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2020:
1971:
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2014:
1965:
803:, as well as different environmental pressures acting on hatchery fish than wild populations. Due to the size selective nature of fishing favoring larger fish, a reduction in average size of the adult salmon has been observed over time. The smaller salmon make a greater proportion of the remaining individuals continuing the population, and problems arise when these hatchery-reared fish are introduced into the wild populations. Unlike wild salmon, larger salmon are selected for in hatcheries and are typically much larger than wild salmon. The result is that hatchery-produced salmon tend to out-compete wild salmon for space, food, and other resources. Some salmon species in hatcheries exhibit
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860:, for example, between 1970 and 1988 there has been a continuous decrease in body weight averaging between 11 and 32 percent. In part, this decline in body weight has been related to the size selective effect of fishing gear used in the harvesting of salmon populations. Salmon of larger body weight are more apt to be caught during fishing efforts, causing lower body weight to be a beneficial character trait for survival. Thus, Pacific salmon have become continuously smaller in body size. However, studies have also shown that for Pacific salmon, a larger mean size at the time of reproduction increases the survival of
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enacted in 2005; its number one focus is the conservation of salmon off of the coasts. Even localized policies have begun, with one in Oregon which focuses on the southernmost watershed and was approved
January 2013. In the Alaskan efforts, there is evidence of eight known regional groups of survival. It is also seen that the emigration of smolts (young salmon) from freshwater to other areas such as marine areas have shown significant consequences on the survival of different salmon groups.
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993:. It is estimated that illegal catching of salmon is 1.5 times more than the reported catch. The Wild Salmon Center is working with Russian authorities to try to help improve traceability systems so that markets can distinguish between legal sustainable salmon and the illegal salmon. The Wild Salmon Center has secured some of its protected locations for the salmon populations. In efforts with the
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and has caused a reduction in population sizes throughout
Pacific salmon species. Today, it seems that population numbers of Pacific salmon are on the rise; however, the consequences from the overfishing in the 70s and 80s are still being reflected, with the average body size of salmon being smaller
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in different substrates at different times, and eating different food sources. There is no pressure to compete or interbreed (two responses when resources are short). These types of kokanee salmon show the principal attributes of a biological species: they are reproductively isolated and show strong
951:
The US government has been working to develop a nationwide policy for the salmon populations. The
Pacific Salmon Stronghold Conservation Act was re-submitted to congress and if passed will create geographic strongholds for salmon populations. Other policies include the Wild Salmon Policy which was
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and deep into the Amur River basin in Asia. In lesser numbers they migrate thousands of kilometres up the
Mackenzie River, the North Pacific, in the waters of Korea, Japan, and the Okhotsk and Bering Seas (Kamchatka, Chukotka, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai), British
818:
Overall, natural salmon populations are put at risk when hatchery-reared salmon populations are introduced due to competition for resources, predation by larger individuals, and negative social interactions that upset the natural order observed in wild salmon populations. As a result, wild salmon
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first received MSC, Marine
Stewardship Council, Certification in sustainable seafood back in 2000. Each certification is good for a period of five years, with yearly check ups to ensure that the fishery remains sustainable. It was renewed again in 2007, but in 2012 The ADFG left the program. The
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increased with body size. Consequently, the smaller body size of salmon results in a negative impact on population growth by decreasing the survivability of progeny, and thus decreasing the growth rate of populations. This reduction of productivity in
Pacific salmon is, in part, seeded in
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species decreased by 2-8% between 1990 and 2010. Salmon body size is decreasing due to a variety of evolutionary forces, including dams, fishing practices, climate change, and increased competition in the ocean. This trend in salmon size is expected to decrease nutrient cycling and salmon
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Oke, K. B.; Cunningham, C. J.; Westley, P. a. H.; Baskett, M. L.; Carlson, S. M.; Clark, J.; Hendry, A. P.; Karatayev, V. A.; Kendall, N. W.; Kibele, J.; Kindsvater, H. K.; Kobayashi, K. M.; Lewis, B.; Munch, S.; Reynolds, J. D.; Vick, G. K.; Palkovacs, E. P. (19 August 2020).
