770:(April 1) 8,075 short tons (16,000,000 lb), and Togiak (May) 65,107 short tons (130,000,000 lb). However the allowed quotas were hardly expected to be filled, given the drastic downturn in Japanese demand. During the heydays of the 1990s, the pre-spawn herring commanded $ 1000 per ton, yielding a gross $ 60 million to fisherman, but by 2020 the tally fell to a $ 5 million figure. In 2023, the last roe processing plant in Togiak indicated it would not be purchasing herring, and the season was cancelled.
457:
196:
3520:
420:. Adult males and females make their way from the open ocean to bays and coves around November or December, although in the far north of the range, these dates may be somewhat later. Conditions that trigger spawning are not altogether clear, but after spending weeks congregating in the deeper channels, both males and females will begin to enter shallower inter-tidal or sub-tidal waters. Submerged vegetation, especially eelgrass, is a preferred substrate for
75:
393:
31:
50:
3030:
3036:
361:; moreover, their scales are large and easy to extract. This species of fish may attain a length of 45 centimetres (18 in) in exceptional cases and weigh up to 550 grams (19 oz), but a typical adult size is closer to 33 centimetres (13 in). The fish interior is quite bony with oily flesh.
753:
In Canada, "impoundments" began to be used, whereby floating enclosures at sea are stocked with kelp, mature herring are introduced, and the egg-deposited kelp to be later harvest. Canada issued their first licenses in 1975, initially about half to indigenous operators, in
Northern British Columbia.
728:
In 1960 and 1961 "open-pounds", stocked with kelp to lure herring egg-laying, were operated in the town of Craig, on Prince of Wales Island, probably for the first time in Alaska. But afterwards, intensified harvest led to closure of season, and it was not until 1992 that harvest of semi-farmed eggs
631:
In Canada, the earliest recorded catches were for the purpose of producing dry-salted herring, starting around 1904, peaking around the 1920s, but declining to initial catch tonnages by 1934 due to sagging demand. Reduction (fertilizer) fishing operated in Canada during the years 1935–1967. The end
798:
did announce would be initiating a status review for a wider
Southeast Alaska distinct population segment of Pacific herring that includes the Lynn Canal population. The Southeast Alaska DPS of Pacific herring extends from Dixon Entrance northward to Cape Fairweather and Icy Point and includes all
666:
and other seaweed, and the seasonal collection has been a time-honored traditional practice among the natives of
Pacific Coast of Alaska and Canada, witnessed and recorded in the 18th and 19th centuries, and has been traded and a trade item. The natives traditionally foraged wild-grown eggs on
650:
A commercially viable product demands the eggs to be "ripe", or swollen to the right size, which only occurs within a few days of spawning, and there is a narrow window for the catch. Accordingly, the season is very short, a matter of days: it lasted all of 90 minutes in the April 1975 season.
550:, the total North American Pacific herring fishery collapsed in 1993, and is slowly recovering with active management by North American resource managers. In various sub-areas the Pacific herring fishery collapsed at slightly differing times; for example, the Pacific herring fishery in
1906:
Atlantic herring roe, which is generally smaller and softer than
Pacific herring roe, has never been considered suitable for salted kazunoko. But seeking a substitute for high-priced Pacific roe in the 1980s, processors tried Atlantic roe for flavored kazunoko, and found it
754:
The enclosure ("closed pounds") technique was subsequently copied by
Alaskans. The "impoundments" or "closed ponds" consisted of a square (wooden) frame holding a pocket of "suspended webbing" as enclosure space. Inside, rows of kelp are hung on strings.
2646:
Emami, Ali; Queirolob, Lewis E.; Johnston, Richard (1994), "Monopsony, Trade
Restrictions and International Markets for Intermediate Seafood Products. The U.S.-Canada Herring Dispute", in Antona, Martine; Cantanzano, Joseph; Sutinen, John G. (eds.),
356:
phenomenon. There is a single dorsal fin located mid-body and a deeply forked tail-fin. Their bodies are compressed laterally, and ventral scales protrude in a somewhat serrated fashion. Unlike other genus members, they have no scales on heads or
974:
After Alaska, various other regions began competing for the market: California, British
Columbia (Canada), eastern Canada, Russia, South Korea, China, Scotland (UK), Ireland, Netherlands. Eastern Canadian and European fisheries of course harvest
640:
Just as the reduction industry was phasing out in Alaska in the 1960s, there emerged an alternate industry to exploit herring in another way, i.e., harvesting only the "roe sacs" ("egg skein") inside the females, to meet the
Japanese demand for
2595:
The
Japanese used to purchase only roe from Pacific.. insurgence of the European herring stocks has led to a secondary market in Atlantic roe.. Atlantic herring roe is generally less crunchy and tangy than Pacific herring roe and so sells for
443:
that stimulates the female to begin oviposition. The behavior seems to be collective so that an entire school may spawn in the period of a few hours, producing an egg density of up to 6,000,000 eggs per square meter. The fertilized
647:". A similar shift took from the defunct reduction fishing took place in Canada: after the herring population recovered somewhat, a Canadian roe fishery industry sprang up in 1971 to cater to the Japanese market.).
627:
effects on commercially valuable fish types that prey on herring, and the ethics of taking fish for purposes other than human food or bait, But the industry persisted in Alaska until it ceased operations in 1966.
923:
The initial catch tonnage was at around 30,000t per year. Introduction purse seine to
Canadian herring fishing occurred in 1913, but the catch tonnage remained flat for some years until it rose to 85,000 tons in
824:
had traditionally commanded a good price in Japanese markets, and the herring roe fishery and processing industry (especially in Alaska), geared towards export to that country, has been described above under
2348:
set quotas of 100 and 75t each for the others, respectively, and total 274 tons (trimmed weight) was reported for 1966, valued at $ 600,000, for an open season the lasted only an hour or hour-and-a-half.
509:
and later "pound nets" (or traps). Intensive fishing resulted in the so-called "Million-Ton Era" of the late nineteenth century onward, Herring fishery near Hokkaido collapsed in the late 1950s.
