863:
714:
216:
75:
722:
50:
31:
1144:; Pacific angelshark numbers off California appear to be increasing and demographic modeling suggests the stock is healthy. However, the impact of the intense, unregulated Mexican fishery on the global population is yet undetermined. There is continuing interest in California for a resumption of the commercial fishery, though conservation concerns have thus far taken precedence.
750:
Clover Point, Vancouver Island to southern Baja
California and Gulf of California and Peru. Although, there are unverifiable records from southeastern Alaska and Chile. Common from Tomales Bay, northern California southward. Pacific angelsharks grow to be 175 cm (68.9 in) long, and at birth about 25 cm (9.8 in). Depth: surf zone to 205 m (672 ft).
1124:
277,000 kg (611,000 lb) in 1984. The fishery peaked in 1985 and 1986, when 550,000 kg (1.2 million lbs) were taken annually, making this species the number one shark fished off
California. This level of exploitation was unsustainable, and despite a minimum size limit imposed in 1986, catches fell to 112,000 kg (247,000 lb) in 1990.
1043:
45 mm (1.8 in) per month when young, slowing down to 10 mm (0.39 in) per month just before birth, and are born at a length of 25–26 cm (9.8–10.2 in). Newborn pups in captivity grow at a rate of around 14 cm (5.5 in) per year, while adults in the wild grow at around 2 cm (0.79 in) per year. Both sexes
961:
off Santa
Catalina Island found that over 13–25 hours, nine sharks together used only 1.5 km (0.6 mi). A later, longer-term study found that the sharks' sporadic position changes covered as much as 75 km (47 mi) over three months, almost circling the island. Single individuals swam up to 7.3 km (4.5 mi) in a night.
316:. Prey are targeted visually and, with a quick upward thrust of the head, snatched in protrusible jaws. Individual sharks actively choose ideal ambush sites, where they stay for several days before moving on to a new one. This species is more active at night than during the day, when it stays buried in sediment and seldom moves. Reproduction is
778:
During the day, Pacific angelsharks are almost never seen in the open, instead resting motionless on the sea floor buried under a thin layer of sediment that disguises their outlines. At night some individuals remain motionless, waiting for prey, while others may be encountered on the bottom unburied
1047:
at 90–100 cm (3.0–3.3 ft) long, corresponding to an age of 8–13 years. Gulf of
California sharks, which may be another species, mature at 78 cm (2.56 ft) long for males and 85 cm (2.79 ft) long for females. About 20% of newborns survive to maturity. The maximum lifespan
1042:
again shortly afterward. The average litter size is six, with a range of 1–11 (rarely 13); there is no correlation between female size and number of offspring. The young are born in water 55–90 m (180–295 ft) deep, probably to protect them from predators. Pacific angelshark embryos grow at
1123:
were discarded. In the 1980s, rising demand led to the introduction of gillnets with a medium-sized mesh, designed specifically for this species. Fishery landings increased from a dressed (post-processing) weight of 148 kg (326 lb) in 1977, to 117,000 kg (258,000 lb) in 1983, to
960:
Once settled at a successful site, an angelshark may remain there for ten days, re-burying itself on or near the same spot after every strike. As the local prey eventually learn to avoid the stationary predator, the shark periodically shifts at night to a new site several kilometers away. One study
956:
Individual sharks choose sites giving them the best ambush success. They prefer junctions of sandy and rocky substrates near reefs (used by many fishes for shelter) usually orienting themselves either toward or parallel to nearby vertical structures. They tend to face upslope, which may facilitate
993:
in which the shark presses the forward lobes of its pectoral fins against the bottom and thrusts its head upwards at up to a 90° angle. Its mouth forms a tube when opened, creating a suction force, while its jaws protrude forward to secure the prey between sharp teeth. During the strike, the eyes
765:
is larger than the upper. A row of small thorns runs down the middle of the back and tail; thorns are also present on the snout and over the eyes. As the shark ages, the thorns decrease in size and may disappear. The dorsal coloration is gray, brown, or reddish brown with scattered dark markings:
749:
