854:
848:
847:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
807:
796:
795:
788:
777:
776:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
753:on March 8, 2012
749:. Archived from
743:
664:William P. Blake
597:Sacramento River
542:Simon G. Elliott
437:Amiel W. Whipple
413:Southern Pacific
386:John W. Gunnison
323:Northern Pacific
243:since the 1830's
226:was intended to
216:Colorado Plateau
212:Gadsden Purchase
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2120:
2119:
2106:
2097:Wayback Machine
2039:
2037:Further reading
2034:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
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1963:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1935:
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1923:
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1901:
1900:
1896:
1891:12 Stat. 489 §9
1889:
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1868:12 Stat. 489 §8
1866:
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1441:
1437:
1422:Union Pacific's
1277:Lake Van Norden
1200:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1166:on 2017-01-20.
1152:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1050:on 1997-11-01.
1047:
1023:
1022:
1018:
980:near the source
954:on 1997-11-01.
951:
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735:
718:
617:
589:Omaha, Nebraska
552:as well as the
538:Beckwourth Pass
524:1844 route and
485:
411:There were two
402:George Stoneman
366:Central Pacific
355:Sylvester Mowry
315:
271:Jefferson Davis
267:Leland Stanford
263:Abraham Lincoln
259:a central route
220:Bleeding Kansas
177:, enhanced the
155:Mexican Cession
112:Jefferson Davis
106:, President of
79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2105:
2104:External links
2102:
2101:
2100:
2087:
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2065:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2019:library.si.edu
2006:
1994:library.si.edu
1981:
1969:library.si.edu
1953:
1941:library.si.edu
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1365:Rose Knob Peak
1349:Spooner Summit
1289:American River
1269:third governor
1221:San Juan Ridge
1190:
1173:
1150:
1130:
1116:
1095:the State line
1016:
920:
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870:978-0837177731
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581:Missouri River
513:Theodore Judah
484:
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293:and the major
287:U.S. Civil War
255:Theodore Judah
239:common carrier
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1219:uphill along
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1103:Virginia City
1100:
1096:
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1087:Truckee river
1084:
1083:Summit Valley
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Madeline Pass
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:Henness route
998:
997:Charles Marsh
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555:
554:Comstock Lode
551:
547:
546:Charles Marsh
543:
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534:Madeline Pass
531:
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433:Interstate 40
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392:in Utah. Lt.
391:
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348:
347:Isaac Stevens
344:
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324:
320:
319:
318:
312:
310:
308:
304:
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297:in 1862. The
296:
295:Homestead Act
292:
288:
284:
281:and then the
280:
276:
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268:
264:
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195:free or slave
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175:Washington DC
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105:
104:Brigham Young
99:
97:
96:United States
93:
83:
76:
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71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
45:American West
42:
41:North America
38:
34:
26:
21:
2083:
2068:
2053:
2023:. Retrieved
2018:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1993:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1968:
1945:. Retrieved
1940:
1913:. Retrieved
1911:. 1869-05-10
1906:
1897:
1886:
1874:
1863:
1850:
1845:
1832:
1827:
1814:
1809:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1781:. Sierra Sun
1772:
1758:cite journal
1749:
1736:
1722:
1702:
1685:
1665:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1631:
1606:
1589:
1580:
1563:
1541:
1519:
1510:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1476:
1466:
1452:
1438:
1429:Omaha Bridge
1345:Carson Range
1337:G.H. Goddard
1329:Ebbetts Pass
1321:Mormon Trail
1297:sierra crest
1293:Graniteville
1285:Serene Lakes
1237:Donner Party
1229:Henness Pass
1210:
1207:the original
1167:
1164:the original
1140:
1133:
1119:
1099:Truckee City
1075:Illinoistown
1051:
1045:the original
1019:
1005:Henness Pass
969:, thence to
967:Illinoistown
955:
949:the original
923:
914:
897:
883:
874:
859:
852:
843:
838:
831:
821:December 16,
819:. Retrieved
815:
767:
757:December 16,
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
741:
682:
674:
669:
660:
626:
605:Golden Spike
570:
530:Donner Party
510:
486:
359:Rufus Saxton
316:
313:Five surveys
279:Pony Express
236:
151:capitulation
147:proxy fights
144:
124:
100:
92:steam engine
88:
66:paleontology
32:
30:
1406:Relief Hill
1390:Donner Lake
1305:Caples Lake
1281:vernal pool
1261:Donner Lake
1257:Donner Pass
1233:Donner Pass
1213:Nevada City
958:T. D. Judah
550:Mother Lode
339:Puget Sound
70:climatology
2124:Categories
2025:2020-12-10
2000:2020-12-09
1975:2020-12-09
1947:2020-12-09
1915:2013-07-20
1705:Georgetown
1699:sn84038814
1668:Georgetown
1662:sn84026881
1638:21 October
1603:sn84038814
1577:sn84026884
1555:sn84038814
1533:sn84026884
1507:sn86058101
1483:21 October
1410:formidable
1373:pack trail
1369:Relay Peak
1359:through a
1273:Lake Tahoe
1079:Dutch Flat
1067:Bear river
1041:sn84026884
984:South Yuba
975:Bear River
971:Dutch Flat
945:sn84026884
911:sn84038814
845:continent.
733:References
587:(opposite
564:servicing
478:and Parke.
457:John Parke
303:last spike
203:trafficked
187:New Mexico
108:LDS Church
77:Background
1357:Franktown
1313:Woodfords
1301:Round Top
1217:Blue Tent
1053:line via
1033:2642-3677
937:2642-3677
468:San Diego
461:John Pope
353:with Lt.
207:free soil
131:lobbyists
102:reached.
2093:Archived
1398:spanning
1295:. Other
1251:and the
1227:between
1069:and the
716:See also
421:Oklahoma
404:and Lt.
161:and the
118:and the
1713:Henness
1676:Henness
1632:mst.edu
1427:or its
1416:in the
1085:to the
431:and to
337:to the
273:became
58:zoology
54:geology
39:across
2075:
2060:
1854:,
1836:,
1818:,
1785:21 May
1697:
1660:
1601:
1575:
1553:
1531:
1505:
1418:1860's
1414:length
1363:below
1323:, and
1319:, the
1309:Kyburz
1158:
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