743:
began, in Bristol Bay, east of Togiak. And in 1959 spawn from various algae began to be commercially collect from Prince William Sound, peaking in 1975, ending with the depletion of the "kelp".
448:
eggs, measuring 1.2 to 1.5 millimeters in diameter, incubate for approximately ten days in estuarine waters that are about 10 degrees Celsius. Eggs and juveniles are subject to heavy predation.
654:
These egg skeins need to retain perfection of shape to fetch highest value, and to that end, the fish are frozen or brine-frozen then rethawed in freshwater before extracting the egg skeins.
516:(for fertilizer and oil), and when Japanese herring fleets suffered scarcity in the late 1950s, North American fisheries began to cater to the Japanese market especially for the herring roe (
535:
Herring has long been fished by First Nations on the Central Coast of British Columbia, and elsewhere. In 1997 the Supreme Court of Canada rendered its decision in the Gladstone decision (
732:
The shortage of spawn led to seeking new harvesting grounds in areas where giant kelp do not naturally grow, and demand and harvest developed for eggs on alternate seaweeds, such as
3355:
2037:
Seasonal Composition and Abundance of Juvenile and Adult Marine Finfish and Crab Species in the Nearshore Zone of Kodiak Island's Eastside during April 1978 through March 1979
554:
collapsed in 1983. The species has been re-appearing in harvestable numbers in a number of North American fisheries including San Francisco Bay, Richardson Bay, Tomales Bay,
1015:
aka "hair kelp" according to Mackviak and some Alaska DFS writers, though a paper form other researchers of the Department dated later refer use "hair seaweed" identified as
380:
in extremely dim lighting environments. This species is capable of rapid vertical motion, due to the existence of a complex nerve receptor system design that connects to the
2456:
1901:
Herring: Expectations for a New Millennium : Proceedings of the Symposium Herring 2000, Expectations for a New Millennium, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, February 23-26, 2000
302:, seaweed or other submerged vegetation; however, they do not die after spawning, but can breed in successive years. According to government sources, the Pacific herring
2477:
1352:. Species Profile: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Pacific Southwest). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. pp. 1–8.
3816:
2636:
lower grade, as per "substitute", "secondary market", and the remark that only the Pacific herring roe is considered suitable for New Year's gift-giving in Japan.
3935:
3868:
1149:, but herring do not lay egg on "bull kelp" while the latter was explained by Charles F. Newcombe (1901) as occasionally harvested with spawn and eaten by the
794:(ESA). On April 11, 2008, that petition was denied because the Lynn Canal population was not found to qualify as a distinct population segment. However, the
478:, and in all these cases, industrial fishing for herring oil and fertilizer encroached or seized these fishing areas, leading to collapses in the fish stock.
3960:
1197:. The Japanese presumably approached Alaskans in 1958 seeking herring roe. As to who the buyers were in the meanwhile before 1962, there is an anecdote of a
746:
During the shortage, an enterprising operator experimented with transplanting "unused" kelp from remoter areas into kelp-depleted spawning grounds, or into
3975:
1633:
In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for Science 2011. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 30th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS; 2011
3790:
3519:
3829:
802:
On February 5, 2018, researchers at Western Washington University began researching causes for the decline in Pacific herring populations in the
1324:
712:, in 1959 Export to Japan began 1962. So that in wild foraging surged at Craig/Klawock 1963, burgeoned in Sitka in 1964, and at a third site at
532:
has managed Alaskan resources and issues quota has released their biomass estimate figures since 1975, but the figures remain highly volatile.
1306:
3881:
3397:
1998:
306:
collapsed in the year 1993, and is slowly recovering to commercial viability in several North American stock areas. The species is named for
601:. The use of "Norwegian method" of catching using oar-propelled seine boats did continue until 1923 here, but was being supplanted by the
348:
Pacific herring have a bluish-green back and silver-white sides and bellies; they are otherwise unmarked. The silvery color derives from
474:) had been sustainably exploited by indigenous people for millennia, not only in the Pacific Coasts of North America, but in Japan, and
3940:
2962:
2345:
529:
3945:
2858:
2831:
2763:
2713:
2678:
2611:
2563:
2236:
1951:
1719:
1512:
795:
593:, and the oil mostly for soap. Since it began the reduction in 1882 until around 1917, the business was a practical monopoly of the
894:, consisting of an assortment of symbolically propitious foods, with herring representing fertility (production of many children).
435:
The precise staging of spawning is not understood, although some researchers suggest the male initiates the process by release of
3907:
566:, Alaska, which in the late 1970s was the largest harvestable stock of herring in Alaska, the species remains severely depleted.
1011:" (large members of order Laminariales), the seaweed may still be called a type of "kelp" by locals or the local industry, thus
3970:
1172:
1075:
1194:
965:, roe fishery began experimentally in 1967 but greatly expanded 1977 onward to become the major site of the roe fishery haul.
3834:
2254:
2416:
1653:
432:
survival rate is only about one resultant adult per ten thousand eggs, due to high predation by numerous other species.
417:
2266:, With assistance from Ms. Jennifer Bloeser, Ecological Management of Kelp Forests in Oregon and Washington, p. 30
1668:
1391:
3738:
3345:
787:
2231:. Translated by Johansen, Mariela. photography by Jonas Drotner Mouritsen. University of Chicago Press. p. 250.
2737:
2850:
2648:
1628:
594:
3873:
2582:
3390:
3173:
330:
2522:
720:
quota in 1966. The season had to be drastically shortened or canceled due to depletion from the following year.
3955:
2887:
2811:
2157:
336:
243:
74:
2934:
2924:
2745:, Ottawa: Canadian Special Publications of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans
3181:
3091:
3965:
3691:
3674:
3160:
3134:
2955:
806:; a prominent speculated reason is the loss of eelgrass, an important spawning substrate for the herring.
791:
456:
2752:"Chapter 1. Alaska Herring, The Basics; Chapter 9. Genesis and Management of Alaska's Ro-Herring Fishery"
512:
Much like Japan, commercial herring fisheries in Alaska, US, and British Columbia underwent the phase of
3743:
3315:
3029:
1647:
1139:
169:
1162:
After Japanese expressed interest in Alaskan herring roe and egg on kelp in 1958 as alternate sourcing.