with spoon-like tips are located above. There are 9 tooth rows on either side of the upper jaw and 10 tooth rows on either side of the lower jaw, with toothless gaps at the middle of both jaws. Each tooth has a broad base and a single narrow, smooth-edged cusp. Pacific angelsharks are founded in
1026:
have developed when the embryo is 70 mm (2.8 in) long, and the first row of teeth has appeared when the embryo is 110 mm (4.3 in) long. By the time the embryo is 150 mm (5.9 in) long, the mouth has migrated to a terminal position and the color pattern has fully
1127:
In 1991, the use of gillnets in nearshore
Californian waters was banned by a voter initiative (Proposition 132); the restricted area included much of the Pacific angelshark's habitat and reduced fishing pressure on the species. As a result, Pacific angelshark landings dropped further to
988:
organisms, showing the importance of night hunting. Pacific angelsharks are more likely to strike at prey approaching from the front. It usually waits until the prey approaches to 15 cm (5.9 in), as its attack is less accurate beyond this distance. The strike is a
670:. On occasion, they have been seen swimming 15–91 m (49–299 ft) above the sea floor. Off California, the Pacific angelshark is most common at a depth of 3–45 m (9.8–147.6 ft), but has been reported from as deep as 205 m (673 ft).
1128:
10,000 kg (22,000 lb) dressed in 1994, when the central
Californian halibut/angel shark fishery was closed completely, and have remained low since. The decline of the Californian fishery led to the industry shifting to Mexico, where gillnet
633:
first began to form. The authors also found that
Pacific angelsharks from the Gulf of California differed genetically from those elsewhere, though they were equivocal as to whether this represented a species-level distinction.
1060:
Although usually sedate and approachable underwater, Pacific angelsharks are quick to bite if touched, captured, or otherwise provoked, and can inflict severe lacerations. Commercial fisheries for this species exist off
964:
The
Pacific angelshark is primarily a visual hunter; experiments in nature show that they strike at fish-shaped targets without any electrical, chemical, vibrational, or behavioral cues. At night, they are guided by the
429:
species in the region – remains unresolved. The angel sharks inhabiting the Gulf of
California may also represent a different species, as they mature at a much smaller size than those from the rest of their range.
894:. During the winter and early spring, spawning squid are abundant and become the primary source of food. In the southern Gulf of California, the most important prey species are, in descending order, the mackerel
740:
are located on the sides of the head rather than underneath, and the expanded anterior lobes of its pectoral fins are separate rather than fused to the head. The eyes are located on top of the head, with the
770:
in juveniles. The underside is white, extending to the margins of the pectoral and pelvic fins. This species measures up to 1.5 m (59 in) long and weighs up to 27 kg (60 lb).
281:, although those in the Gulf of California and southeastern Pacific may in fact be separate species. The Pacific angelshark inhabits shallow, coastal waters on sandy flats, usually near rocky
650:. It may also occur from Ecuador to the southern tip of Chile (see taxonomic uncertainty above). This bottom-dwelling shark prefers habitats with soft, flat bottoms close to shore, such as
1103:), operating off Santa Barbara, expanded to include the Pacific angelshark as well. The sharks had become valuable due to their promotion as a substitute for the seasonally available
745:
behind. There are folds of skin without triangular lobes on the sides of head. The mouth is very wide and placed terminally (at the front of the snout); a pair of cone-shaped
1018:, which is speculated to be from the resorption of unfertilized eggs. At 35 mm (1.4 in) long, the young embryos have translucent skin, protruding eyes, and exposed
335:
Pacific angelsharks are not dangerous to humans unless provoked, in which case their bite can cause a painful injury. They are valued for their meat and are captured by
1027:
developed; the external yolk sac begins to shrink as the yolk is transferred to an internal yolk sac, where it is held until it can be transferred to the intestine for
1212:
2404:
693:
are distinct from those in the Gulf of
California. These subpopulations have diverged from one another over time because Pacific angelsharks do not undertake long
301:
on its snout, angular pectoral fins, and a brown or gray dorsal coloration with many small dark markings. It attains a maximum length of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).