969:
is a nonprofit organization that works on promoting conservation efforts for salmon worldwide and in the United States; it has helped secure protected watershed areas for
Russian and west coast salmon. Other efforts of the Wild Salmon Center include combating
933:, or MSC, as sustainable fisheries in July 2010 and the certification is good for a period of five years. In 2011 MSC also certified the Pink Salmon Fishery and as of 2012 The Chum Salmon Fisheries started their review under the MSC to become certified as a
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to recognize the importance of biological diversity when it comes to the conservation of the salmon population. This means that multiple species of salmon would be looked at when it comes to conservation as well as multiple areas that each species live in.
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Ricker, W. E. 1995. Trends in the average size of
Pacific salmon in Canadian catches. In Climate change and northern fish populations, pp. 563-602. Ed. by R. J. Beamish. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 121. Rand, P.S. 2011.
786:
Declines in the abundance of wild salmon due to over fishing placed greater pressure on hatcheries to increase production and restore the wild salmon stock to supply fisheries. The problem is that hatcheries can never truly replicate the environment of
3266:- Watershed Watch Salmon Society. Short video documentary. Prominent scientists and First Nation representatives speak their minds about the salmon farming industry and the effects of sea lice infestations on wild salmon populations.
742:. Declines are attributed to a wide variety of causes—overfishing, habitat loss and degradation, artificial propagation, stocking, and hybridization with or competition with introduced, non-native species. For example, the
691:
basin had been reduced to less than 20% of their pre-1850 levels by 1933. In 2008, Lackey estimated that
Pacific salmon stocks in the Pacific Northwest were less than 10% of their pre-1850 numbers. Many of the remaining
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Some of the species in this genus are highly variable and a number of now-obsolete taxa have been described. In 1989, morphological and genetic studies by Gerald Smith and Ralph
Stearley indicated that trouts of the
1001:
Pink and Chum Salmon Fishery was first certified in 2009 and was the first Russian salmon fishery to receive certification in sustainability by MSC. Other fisheries that were certified by MSC include the Northeast
843:
Pacific salmon are harvested throughout the world as a source of food in countries ranging from the United States to South Korea. Over the past century, Pacific salmon have been extensively fished through both
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the Pacific and Arctic coastal waters and rivers, from the Sacramento River in northern California to the Mackenzie River in Canada; and in the west from the Lena River in Siberia to Korea and Honshu, Japan
903:
There has been evidence that the sockeye salmon are affected by thermal conditions and their responses to temperature are relatively strong and tend to vary from region to region. Canada has also used the
791:, an issue which often results in physiological and behavioral differences between wild salmon and those reared in hatcheries. These differences are often the product of genetic changes associated with
687:
A general decline in overall Pacific salmon populations began in the mid-19th century. As the result of western expansion and development in the U.S., experts estimate salmon populations in the
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the Pacific Northwest coast from Alaska through British Columbia into northern California, in the Cascade Range, the Great Basin and throughout the Rocky Mountains, including southern Alberta
856:. In fact, since the 1970s there has been a nearly threefold increase in catch of Pacific salmon. As this catch has increased, a selection of reduced body size has been observed. In Japanese
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silver salmon, silvers || || both sides of the North Pacific Ocean, from HokkaidĹŤ, Japan and eastern Russia, around the Bering Sea to mainland Alaska, and south to Monterey Bay, California
910:
761:
565:(Atlantic salmon) must have occurred well before the Pliocene. Suggested dates have gone back as far as the Early Miocene (about 20 Mya). One fossil species assigned to this genus,
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are disturbed by the release of large numbers of hatchery-reared salmon where wild populations are low because salmon in hatcheries naturally have a higher propensity towards
603:(mtDNA) research has been completed on a variety of Pacific trout and salmonid species, but the results do not necessarily agree with fossil research, or molecular research.