1284:
539:)- recognizing a pre-existing aboriginal right to herring that includes a commercial component to the
3912:
3764:
3729:
3584:
3383:
3165:
2461:
1331:
1110:
1101:
185:
3335:
3070:
2912:
2650:
Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade
1310:
1017:
429:
39:
3860:
2919:
Abundance, age, sex, and size statistics for Pacific herring in the Togiak district of Bristol Bay
1547:
1532:
946:
3950:
3096:
2990:
2211:. Exxon Company U.S.A., Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center (Alaska). pp. 6, 7.
2200:
2044:
Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Final Report of Principal Investigators
1939:
1198:
954:
307:
69:
2930:
2917:
1899:
581:
The Alaskan herring industry began in 1880s as "reduction" plants which processed herrings into
195:
3821:
2615:
1392:"Herring Spawning Areas of British Columbia | A review, geographic analysis and classification"
611:
3894:
3847:
3751:
3485:
3212:
3017:
2948:
2881:
2854:
2827:
2821:
2805:
2759:
2709:
2703:
2674:
2668:
2559:
2551:
2232:
2226:
2146:
2035:
1994:
1986:
1947:
1925:
1715:
1508:
1499:
762:
Alaska's principal areas for roe fishery, according to the 2022 season allotted tonnage were:
598:
405:
392:
3035:
2907:
2774:
2751:
2478:"No commercial Togiak sac roe herring fishery this spring, after years of a shrinking market"
1629:"Scuba Diving Surveys Used to Estimate Pacific Herring Egg Deposition in Southeastern Alaska"
3899:
3330:
3269:
3121:
3101:
2995:
1372:
1349:
1279:
1145:
1071:
1022:
976:
934:
882:
713:
563:
505:
began to operate increasingly large-scaled capture of herring in these grounds, first using
475:
295:
279:
2656:, vol. 2, Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer, p. 590 n1
3654:
3264:
3227:
3222:
3106:
709:
619:
Concerns had developed regarding this practice as early as the 1900s, regarding localized
536:
471:
314:
287:
251:
30:
3289:
2699:
2222:
1423:
695:
is best served, so it has been claimed, by preferably using products laid on giant kelp (
2844:
1261:
1053:), but the collectors are still called "kelpers" and the product "roe on kelp", even if
3639:
3439:
3279:
3257:
3202:
3194:
3155:
3116:
3086:
3060:
3000:
2457:"As demand for Alaska herring roe plummets, industry seeks markets for the wasted fish"
1673:
1495:
962:
551:
409:
377:
116:
54:
1410:
The Pacific herring resource of San Francisco and Tomales Bays: Its size and structure
3929:
3842:
3664:
3659:
3644:
3592:
3553:
3350:
3340:
3274:
3207:
3111:
3055:
3012:
2510:
1412:(Technical report). California Department of Fish and Game Marine Research. Tech. 33.
1270:
1079:
950:
911:
767:
705:
586:
555:
425:
227:
223:
59:
1137:
or "sugar wrack", whereas "ribbon kelp" is a common name for two other alga, namely
3604:
3558:
3495:
3363:
3325:
3242:
3150:
3126:
3050:
2931:
Kodiak management area herring sac roe fishery harvest strategy for the 2007 season
2840:
2153:
1441:
1150:
958:
606:
126:
3756:
2870:
Subsistence harvest of herring spawn-on-kelp in the Togiak District of Bristol Bay
602:
2792:
979:
roe, which is considered a softer (less crunchy), and are processed as "flavored
3855:
3803:
3723:
3669:
3634:
3543:
3406:
3320:
3065:
2868:
2511:
Announcement of initiation of status review for Southeast Alaska Pacific herring
1698:, Earth Metrics file reference 10323, BCDC and County of Marin, January 23, 1989
1058:
803:
779:
763:
734:
697:
620:
559:
547:
506:
482:
421:
413:
381:
3714:
2775:"Fluctuation in the Supply of Herring (Culpea pallasii) in Southeastern Alaska"
1608:
era" in Japanese literature, measuring the catch by traditional volume measure.
739:
or "hair seaweed". Amidst the 1968 shortage, commercial collection of spawn of
428:
in one spawn following ventral contact with submerged substrates. However, the
3299:
3217:
1943:
938:
783:
624:
590:
498:
353:
291:
259:
247:
2876:, Technical Paper No. 116, Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Department of Fish and Game
1229:
3649:
3629:
3624:
3579:
3429:
3421:
3284:
2756:
Alaska Herring History: The Story of Alaska’s Herring Fisheries and Industry
2482:
1569:
717:
582:
502:
440:
283:
231:
219:
136:
86:
933:
Small-scale roe fishery about 1 ton operated in Alaska in 1961 and 1963 at
1049:, is called "rockweed", and is not strictly "kelp" either (also different
3777:
3708:
3597:
3490:
3449:
3444:
3294:
3247:
2253:
Springer, Yuri; Hays, Cynthia; Carr, Mark; Mackey, Megan (1 March 2007),
1184:
107,900 pounds (48,942.617 kg) were collected using grappling hooks.
815:
747:
662:
Shoals of herring during the reproductive season lay clusters of eggs on
643:
540:
494:
490:
318:
106:
2497:
750:
territory. He sometimes attached kelp cut elsewhere to barges he owned.
328:
in North-East Europe, which are often attributed to separate subspecies
3795:
3782:
3480:
3454:
3434:
3237:
3232:
2971:
401:
349:
311:
303:
299:
215:
3808:
2823:
Herring and People of the North Pacific: Sustaining a Keystone Species
569:
Pacific herring are currently harvested commercially for bait and for
3535:
3252:
2985:
2933:/ by Jeff Wadle, Geoff Spalinger, and Joe Dinnocenzo. Hosted by the
2623:(in Japanese). Japan External Trade Organization. pp. 480, 567.