2564:
1666:
Jensen, K. (2001). "Four New Genera and Five New Species of Lecanicephalideans (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) From Elasmobranchs in the Gulf of California, Mexico".
1137:
360:
2456:
1065:
and to a lesser extent off California (see below); the meat is considered excellent and is sold fresh or frozen. This species is captured in limited numbers by
642:
Pacific angelsharks are found in cold to warm-temperate waters from the southeastern corner of Alaska to the Gulf of California, including the entire
2378:
1965:
2574:
2417:
957:
burying via falling sediment, bring more fish swimming downstream from the reef, or ease targeting by silhouetting prey against the sunlight.
2482:
1487:
1031:. The internal yolk sac is fully resorbed before birth; if the pup is released prematurely, it does not feed until this process is complete.
1843:
Cailliet, G.M.; Mollet, H.F.; Pittenger, G.G.; Bedford, D. & Natanson, L.J. (1992). "Growth and demography of the Pacific Angel Shark (
1912:
1364:
Stelbrink, B.; T. von Rintelen; G. Cliff & J. Kriwet (2010). "Molecular systematics and global phylogeography of angel sharks (genus
2579:
1883:
Fowler, S.L.; Cavanagh, R.D.; Camhi, M.; Burgess, G.H.; Cailliet, G.M.; Fordham, S.V.; Simpfendorfer, C.A. & Musick, J.A. (2005).
1925:
1892:
1415:
1306:
1272:
1220:
1088:. The capacity of this species to withstand a focused fishing effort is limited, due to its low rates of reproduction and movement.
934:
289:, or other underwater features. This species resembles other angel sharks in appearance, with a flattened body and greatly enlarged
2521:
697:
movements outside of their preferred home areas, and deep waters serve as effective geographical barriers to population mixing.
2584:
1006:
with the unborn young nourished by a yolk sac; reproduction occurs on an annual cycle. Most females have a single functional
384:
2422:
677:
have been identified across the northern range of the Pacific angelshark. Several subpopulations exist along the coast from
413:
with this species by Kato, Springer and Wagner in 1967, but was later tentatively recognized as a separate species again by
1224:
686:
674:
1958:
1052:
of this species are deposited in proportion to the shark's size rather than yearly, making age determination difficult.
367:, as the Californian population is largely protected and recovering, while the impact of Mexican fisheries is unknown.
2339:
2461:
1747:
Escobar-Sanchez, O.; Abitia-Cardenas, L.A. & Galvan-Magnan, F. (2007). "Food habits of the Pacific angel shark
1133:
788:
682:
348:
74:
1679:
2331:
2304:
862:
2539:
1951:
923:
388:
2266:
929:
796:
742:
2344:
2198:
2162:
2092:
1003:
994:
roll backward into the head for protection. The strike is often completed in under a tenth of a second.
376:
205:
189:
1777:
905:
2513:
732:
With its flattened body and wing-like pectoral fins, the Pacific angelshark superficially resembles a
2569:
2526:
2313:
2241:
2144:
2074:
1566:
1377:
1299:
Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date (Volume 2)
1066:
938:
896:
398:. Locally, this species may also be referred to as angel shark, California angel shark, or monkfish.