823:
that work to place limitations on hatcheries to increase the wild salmon populations are hindered by financial pressures because hatcheries effectively support many states
2313:
765:"Salmon body size declines over the past 30 years have negative consequences for a fecundity, b nutrient transport, c commercial fishery value, and d rural food security".
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635:. The climatic and habitat changes that would follow such a geologic event are discussed, in the context of potential stressors leading to adaptation and speciation.
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2019:
1970:
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Indian community and as such was not included in the previous assessments of the Alaskan fisheries. It received its sustainability certification in June 2011. The
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entities. This definition can be vexing because it apparently applies only to sympatry, and this limitation makes the definition difficult to apply. Examples in
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lineages are generally agreed to have diverged in the sequence after other species. Montgomery (2000) discusses the pattern of the fossil record as compared to
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2973:"Patagonian salmonids Brown trout Destinations Rainbow trout Salmon South America This is the history and present state of salmonid introduction in Patagonia"
2213:"From sabers to spikes: A newfangled reconstruction of the ancient, giant, sexually dimorphic Pacific salmon, †Oncorhynchus rastrosus (SALMONINAE: SALMONINI)"
1958:, throughout southwestern Alaska, the Pacific Coast of British Columbia and southeast Alaska, and south along the west coast of the U.S. to northern Mexico
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1543:
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2013:
1964:
2522:"Evolutionary responses by native species to major anthropogenic changes to their ecosystems: Pacific salmon in the Columbia River hydropower system"
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509:) is considered semi-anadromous, as it spends some time in the ocean, usually much closer to its native stream than its fully anadromous relatives.
3951:
1583:
753:
4059:
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black salmon, chub salmon, Columbia River salmon, hookbill salmon, king salmon, Quinnat salmon, spring salmon, Tyee salmon, winter salmon
2872:
Beyerlin et al. (2013) Conservation Plan for Fall Chinook Salmon in the Rogue Species Management Unit. Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission.
2940:
2745:"Salmon Hatcheries Overview | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife." Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. N.p., n.d. Web.
2690:"Hatchery and wild production of Pacific salmon in relation to large-scale, natural shifts in the productivity of the marine environment"
3685:
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3254:- Watershed Watch Salmon Society. Animated short video based on peer-reviewed scientific research, with subject background article
485:. Infected individuals can become weak and probably have shortened lifespans. Infection with parasites creates an effect known as
4026:
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3435:
3291:
2929:
McDowall, R. M. (1994). The origins of New Zealand's chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Marine Fisheries Review, 1/1/1994.
1007:
2736:"Risks to Wild Populations from Hatchery Fish - Salmon Hatchery Q & As." Northwest Fisheries Science Center. N.p., n.d. Web.
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reproductive success while hurting the success of commercial fisheries and rural communities who rely on salmon for survival.
3591:
3161:
1678:
1299:
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Bigler, B. S.; Welch, D. W.; Helle, J. H. (1996). "A review of size trends among North Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)".
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1913:
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IIshida, Y.; Ito, S.; Kaeriyama, M.; McKinnell, M.; Nagasawa, K. (1993). "Recent changes in age and size of chum salmon (
997:, the Wild Salmon Center was also able to have a Sockeye Salmon fishery certified as completely sustainable in 2012. The
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83:
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1999:
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Brandon, H. (2012) Conserving Kamchatka Salmon Through Marine Stewardship Council Certification. World Wildlife Fund.
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3655:
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1124:. Thus, in 1989, taxonomic authorities moved the Rainbow, Cutthroat and other Pacific basin trouts into the genus
994:
930:
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1864:
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555:, and Pacific salmon lineages had diverged before the beginning of the Pliocene. Consequently, the split between
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the headwaters of the Fuerte River, Sinaloa River, and Culiacán River drainages in the Sierra Madre Occidental
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have been successfully introduced into non-native waters, establishing self-sustaining wild populations. The
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has been examined for decades, and a family "tree" is not yet completely developed for the Pacific salmonids.