2617:
Nōrin suisanbutsu no bōeki: shuyō 100 hinmoku no kokunai・kaigai jijyō
890:
704:
commercial harvest of wild-caught roe began in that region at Craig/
445:
373:
255:
146:
96:
3685:
1376:
404:. Along the American Pacific Coast, some of the principal areas are
2054:
2052:
716:
in 1966 were harvesting in southeast Alaska: overfilling their 250
3505:
3500:
3464:
2196:
1706:
1704:
1129:
sp.) was the most desirable native species" is problematic, since
942:
455:
369:
271:
267:
263:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
885:
roe (which is considered a softer or "less crunchy" in texture).
282:
because of its very high productivity and interactions with many
3886:
3769:
3574:
3548:
3459:
2902:
2547:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1604:
1008:
663:
436:
400:
Pacific herring prefer spawning locations in sheltered bays and
358:
290:
in variable seasons, but often in the early part of the year in
235:
3689:
3379:
2944:
2913:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service species profile: Pacific herring
2329:
2327:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1904:. University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program. p. 725.
1843:
1841:
1804:
1802:
1696:
Harbor Seal Study for Strawberry Spit, Marin County, California
3375:
570:
486:
462:
365:
239:
2800:, Technical Paper No. 173, Alaska Department of Fish and Game
2670:
Popular Buddhism in Japan: Shin Buddhist Religion and Culture
2069:
2067:
1710:
O'Clair, Rita M. and O'Clair, Charles E., "Pacific herring,"
1473:
1471:
1363:
J.H.S. Blaxter (1985). "The Herring: A Successful Species?".
352:
crystals embedded in their laterals, leading to an effective
2794:
The Subsistence Harvest of Herring Eggs in Sitka Sound, 1989
2625:主として味付けかずのこの原料として利用されるにしんの卵は大西洋産、正月の贈答用などに用いられるにしん卵等は太平洋産である
2548:
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
2268:, citing Dr. Michael S. Stekoll, persona communication, 2006
2029:
2027:
2025:
1898:
Alaska Sea Grant College Program (2001). Funk, Fritz (ed.).
1133:
could conceivably refer to the aforementioned Japanese true
461:
Global capture of Pacific herring in tonnes reported by the
2940:
2398:
2396:
2383:
2381:
2368:
2366:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2179:
2177:
2046:, Vol. 54, February 1987, Anchorage, Alaska: US Dept. Comm.
2012:
2010:
1965:
1963:
701:), which only grew in Southeast Alaska or down in Canada.
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
1789:
1787:
1587:
Nishin gyoka retsuden: hyakumangoku jidai no ninaite tachi
1201:
Harry Yoshimura's family proprietorship making a purchase.
667:
various seaweed, or laid on introduced hemlock branches,.
1125:
The statement that at Prince William Sound "ribbon kelp (
573:. Past commercial uses included fish oil and fish meal.
1980:
1978:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
2791:
Schroeder, Robert F.; Kookesh, Matthew (January 1990),
1219:
Atlantic roe is otherwise made into processed foods or
888:
The roe is eaten mostly as the New Year's fare, called
2260:: A Synthesis with Recommendations for Future Research
2417:"Record Herring Event Highlights Roe on Kelp Fishery"
2034:
Blackburn, James E.; Jackson, Peter B. (April 1982),
1991:
Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering
1714:. pg. 343-346. Plant Press: Auke Bay, Alaska (1998).
766:(late March) 45,164 short tons (90,000,000 lb),
616:) introduced into herring fishery around after 1900.
3131:
2577:
2575:
1560:
Yokoyama provides illustrated comparison of Fig. 4b
1109:, common name "sugar wrack", surveyed as growing in
782:
submitted a petition to list Pacific herring in the
3698:
3617:
3567:
3534:
3527:
3473:
3420:
3413:
3308:
3193:
3143:
3079:
3043:
2978:
2867:Wright, John M.; Chythlook, Molly B. (March 1985),
1694:Patrick Sullivan, Gary Deghi and C. Michael Hogan,
941:, but more serious operations commenced in 1964 in
2156:visit on April 25, 1882 (1881–82 expedition); and
2556:Multilingual Dictionary of Fish and Fish Products
1365:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science
1285:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T98471199A98845541.en
1038:
1036:
1021:, though in the local vocabulary list they gloss
836:merchandized in Japan primarily fall into either
2168:
2114:
2097:
2058:
1210:Both purse seiners and gillnetting are involved.
866:. There is also a lower-grade substitute called
632:was due to the collapse of the fish population.
2085:
1866:
1847:
1808:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1260:Gustafson, R.; Sandell, T.; Cleary, J. (2019).
1220:
867:
852:
837:
671:
2820:Thornton, Thomas F.; Moss, Madonna L. (2021),
2708:. Gyldendal A/S. § Frugtbarhed og mange børn.
1669:"Study Sees 'Global Collapse' of Fish Species"
1635:. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013
1227:
1121:
1119:
874:
859:
844:
688:
678:
3391:
2956:
1564:or gillnets with two types of pound nets, 4c
1025:
987:)" which are surrogates for standard "salted
786:, Alaska, area as a threatened or endangered
8:
2685:Citing Hazama, D. O.; Komeiji, J. O. (1986)
2606:
2604:
2228:Seaweeds: Edible, Available, and Sustainable
1501:Seaweeds: Edible, Available, and Sustainable
1477:
1462:
1003:
1001:
799:Pacific herring stocks in Southeast Alaska.
424:. A single female may lay as many as 20,000
2673:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 170.
820:The herring egg roe or "egg skein", called
493:) had caught herring using basic dip nets (
3686:
3531:
3417:
3398:
3384:
3376:
2963:
2949:
2941:
1766:
778:On April 2, 2007, the Juneau group of the
597:which established its processing plant at
585:and oil, with the meal utilized mostly as
521:
246:fin. The distribution is widely along the
194:
48:
29:
20:
2667:Andreasen, Esben; Rasco, Barbara (1998).
2442:
2402:
2387:
2372:
2357:
2333:
2318:
2301:
2289:
2183:
2133:
2073:
2016:
1969:
1878:
1832:
1820:
1793:
1778:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1283:
497:) but Japanese fishermen during the late
2736:Hourston, A. S.; Haegele, C. W. (1980),
2433:Cf. Alaska DFG article with photographs.