340:
1184:
308:, the Pacific angelshark conceals itself on the sea floor and waits for approaching prey, primarily
2153:
533:
39:
2448:
2214:
2180:
2135:
2101:
2083:
2065:
2056:
2047:
1820:
1691:
1648:
1613:
1535:
1460:
1346:
1111:), and the development of new processing techniques. Around 50% of the shark was used, while the
1096:
410:
402:
336:
270:
228:
69:
2409:
713:
215:
2495:
2352:
2232:
2223:
2207:
2189:
2171:
2126:
1931:
1921:
1888:
1683:
1483:
1393:
1302:
1268:
1044:
914:
780:
767:
702:
685:, there are at least three separate subpopulations off the mainland and northern and southern
630:
606:
2500:
2318:
1856:
1812:
1726:
1675:
1640:
1605:
1574:
1527:
1452:
1385:
1341:
1179:
1035:
946:
746:
678:
663:
516:
466:
414:
298:
2435:
1911:
Leet, W.S.; Dewees, C.M.; Klingbeil, R.; Larson, E.J., eds. (2001). "Pacific Angel Shark".
870:
A sedentary ambush predator, the Pacific angelshark feeds mainly on bony fishes, including
721:
705:, is higher in the Pacific angelshark than in other shark species that have been examined.
2469:
1887:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. pp. 233–234.
1141:
1104:
1062:
966:
690:
568:
364:
305:
54:
1570:
1514:
Fouts, W.R. & Nelson, D.R. (May 7, 1999). "Prey Capture by the Pacific Angel Shark,
1381:
2012:
2006:
1975:
1578:
973:
901:
698:
694:
643:
622:
610:
156:
146:
126:
116:
1161:
417:. The taxonomic status of angel sharks in the southeastern Pacific – whether they are
2558:
2430:
1796:
1411:
1332:
1323:
1170:
1070:
1048:
has been estimated at 25–35 years. Unlike other sharks, the growth rings on the
815:
717:
The Pacific angelshark has dorsally placed eyes, a terminal mouth, and nasal barbels.
395:
317:
262:
59:
1617:
1136:) targeting this species now meet most of the angel shark demand in California. The
30:
2357:
1695:
833:
822:
602:
355:
and new regulations led to its near-collapse. This species is now mainly fished in
290:
1439:
Gaida, I.H. (December 9, 1997). "Population Structure of the Pacific Angel Shark,
2443:
2391:
2298:
1596:
Krøyer, 1838 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on Pacific elasmobranchs".
1389:
1092:
919:
667:
380:
352:
286:
2117:
2038:
2028:
2000:
990:
981:
910:
883:
875:
762:
754:
753:
The pectoral and pelvic fins are broad and angular with pointed tips. The two
647:
626:
614:
294:
258:
166:
1073:, or even by hand, particularly off southern California. It is also taken as
866:
The Pacific angelshark's cryptic dorsal coloration enables it to ambush prey.
1943:
1116:
1028:
871:
836:
737:
651:
309:
86:
2289:
1687:
1397:
2474:
766:
large blotches surrounded by a ring of tiny spots in adults, and pairs of
2365:
2283:
1994:
1424:
1085:
1049:
985:
977:
970:
887:
879:
826:
804:
758:
733:
609:, published by Björn Stelbrink and colleagues in 2010, reported that the
332:
until birth. Females give birth to an average of six young every spring.
329:
106:
980:
disturbed by moving prey. This species' visual system is attuned to the
2534:
2383:
1824:
1709:
Moser, M. & Anderson, S. (1977). "An intrauterine leech infection:
1652:
1609:
1539:
1464:
1443:(Squatiniformes: Squatinidae), around the California Channel Islands".
1074:
1023:
1011:
891:
808:
344:
274:
2396:
2370:
1860:
297:. Characteristic features of this shark include a pair of cone-shaped
2326:
1988:
1526:(2). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 304–312.
1451:(4). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 738–744.
1078:
1039:
851:
847:
375:
The Pacific angelshark was first scientifically described in 1859 by
356:
325:
321:
266:
96:
2260:
1816:
1730:
1644:
1631:
Jameson, A.P. (December 1931). "Notes on Californian Myxosporidia".
1531:
1456:
1160:
Cailliet, G.M.; Chabot, C.L.; Nehmens, M.C.; Carlisle, A.B. (2020).
1885:
Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes
1034:
Off Santa Barbara, birthing takes place from March to June after a
625:. The two species are estimated to have diverged approximately 6.1
2508:
2018:
1780:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on June 22, 2009.