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toward wild salmon because they grow to be much larger. Regardless of whether predation is observed, natural
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1259:
502:
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3383:
2824:
Regan, Geoff. (2005) Canada’s Policy for Conservation of Wild Pacific Salmon. Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
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Claeson, Kerin M.; Sidlauskas, Brian L.; Troll, Ray; Prescott, Zabrina M.; Davis, Edward B. (2024-04-24).
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have declined in their native ranges. The resulting declines have resulted in a number of populations of
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700:-raised salmon, not wild salmon. Many isolated subspecies of the Pacific trouts, particularly those of
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4013:
3420:
2994:
2165:
McPhail, J.D.; Strouder, D.J. (1997). "Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options".
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1982:
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populations are steadily dropping as the pressure to continue breeding salmon in hatcheries increases.
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Rand, P.S. 2011. Oncorhynchus nerka. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.
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the upper Salt River watershed (Black and White rivers) and the upper Little Colorado River watershed
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Pacific salmon are facing a widespread decline in body size. The mean body mass of sockeye salmon (
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363:
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Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, and Primorsky Krai south through Korea, Taiwan, and Japan
1741:
922:
3680:
3455:
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3351:
2614:
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1709:
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750:) is extinct as a result of the introduction of non-native rainbow trout into its native waters.
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78:
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2502:
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2422:
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1128:. Currently, 12 species and numerous subspecies in this genus are recognized: Behnke (2002).
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whereby fish that are infected are less likely to complete the migration. Anadromous forms of
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2473:"Declines in body size of sockeye salmon associated with increased competition in the ocean"
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1955:
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Committee on Protection and Management of Pacific Northwest Anadromous Salmonids (1996).
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or as "Species of Special Concern" by state, federal or international authorities. Two
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Ricker, W. E. (1981). "Changes in the average size and average age of Pacific salmon".
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1995:
1989:
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sockeye—they reach the level of "biological species". Biological species—as opposed to
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Certification Status of Pacific Salmon Fisheries. State of the Salmon. N.p., n.d. Web.
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1619:
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The distribution of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Canadian western Arctic
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458:), have been widely introduced into non-native waters around the globe, establishing
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974:, maintaining sustainable fisheries, and creating local watersheds as new habitats.
51:
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3500:
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2757:
Groot, Cornelis, and Leo Margolis. (1991) Pacific salmon life histories. UBC press.
1998:
in the eastern Pacific (although individuals have been spotted as far south as the
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914:
828:
808:
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Pink Salmon and the Sakhalin Island Pink salmon are both under review by the MSC.
913:, a Canadian organization for the conservation of species, has named the Interior
2569:"Fish body sizes change with temperature but not all species shrink with warming"
2229:
3969:
3925:
3793:
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3346:
3336:
3251:
Wild Salmon in Trouble: The Link Between Farmed Salmon, Sea Lice and Wild Salmon
2081:"Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern North America"
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rivers and there were stockings of Coho and Sockeye Salmon and Rainbow Trout in
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2319:. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University. Archived from
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616:
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MSC Certification Requirements. Marine Stewardship Council. N.p., n.d. Web.
2811:
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was not only present in the Pacific drainages before the beginning of the
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3058:
2995:"The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts"
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2003:
982:
659:
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583:
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482:
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115:
3263:
Aquacultural Revolution: The scientific case for changing salmon farming
3173:"Evolutionary consequences of fishing and their implications for salmon"
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Columbia in Canada, and from Alaska to California in the United States
1315:
824:
578:), is a 2.4 to 2.7 metres (7.9 to 8.9 ft) long species known from
518:
486:
259:
41:
2601:
2104:
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3378:
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The Salmon Stronghold Initiative. Wild Salmon Center. N.p., n.d. Web.
2395:"Recent declines in salmon body size impact ecosystems and fisheries"
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of Chinook and Coho salmon and Rainbow Trout are major industries in
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One interesting case involving speciation with salmon is that of the
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105:
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is the most widely introduced species of the genus. Rainbow Trout,
3878:
2666:. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.
3701:
3243:
2362:. Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illust.). The Free Press. pp. 10–21.