2256:Ecology and Management of the Bull Kelp
1712:Southeast Alaska's Rocky Shores: Animals
1590:
391:
1985:Bledsoe, Gleyn; Rasco, Barbara (2006).
1252:
1193:According to federal statistics at the
903:
262:; in Asia the distribution is south to
2879:
2803:
2558:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 532.
2277:
1645:
1095:kelp of Japanese cuisine derives from
558:, Humboldt Bay all in California, and
513:
2423:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
2209:A Field Guide to Prince William Sound
1617:Or decade of the "Showa 30s" (1955~).
1507:. Kaiseisha press. pp. 111–112.
7:
3936:IUCN Red List data deficient species
2908:Alaska Fish and Game species writeup
3961:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
2779:Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries
1348:Roger A. Barnhart (February 1988).
1271:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
562:, Alaska. In other areas, such as
3976:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes
2826:, University of Washington Press,
2523:"New Puget Sound herring research"
2346:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
2145:Quoted from Étienne Marchand, the
1667:Dean, Cornelia (3 November 2006).
1390:D. E. Hay; P. B. McCarter (2006).
729:on kelp in closed-pounds resumed.
530:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
372:. Pacific herring have an unusual
324:There are disjunct populations of
14:
2935:Alaska State Publications Program
2925:Alaska State Publications Program
2739:Herring on Canada's Pacific Coast
2476:Ross, Izzy Ross (26 March 2023).
1931:[Pacific herring ovary].
832:As for the culinary aspects, the
796:National Marine Fisheries Service
724:Transplanting and impounding kelp
364:This species has no teeth on the
3518:
3034:
3028:
2903:The Hakai Herring School website
2853:, Winlaw, B.C.: Sono Nis Press,
1942:(supervising editor). Tübingen:
1568:introduced 1847/c. 1850 (almost
826:
517:
368:, but some are exhibited on the
188:in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847
73:
2421:Alaska Fish & Wildlife News
790:under the criteria of the U.S.
2773:Rounsefell, George A. (1935).
2758:. University of Alaska Press.
2455:Welch, Laine (28 March 2022).
2169:Schroeder & Kookesh (1990)
2115:Schroeder & Kookesh (1990)
2098:Schroeder & Kookesh (1990)
2059:Schroeder & Kookesh (1990)
1987:"Ch. 161. Caviar and Fish Roe"
1589:ニシン漁家列伝-百万石時代の担い手たち, cited by
1195:Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
1:
2086:Hourston & Haegele (1980)
1993:. CRC Press. p. 161-11.
1867:Hourston & Haegele (1980)
1848:Wright & Chythlook (1985)
1809:Hourston & Haegele (1980)
1325:"Alaska Fisheries 1998 study"
1307:"Herring Spawn on Kelp Photo"
992:
525:
2415:Woodford, Riley (May 2020).
522:§ Spawn on kelp fishery
3346:Scottish east coast fishery
1221:
868:
853:
838:
788:distinct population segment
672:
470:Pacific herring fisheries (
3992:
2851:Florence Edenshaw Davidson
2620:農林水産物の貿昜: 主要 100品目の国内・海外事情
1478:Thornton & Moss (2021)
1463:Thornton & Moss (2021)
813:
595:North West Trading Company
298:environments, commonly on
286:and prey. Pacific herring
3941:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
3516:
3026:
2750:Mackovjak, James (2022).
2705:Rogn: Meget mere end rogn
2702:; Styrbæk, Klavs (2023).
1924:Tomoko, Furukawa (2005).
1652:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1585:Cf. Imada, Mitsuo (1991)
1576:c. 1885/1890 (mid-Meiji).
1228:
875:
860:
845:
689:
679:
331:Clupea pallasii marisalbi
193:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
3946:Fish of the Arctic Ocean
2619:
2498:"Endangered Species Act"
2158:Jefferson Franklin Moser
1989:. In Hui, Yiu H. (ed.).
1935:
1927:
1602:Referred to as "Million
1503:
1278:: e.T98471199A98845541.
1042:Another egg host algae,
670:The Japanese market for
514:§ Reduction fishery
337:Clupea pallasii suworowi
334:(White Sea herring) and
3092:Atlantic thread herring
2921:, 2004 by Chuck Brazil.
1933:Shokuzai kenkō daijiten
1450:FAO, Species Fact Sheet
1026:
693:, 'child holding kelp')
376:morphology that allows
3971:Fish described in 1847
3675:Shoaling and schooling
3161:Drifter (fishing boat)
3135:Double-armored herring
2593:(4): 142. April 1989.
2171:, pp. 6–7, 18–22.
1173:Prince of Wales Island
1105:but formerly known as
1057:is mainly targeted in
1007:Even if not strictly "
991:. (More details under
792:Endangered Species Act
467:
397:
2846:Plants of Haida Gwaii
2527:Puget Sound Institute
2258:Nereocystis luetkeana
1446:(Valenciennes, 1847)"
1175:, neighboring Canada.
1140:Nereocystis luetkeana
1091:However, the premium
683:, 'herring roe kelp')
658:Spawn on kelp fishery
524:), known in Japan as
459:
395:
2886:: CS1 maint: year (
2810:: CS1 maint: year (
2462:Alaska Dispatch News
2203:Laminaria saccharina
1835:, pp. 224, 229.
1823:, pp. 146, 153.
1545:, cont. August 1911,
1543:(3): 147. July 1911.
1408:J.D. Spratt (1976).
1143:aka "bull kelp" and
1111:Prince William Sound
1107:Laminaria saccharina
1102:Saccharina latissima
698:Macrocystis pyrifera
242:and a deeply forked
222:associated with the
3071:Dwarf round herring
3051:Freshwater herrings
2445:, pp. 219–237.
2360:, pp. 279–280.
2336:, pp. 277–279.
2304:, pp. 273–275.
1627:Hebert, KP (2011).
1397:(Revised ed.).
1371:(suppl. 1): 21–30.
1076:Prince Wales Island
1018:Desmarestia viridis
623:depletion, adverse
40:Conservation status
3097:Australian herring
2991:Araucanian herring
2500:. 16 January 2023.