1553:
Sinclair, E.H. (1994). "Prey of juvenile northern elephant seals (
1120:
1081:
1007:
861:
840:
720:
712:
313:
278:
136:
2487:
1112:
1019:
1015:
659:
282:
2264:
1947:
1518:: Visually Mediated Strikes and Ambush-Site Characteristics".
655:
1592:
Deets, G.B. & Dojiri, M. (March 1989). "Three species of
1301:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 144–145.
1680:
10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0845:FNGAFN]2.0.CO;2
1797:"Reproduction and Development of the Pacific Angel Shark,
1795:
Natanson, L.J. & Cailliet, G.M. (December 23, 1986).
1790:
1788:
1786:
1084:
operating in the Gulf of California, and processed into
1920:(fourth ed.). ANR Publications. pp. 248–251.
1713:
Moore, 1952 (Piscicolidae) in the Pacific angel shark (
595:
Phylogenetic relationships of the Pacific angelshark.
394:, as the originally-described specimen was caught off
1639:(2). The American Society of Parasitologists: 59–68.
1478:
Compagno, L.J.V.; Dando, M. & Fowler, S. (2005).
1849:
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
2273:
2036:
2027:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1267:. University of California Press. pp. 76–80.
803:) are known to consume Pacific angelsharks. Known
779:or actively swimming. Large sharks, including the
757:are located far back on the body, and there is no
1838:
1836:
1834:
1359:
1357:
1742:
1740:
1482:. Princeton University Press. pp. 140–141.
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1185:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39328A177163701.en
689:. The subpopulation along the Pacific coast of
646:, and are most common off central and southern
1914:California's Living Resources: A Status Report
1138:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1010:(on the left side), though some have two; the
361:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1959:
1906:
1904:
1751:in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico".
8:
1347:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T44571A10921133.en
953:). Adults and juveniles have similar diets.
850:, inside the intestine, and even inside the
1847:), based upon tag returns off California".
261:, family Squatinidae, found in the eastern
2261:
2033:
1966:
1952:
1944:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
214:
48:
29:
20:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1345:
1265:Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California
1213:"Biological Profiles: Pacific Angelshark"
1183:
1223:, Ichthyology Department. Archived from
1206:
1204:
1202:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1152:
2565:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1557:) in the Southern California Bight".
1370:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1322:Lamilla, J. & Romero, M. (2004).
7:
2540:BEB9ADD0-46AA-4DF3-8299-DEC2F2A2894A
2514:A980EA33-46D0-4583-0A62-0593CD6ACB2F
1140:(IUCN) has assessed this species as
846:may be attached around this shark's
736:. Unlike in rays, its five pairs of
363:(IUCN) has assessed this species as
1333:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1171:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
937:, this species feeds mainly on the
675:genetically discrete subpopulations
508:
458:
451:
444:
437:
347:fishery for this species began off
1579:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1994.tb00267.x
409:) of the southeastern Pacific was
14:
1778:Sandy Plains: Pacific Angel Shark
1221:Florida Museum of Natural History
658:, and are often found near rocky
613:of the Pacific angelshark is the
351:in 1976 and ended in 1994, after
1801:, off Santa Barbara, California"
223:Range of the Pacific angelshark
73:
1038:of ten months, and the females
425:, or if there is more than one
343:across their range. A targeted
2575:Western American coastal fauna
814:, which infests the skin, the
385:California Academy of Sciences
1:
324:hatching inside the mother's
807:of this species include the
681:northward to Alaska. In the
1719:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1633:The Journal of Parasitology
1390:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.029
854:and on developing embryos.
2601:
1002:The Pacific angelshark is
984:of light emitted by these
2580:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
1983:
1297:Compagno, L.J.V. (2002).
1134:artisanal fishing vessels
1101:Paralichthys californicus
789:broadnose sevengill shark
683:Southern California Bight
565:
530:
513:
506:
480:
463:
456:
449:
442:
349:Santa Barbara, California
328:and being sustained by a
234:
227:
222:
213:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1414:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1091:In 1976, the commercial
761:. The lower lobe of the
638:Distribution and habitat
2199:Smoothback angelshark (
2163:Indonesian angelshark (
2093:Australian angelshark (
1668:Journal of Parasitology
1598:Systematic Parasitology
1555:Mirounga angustirostris
924:Myripristis leiognathus
830:Paraberrapex manifestus
801:Mirounga angustirostris
379:, the first Curator of
2585:Fish described in 1859
2242:Ocellated angelshark (
2217:Squatina pseudocellata
2145:Disparate angelshark (
2075:Argentine angelshark (
1178:: e.T39328A177163701.
1014:are often filled with
867:
797:northern elephant seal
793:Notorynchus cepedianus
785:Carcharodon carcharias
729:
718:
371:Taxonomy and phylogeny
2154:Japanese angelshark (
2068:Squatina albipunctata
1559:Marine Mammal Science
1340:: e.T44571A10921133.
1105:common thresher shark
1069:using hook-and-line,
1004:aplacental viviparous
865:
819:Chloromyxum levigatum
724:
716:
377:William Orville Ayres
2332:squatina-californica
2319:Squatina_californica
2305:Squatina californica
2275:Squatina californica
2215:Western angelshark (
2181:Clouded angelshark (
2172:Mexican angelshark (
2136:Angular angelshark (
2109:Pacific angelshark (
2084:Chilean angelshark (
2066:Eastern angelshark (
2057:African angelshark (
2048:Sawback angelshark (
1845:Squatina californica
1799:Squatina californica
1749:Squatina californica
1717:) from California".
1715:Squatina californica
1516:Squatina californica
1441:Squatina californica
1428:. June 2009 version.
1418:Squatina californica
1263:Ebert, D.A. (2003).
1227:on November 12, 2014
1164:Squatina californica
1067:recreational fishers
991:stereotyped behavior
943:Chromis punctipinnis
930:Sicyonia penicillata
897:Decapterus macrosoma
832:, which infests the
821:, which infests the
812:Trebius latifurcatus
726:Squatina californica
629:, close to when the
484:Squatina californica
341:recreational fishers
255:Squatina californica
199:Squatina californica
2244:S. tergocellatoides
2233:Ornate angelshark (
2190:Hidden angelshark (
2127:Taiwan angelshark (
1711:Branchellion lobata
1571:1994MMamS..10..230S
1480:Sharks of the World
1382:2010MolPE..54..395S
844:Branchellion lobata
774:Biology and ecology
534:Squatina guggenheim
181:S. californica
40:Conservation status
24:Pacific angelshark
1610:10.1007/BF00015217
1211:Bester, Cathleen.
1097:California halibut
1056:Human interactions
868:
730:
719:
403:Chilean angelshark
271:Gulf of California
257:) is a species of
251:Pacific angelshark
2550:
2549:
2496:Open Tree of Life
2267:Taxon identifiers
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
1861:10.1071/MF9921313
1489:978-0-691-12072-0
927:, and the shrimp
915:Synodus evermanni
906:Porichthys analis
781:great white shark
703:genetic diversity
664:submarine canyons
631:Isthmus of Panama
621:) of the western
607:mitochondrial DNA
599:
598:
589:
588:
580:
579:
554:
553:
545:
544:
495:
494:
387:. He gave it the
247:
246:
242:
63:
2592:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2262:
2034:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1930:. Archived from
1919:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1880:
1865:
1864:
1855:(5): 1313–1330.