1745:, pp. 19, 25.
1537:The Japan Magazine
1533:"Japanese Fishery"
879:, 'dried kazunko')
864:, 'dried kazunko')
849:, 'dried kazunko')
827:§ Roe fishery
518:§ Roe fishery
468:
398:
340:(Chosha herring).
308:Peter Simon Pallas
234:. It is a silvery
3923:
3922:
3895:Open Tree of Life
3692:Taxon identifiers
3683:
3682:
3613:
3612:
3514:
3513:
3486:goldband fusilier
3373:
3372:
3018:White Sea herring
2849:, Illustrated by
2700:Mouritsen, Ole G.
2223:Mouritsen, Ole G.
2152:of 1790–92; from
2000:978-0-8493-9849-0
1781:, pp. 19–20.
1767:Rounsefell (1935)
1757:, pp. 21–24.
1496:Yokoyama, Satoshi
1424:"Pacific Herring"
1350:"Pacific Herring"
1199:Japanese-American
1030:} as "hair kelp"
985:ajitsuke kazunoko
599:Killisnoo, Alaska
577:Reduction fishery
406:San Francisco Bay
202:
201:
63:
3983:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3902:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3825:
3824:
3812:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3786:
3785:
3773:
3772:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3687:
3532:
3522:
3445:mackerel (small)
3418:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3377:
3331:The Herring Song
3270:Schmaltz herring
3185:(sailing vessel)
3133:
3122:Skipjack herring
3102:Blueback herring
3056:Longfin herrings
3038:
3032:
2996:Atlantic herring
2965:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2891:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2863:
2841:Turner, Nancy J.
2836:
2815:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2786:
2769:
2746:
2744:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2452:
2446:
2443:Mackovjak (2022)
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2406:
2403:Mackovjak (2022)
2400:
2391:
2388:Mackovjak (2022)
2385:
2376:
2373:Mackovjak (2022)
2370:
2361:
2358:Mackovjak (2022)
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2334:Mackovjak (2022)
2331:
2322:
2319:Mackovjak (2022)
2316:
2305:
2302:Mackovjak (2022)
2299:
2293:
2290:Mackovjak (2022)
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2193:
2187:
2184:Mackovjak (2022)
2181:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2143:
2137:
2134:Mackovjak (2022)
2131:
2118:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2076:, p. 15–17.
2074:Mackovjak (2022)
2071:
2062:
2061:, pp. 2, 7.
2056:
2047:
2041:
2031:
2020:
2017:Mackovjak (2022)
2014:
2005:
2004:
1982:
1973:
1970:Mackovjak (2022)
1967:
1958:
1957:
1940:Gomyō, Toshiharu
1921:
1910:
1909:
1895:
1882:
1879:Mackovjak (2022)
1876:
1870:
1864:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1833:Mackovjak (2022)
1830:
1824:
1821:Mackovjak (2022)
1818:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1794:Mackovjak (2022)
1791:
1782:
1779:Mackovjak (2022)
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1755:Mackovjak (2022)
1752:
1746:
1743:Mackovjak (2022)
1740:
1734:
1731:Mackovjak (2022)
1728:
1722:
1708:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1330:. Archived from
1329:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1309:. Archived from
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1257:
1236:
1235:
1234:, 'side dishes')
1233:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1146:Alaria marginata
1123:
1114:
1099:, now listed as
1089:
1083:
1082:described below.
1068:
1062:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1005:
996:
977:Atlantic herring
972:
966:
945:at Sitka Sound,
935:Resurrection Bay
931:
925:
921:
915:
908:
883:Atlantic herring
880:
878:
877:
871:
865:
863:
862:
856:
850:
848:
847:
841:
694:
692:
691:
684:
682:
681:
675:
615:
476:Russian Far East
280:keystone species
278:is considered a
198:
181:
161:C. pallasii
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
24:Pacific herring
21:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3956:Commercial fish
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3854:
3846:
3841:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3807:
3802:
3794:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3730:Clupea pallasii
3728:
3727:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3700:Clupea pallasii
3694:
3684:
3679:
3655:Ichthyoplankton
3609:
3563:
3523:
3510:
3469:
3409:
3404:
3374:
3369:
3304:
3265:Pickled herring
3228:Dressed herring
3189:
3177:(steam drifter)
3139:
3107:Deepsea herring
3075:
3066:Thread herrings
3039:
3033:
3024:
3008:Pacific herring
2974:
2969:
2899:
2894:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2839:
2834:
2819:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2772:
2766:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2681:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2405:, pp. 281.
2401:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1946:. p. 345.
1938:(in Japanese).
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:, pp. 6–7.
1865:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1591:Yokoyama (2013)
1584:
1580:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1444:Clupea pallasii
1440:
1439:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1377:10.1139/f85-259
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1264:Clupea pallasii
1259:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1124:
1117:
1090:
1086:
1069:
1065:
1041:
1034:
1006:
999:
993:§ Kazunoko
973:
969:
932:
928:
922:
918:
909:
905:
900:
872:
857:
842:
818:
812:
776:
760:
726:
686:
676:
660:
638:
609:
579:
537:R. v. Gladstone
526:§ kazunoko
472:fishing grounds
466:
454:
390:
346:
326:Clupea pallasii
276:Clupea pallasii
252:Baja California
226:environment of
211:Clupea pallasii
206:Pacific herring
189:
183:
179:Clupea pallasii
177:
164:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
3989:
3987:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3904:
3891:
3878:
3865:
3852:
3839:
3826:
3813:
3800:
3787:
3774:
3761:
3748:
3735:
3720:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Fish migration
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3618:Related topics
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3357:Netz über Bord
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3309:Related topics
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:Soused herring
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3258:Craster kipper
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3203:Herring (food)
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3156:Herring seiner
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Scaled herring
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Round herrings
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3044:Other herrings
3041:
3040:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3001:Baltic herring
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2923:Hosted by the
2915:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2897:External links
2895:
2893:
2892:
2864:
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2837:
2832:
2788:
2787:
2770:
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2730:
2725:
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2691:
2679:
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2600:
2587:Seafood Leader
2571:
2564:
2539:
2514:
2503:
2489:
2468:
2447:
2435:
2426:
2407:
2392:
2390:, p. 280.