1840:
1829:
1828:
1792:
1781:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1511:
1494:
1493:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1294:
1279:
1278:
1260:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1157:
1109:Alopias vulpinus
1095:fishery for the
1036:gestation period
951:Seriphus politus
679:Point Conception
517:Squatina occulta
509:
467:Squatina dumeril
459:
452:
445:
438:
433:
432:
415:Leonard Compagno
389:specific epithet
240:
218:
201:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
16:Species of shark
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2470:Observation.org
2468:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2269:
2259:
2250:
2235:S. tergocellata
2023:
1979:
1972:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1868:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1817:10.2307/1445296
1794:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1764:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1731:10.1139/z77-098
1708:
1707:
1703:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1645:10.2307/3271964
1630:
1629:
1625:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1532:10.2307/1447476
1513:
1512:
1497:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1457:10.2307/1447291
1438:
1437:
1433:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1326:Squatina armata
1321:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1282:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:Near Threatened
1063:Baja California
1058:
1000:
974:dinoflagellates
967:bioluminescence
935:Catalina Island
860:
776:
711:
701:, a measure of
691:Baja California
687:Channel Islands
640:
605:study based on
590:
581:
569:Squatina armata
555:
546:
496:
407:Squatina armata
373:
365:Near Threatened
306:ambush predator
209:
203:
197:
184:
72:
64:
55:Near Threatened
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2295:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2147:S. heteroptera
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2111:S. californica
2106:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2013:Elasmobranchii
2009:
2007:Chondrichthyes
2003:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1937:on 2011-06-14.
1926:
1900:
1893:
1866:
1830:
1811:(4): 987–994.
1782:
1762:
1736:
1725:(4): 759–760.
1701:
1674:(4): 845–861.
1658:
1623:
1584:
1565:(2): 230–239.
1545:
1495:
1488:
1470:
1431:
1412:Froese, Rainer
1403:
1376:(2): 395–404.
1353:
1314:
1307:
1280:
1273:
1238:
1198:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1057:
1054:
1020:gill filaments
999:
996:
859:
856:
775:
772:
710:
707:
699:Heterozygosity
644:Baja peninsula
639:
636:
623:North Atlantic
611:sister species
597:
596:
592:
591:
587:
586:
583:
582:
578:
577:
574:
573:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
548:
547:
543:
542:
539:
538:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
512:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
493:
492:
489:
488:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
419:S. californica
372:
369:
245:
244:
237:Rhina philippi
232:
231:
225:
224:
220:
219:
211:
210:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
147:Squatiniformes
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
127:Elasmobranchii
124:
120:
119:
117:Chondrichthyes
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2597:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2138:S. guggenheim
2134:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1927:1-879906-57-0
1923:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:2-8317-0700-5
1890:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:Martin, R.A.
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:(2): 81–101.
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1308:92-5-104543-7
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:0-520-23484-7
1270:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:flmnh.ufl.edu
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
962:
958:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:
926:
925:
921:
917:
916:
912:
908:
907:
903:
899:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
864:
857:
855:
853:
849:
845:
842:
838:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
817:
816:myxosporidian
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
773:
771:
769:
764:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
739:
735:
727:
723:
715:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
637:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
593:
585:
584:
576:
575:
572:
571:
570:
563:
562:
559:
558:
550:
549:
541:
540:
537:
536:
535:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
518:
511:
510:
504:
503:
500:
499:
491:
490:
487:
486:
485:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
468:
461:
460:
454:
453:
447:
446:
440:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
396:San Francisco
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:ovoviviparous
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:Pacific Ocean
260:
256:
252:
243:
238:
233:
230:
226:
221:
217:
212:
207:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:Selachimorpha
135:
133:Subdivision:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2552:
2274:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2224:Angelshark (
2216:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2118:Sand devil (
2110:
2108:
2103:S. caillieti
2102:
2095:S. australis
2094:
2085:
2077:S. argentina
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2037:
2017:Subdivision
1932:the original
1913:
1884:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1479:
1473:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1406:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1298:
1264:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1216:
1189:. Retrieved
1175:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1129:
1126:
1108:
1100:
1090:
1059:
1033:
1001:
963:
959:
955:
950:
942:
928:
922:
913:
904:
895:
884:damselfishes
869:
843:
834:spiral valve
829:
823:gall bladder
818:
811:
800:
792:
784:
777:
752:
731:
725:
673:A number of
672:
668:kelp forests
641:
618:
603:phylogenetic
600:
567:
566:
532:
531:
515:
514:
483:
482:
481:
465:
464:
426:
422:
418:
406:
400:
391:
374:
359:waters. The
334:
303:
287:kelp forests
254:
250:
248:
241:Garman, 1913
236:
235:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
18:
2570:Squatinidae
2444:NatureServe
2392:iNaturalist
2299:Wikispecies
2226:S. squatina
2209:S. punctata
2183:S. nebulosa
2174:S. mexicana
2156:S. japonica
2059:S. africana
2050:S. aculeata
2029:Squatinidae
1759:(4): 91–97.