2377:
2375:, p. 279.
2362:
2350:
2338:
2323:
2321:, p. 276.
2306:
2294:
2292:, p. 274.
2282:
2280:, p. 199.
2270:
2245:
2237:
2214:
2201:"Sugar Wrack (
2188:
2186:, p. 275.
2173:
2161:
2138:
2119:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2063:
2048:
2021:
2019:, p. 273.
2006:
1999:
1974:
1972:, p. 148.
1959:
1952:
1911:
1883:
1881:, p. 144.
1871:
1852:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1798:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1700:
1687:
1674:New York Times
1659:
1619:
1610:
1595:
1578:
1553:
1551:", pp. 228–232
1524:
1513:
1482:
1467:
1455:
1433:
1428:NOAA Fisheries
1415:
1400:
1382:
1355:
1340:
1337:on 2006-10-14.
1316:
1313:on 2014-04-26.
1298:
1251:
1250:
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1212:
1203:
1186:
1177:
1164:
1155:
1115:
1084:
1063:
1032:
997:
967:
926:
916:
910:And possibly,
902:
901:
899:
896:
839:hoshi kazunoko
814:Main article:
811:
808:
775:
772:
759:
756:
725:
722:
673:kazunoko kombu
659:
656:
637:
634:
578:
575:
552:Richardson Bay
460:
453:
450:
439:, which has a
410:Richardson Bay
389:
386:
378:filter feeding
345:
342:
238:with unspined
232:northeast Asia
220:herring family
200:
199:
191:
190:
184:
173:
172:
166:
165:
158:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
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117:Actinopterygii
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
55:Data Deficient
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3988:
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3966:Fish of Korea
3964:
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3957:
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3805:
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3779:
3775:
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3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Predator fish
3663:
3661:
3660:Juvenile fish
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Filter feeder
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:river herring
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
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3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3507:
3506:squid (small)
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
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3408:
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3396:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:Marc Guylaine
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Scania Market
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Solomon Gundy
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Avruga caviar
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:Herring boats
3142:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Hilsa herring
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:Misc herrings
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Chosa herring
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:True herrings
2977:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2952:
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2946:
2943:
2936:
2932:
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2904:
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2889:
2883:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:1-55039-144-5
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:9780295748306
2829:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2765:9781646423439
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2715:9788702392029
2711:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:Okage sama De
2682:
2680:9780824820282
2676:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2626:
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2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
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2578:
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2572:
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2565:9781444319422
2561:
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2540:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2486:. Dillingham.
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2463:
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2444:
2439:
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2315:
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2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:Turner (2004)
2274:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2238:9780226044538
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2136:, p. 15.
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:, p. 412
2039:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:9784788705616
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
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1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1811:, pp. 6.
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:, p. 20.
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1769:, p. 19.
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1733:, p. 19.
1732:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:0-9664245-0-6
1717:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1676:
1675:
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1660:
1655:
1649:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1593:, p. 133
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:Yukitsuna ami
1563:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1521:(in Japanese)
1516:
1514:9784860992743
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:, p. 19.
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1465:, p. 30.
1464:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1411:
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1401:
1393:
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1128:
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1120:
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1103:
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1020:
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1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:Kodiak Island
948:
944:
940:
936:
930:
927:
920:
917:
913:
907:
904:
897:
895:
893:
892:
886:
884:
870:
869:shio kazunoko
855:
854:shio kazunoko
840:
835:
830:
828:
823:
817:
809:
807:
805:
800:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
773:
771:
769:
768:Kodiak Island
765:
757:
755:
751:
749:
744:
742:
738:
736:
730:
723:
721:
719:
715:
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702:
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648:
646:
645:
635:
633:
629:
626:
622:
617:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:animal fodder
584:
576:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:Half Moon Bay
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
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479:
477:
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464:
458:
451:
449:
447:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
396:Juvenile fish
394:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
355:
351:
343:
341:
339:
338:
333:
332:
327:
322:
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:North America
225:
224:Pacific Ocean
221:
217:
213:
212:
207:
197:
192:
187:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3699:
3585:mosquitofish
3575:Carp (small)
3559:Common roach
3364:Herring Hunt
3362:
3356:
3326:Herring fair
3316:Herring gull
3290:Surströmming
3243:Herring soup
3182:
3174:
3166:
3151:Herring buss
3127:Wolf herring
3007:
2918:
2869:
2845:
2822:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2755:
2738:
2729:Bibliography
2704:
2694:
2686:
2669:
2662:
2649:
2641:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2555:
2542:
2531:. Retrieved
2529:. 2018-02-05
2526:
2517:
2506:
2492:
2481:
2471:
2460:
2450:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2410:
2353:
2341:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2227:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2191:
2164:
2154:Aurel Krause
2147:
2141:
2117:, p. 6.
2100:, p. 4.
2093:
2088:, p. 7.
2081:
2043:
2036:
1990:
1932:
1905:
1900:
1874:
1850:, p. 1.
1828:
1816:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1711:
1695:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1648:cite journal
1637:. Retrieved
1632:
1622:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1548:Fishery (II)
1540:
1536:
1527:
1500:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1385:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1343:
1332:the original
1319:
1311:the original
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1275:
1269:
1263:
1255:
1215:
1206:
1189:
1180:
1167:
1158:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1066:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1016:
1012:
988:
984:
980:
970:
959:Norton Sound
947:Spiridon Bay
929:
919:
906:
889:
887:
881:, made from
833:
831:
821:
819:
801:
777:
774:Conservation
761:
752:
745:
740:
733:
731:
727:
703:
696:
669:
661:
653:
649:
642:
639:
630:
618:
607:purse seiner
580:
568:
545:
534:
511:
480:
469:
434:
418:Humboldt Bay
399:
363:
347:
335:
329:
325:
323:
275:
210:
209:
205:
203:
186:Valenciennes
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
127:Clupeiformes
18:
3856:NatureServe
3804:iNaturalist
3724:Wikispecies
3670:Sardine run
3635:Feeder fish
3544:Leuciscidae
3407:Forage fish
3336:Herringbone
3321:Red herring
2721:(in Danish)
2689:, pp. 263–5
1926:"kazunoko"
1907:acceptable.
1059:Bristol Bay
1013:Desmarestia
804:Puget Sound
780:Sierra Club
764:Sitka Sound
735:Desmarestia
636:Roe fishery
610: [
603:purse seine
560:Sitka Sound
548:overfishing
465:, 1950–2009
422:oviposition
414:Tomales Bay
382:gas bladder
250:coast from
3930:Categories
3528:Freshwater
3300:Vorschmack
3218:Brathering
3169:(schooner)
2552:"Kazunoko"
2533:2019-09-01
2150:expedition
1944:Jiji Press
1680:9 February
1639:2013-04-02
1570:End of Edo
1243:References
955:Unalakleet
939:Cook Inlet
937:and lower
924:1919–1927.
912:seine nets
784:Lynn Canal
625:food chain
621:fish stock
591:fertilizer
499:Edo Period
388:Life cycle
354:camouflage
344:Morphology
315:naturalist
310:, a noted
292:intertidal
260:Bering Sea
248:California
3951:Clupeidae
3650:Food fish
3630:Bait fish
3625:Bait ball
3589:herrings
3580:killifish
3430:Anchovies
3422:Clupeidae
3285:Spekesild
3175:Lydia Eva
3167:Tradewind
2583:"Herring"
1572:) and 4d
1504:資源と生業の地理学
1248:Citations
1131:Laminaria
1127:Laminaria
583:fish meal
503:Meiji Era
495:hand nets
452:Fisheries
446:spherical
441:pheromone
402:estuaries
296:sub-tidal
284:predators
254:north to
155:Species:
137:Clupeidae
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
3861:2.105816
3848:98471199
3822:10148380
3778:FishBase
3715:Q1510347
3709:Wikidata
3598:alewives
3491:halfbeak
3450:menhaden
3295:Rollmops
3248:Kibinago
3223:Buckling
2972:Herrings
2882:citation
2843:(2004),
2806:citation
2785:: 15–56.
2614:(1991).
2550:(2009).
2225:(2013).
2199:(1991).
1574:kaku ami
1562:sashiami
1498:(2013).
1291:25 March
1072:Hydaburg
989:kazunoko
981:kazunoko
834:kazunoko
822:kazunoko
816:Kazunoko
810:Kazunoko
748:eelgrass
714:Hydaburg
644:kazunoko
564:Auke Bay
543:Nation.
541:Heiltsuk
507:gillnets
491:Hokkaido
430:juvenile
319:explorer
300:eelgrass
258:and the
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3796:4284072
3770:1156440
3481:Capelin
3455:sardine
3435:herring
3238:Gwamegi
3233:Gibbing
3213:Bloater
3195:As food
3087:Alewife
1936:食材健康大事典
1097:makombu
1023:Tlingit
758:Decline
710:Klawock
546:Due to
374:retinal
366:jawline
350:guanine
304:fishery
218:of the
216:species
214:) is a
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
3913:151159
3900:421318
3887:151159
3835:551209
3809:117571
3605:sucker
3554:shiner
3536:Minnow
3465:sprats
3440:Ilisha
3414:Marine
3253:Kipper
3183:Reaper
2986:Clupea
2857:
2830:
2762:
2712:
2677:
2562:
2235:
2148:Solide
1997:
1950:
1718:
1511:
963:Togiak
961:), In
953:, and
891:osechi
876:味付け数の子
690:子持ちコンブ
680:数の子コンブ
312:German
270:, and
256:Alaska
244:caudal
148:Clupea
3908:WoRMS
3874:30724
3817:IRMNG
3744:33891
3568:Other
3501:krill
3496:smelt
3474:Other
2874:(PDF)
2798:(PDF)
2743:(PDF)
2654:(PDF)
2612:JETRO
2264:(PDF)
2197:Exxon
1395:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
1328:(PDF)
1222:sōzai
1151:Haida
1135:kombu
1093:kombu
1080:Sitka
1070:e.g.
1055:Fucus
1044:Fucus
995:below
943:Sitka
898:Notes
861:干し数の子
741:Fucus
706:Craig
614:]
501:into
489:(now
370:vomer
359:gills
288:spawn
272:China
268:Korea
264:Japan
3882:OBIS
3869:NCBI
3843:IUCN
3830:ITIS
3791:GBIF
3783:1520
3757:WCTM
3739:BOLD
3549:dace
3460:shad
2888:link
2855:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2812:link
2760:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2596:less
2560:ISBN
2483:KDLG
2233:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1682:2010
1654:link
1605:koku
1509:ISBN
1293:2024
1276:2019
1078:and
1051:ordo
1009:kelp
846:塩数の子
718:tons
664:kelp
483:Ainu
481:The
437:milt
426:eggs
416:and
317:and
294:and
240:fins
236:fish
230:and
204:The
3765:EoL
3752:CoL
2042:in
1928:数の子
1373:doi
1280:doi
1171:On
1047:sp.
949:on
851:or
737:sp.
685:or
589:or
571:roe
487:Ezo
485:of
463:FAO
3932::
3910::
3897::
3884::
3871::
3858::
3845::
3832::
3819::
3806::
3793::
3780::
3767::
3754::
3741::
3726::
3711::
2884:}}
2880:{{
2808:}}
2804:{{
2783:47
2781:.
2777:.
2754:.
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2589:.
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2207:.
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2176:^
2122:^
2105:^
2066:^
2051:^
2024:^
2009:^
1977:^
1962:^
1914:^
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1671:.
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1646:{{
1631:.
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1535:.
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1485:^
1470:^
1448:.
1426:.
1369:42
1367:.
1274:.
1268:.
1230:惣菜
1118:^
1074:,
1035:^
1027:ne
1000:^
829:.
708:/
612:de
528:.
520:;
412:,
408:,
384:.
321:.
274:.
266:,
3399:e
3392:t
3385:v
3132:†
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2003:.
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