1191:12 November
1022:. Spots of
982:wavelengths
920:soldierfish
795:), and the
755:dorsal fins
709:Description
411:synonymized
392:californica
381:Ichthyology
353:overfishing
320:, with the
310:bony fishes
295:pelvic fins
273:, and from
157:Squatinidae
2559:Categories
2201:S. oculata
2192:S. occulta
2165:S. legnota
2129:S. formosa
2120:S. dumeril
2001:Vertebrata
1999:Subphylum
1976:angelshark
1148:References
998:Life cycle
986:planktonic
971:planktonic
945:) and the
939:blacksmith
911:lizardfish
880:flatfishes
825:, and the
787:) and the
763:caudal fin
738:gill slits
648:California
619:S. dumeril
615:sand devil
337:commercial
259:angelshark
123:Subclass:
2086:S. armata
2011:Subclass
1117:cartilage
1050:vertebrae
1029:digestion
978:ostracods
947:queenfish
888:mackerels
872:kelp bass
837:intestine
805:parasites
743:spiracles
695:migratory
652:estuaries
423:S. armata
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2449:2.101186
2410:10854638
2366:FishBase
2284:Wikidata
2039:Squatina
2019:Selachii
1995:Chordata
1989:Animalia
1987:Kingdom
1688:11534651
1618:45745111
1425:FishBase
1398:19647086
1366:Squatina
1231:June 22,
1086:fishmeal
1012:oviducts
902:toadfish
892:sardines
876:croakers
827:tapeworm
759:anal fin
427:Squatina
330:yolk sac
291:pectoral
229:Synonyms
168:Squatina
153:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2535:ZooBank
2501:1095501
2384:2417794
1993:Phylum
1978:species
1974:Extant
1825:1445296
1696:7384427
1653:3271964
1594:Trebius
1567:Bibcode
1540:1447476
1465:1447291
1378:Bibcode
1093:gillnet
1075:bycatch
1024:pigment
858:Feeding
809:copepod
747:barbels
383:at the
357:Mexican
345:gillnet
322:embryos
299:barbels
275:Ecuador
269:to the
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
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1119:, and
1082:trawls
1079:shrimp
1071:spears
1045:mature
918:, the
909:, the
900:, the
890:, and
852:uterus
848:cloaca
839:. The
768:ocelli
666:, and
326:uterus
267:Alaska
208:, 1859
2522:WoRMS
2509:Plazi
2436:39328
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1935:(PDF)
1918:(PDF)
1821:JSTOR
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1649:JSTOR
1614:S2CID
1536:JSTOR
1461:JSTOR
1121:offal
1008:ovary
933:. At
841:leech
660:reefs
314:squid
283:reefs
279:Chile
265:from
206:Ayres
2483:OBIS
2457:NCBI
2431:IUCN
2418:ITIS
2379:GBIF
2340:BOLD
1922:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1809:1986
1684:PMID
1524:1999
1484:ISBN
1449:1997
1394:PMID
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1338:2004
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1233:2009
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728:jaws
656:bays
654:and
401:The
339:and
312:and
293:and
249:The
2371:729
2353:CoL
2314:ADW
1857:doi
1813:doi
1727:doi
1676:doi
1641:doi
1606:doi
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