1100:
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sockeye salmon in four different watersheds were certified by the
773:) decreased by 10% between 2000 and 2010. The mean body length of
670:, and elsewhere have two populations living in the same lake, but
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355:
328:
226:
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have declined in their native ranges. Many local populations or
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336:
70:
3759:
3273:
3520:
2188:"Coevolution of the Pacific Salmon and Pacific Rim Topography"
2143:. Association for the Advancement of Science: Pacific Division
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species—are defined by the capacity to maintain themselves in
522:
3233:
2314:"Salmon Decline in Western North America: Historical Context"
2193:. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington
322:
316:
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304:
2286:"Pacific Northwest Salmon: Forecasting Their Status in 2100"
3022:
10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:tcasno>2.0.co;2
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Sustainable Fisheries. Wild Salmon Center. N.p., n.d. Web.
382:
in the east, although most of them are distributed in high-
1053:
have established wild, self-sustaining populations in the
539:. The presence of these species so far inland established
3269:
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by accounting for over 70% of the salmon harvested for
2456:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2002:
on the Mendocino Coast of California) and in northern
3127:
10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0001:POTPTA>2.3.CO;2
3152:
Upstream-Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest
1994:
red salmon, blueback salmon, kokanee || || the
3768:
3694:
3648:
3549:
3491:
3406:
3307:
3110:(1993): Phylogeny of the Pacific trout and salmon (
2771:) in the North Pacific Ocean and possible causes".
1651:– masu salmon, cherry salmon, Japanese salmon
961:Reserve salmon fishery is under the control of the
3149:
2941:"Fish Production Estimates & Trends 2011-2012"
2800:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2773:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2637:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2079:; De Roode, Jacob; Atizer, Sonya (February 2011).
3246:A British Columbia advocacy group for wild salmon
1061:(known there as quinnat, king or spring salmon).
1010:Sockeye Salmon, certified in September 2012. The
947:Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments
899:Conservation status of British Columbia salmonids
438:instead of the Pacific Ocean. Several species of
2881:Initiatives. Wild Salmon Center. N.p., n.d. Web.
2138:"Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest"
3666:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization
410:) have become landlocked populations native to
3156:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
3116:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
1566:dog salmon, keta salmon, silverbrite salmon
868:of salmon favors delayed reproduction because
631:lineages appear to follow the uprising of the
3285:
3094:A compendium of fossil marine animal genera.
2946:. Global Aquaculture Alliance. Archived from
1006:Pink Salmon, certified in June 2012, and the
757:Measured recent declines in salmon body size.
726:species or subspecies being listed as either
8:
3229:British Columbia Salmon Farmer's Association
2181:
2179:
3143:http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/321160.pdf
2993:Gerald R. Smith; Ralph F. Stearley (1989).
2630:
2628:
2307:
2305:
1754:, markless trout (intrapopoulation variant)
1094:were genetically closer to Pacific salmon (
646:). Kokanee sockeye evolve differently from
3756:
3676:Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association
3292:
3278:
3270:
2683:
2681:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
1969:
1963:
1770:
1764:
1465:
1459:
1216:
300:The name of the genus is derived from the
50:
31:
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3029:
2713:
2600:
2496:
2434:
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2172:. New York, New York: Chapman & Hall.
2160:
2158:
2112:
1454:the Gila River in Arizona and New Mexico
1073:. Chinook from Chile were released into
2753:
2751:
1329:Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout
1130:
760:
752:
67:Female (above) and male in mating season
3114:) and the genera of family Salmonidae.
3008:(1). American Fisheries Society: 4–10.
2067:
2454:Text and images are available under a
2291:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1637:cherry salmon, Japanese salmon, seema
954:The Alaska Department of Fish and Game
878:than before the event of overfishing.
2859:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2466:
2464:
362:are native to the tributaries of the
7:
3993:351efcd6-e2cf-4fcc-a199-719a9530f493
3905:a221053f-98e2-49a9-a7fa-9a8b064166bc
989:salmon and steelhead populations in
3239:US mulls Pacific salmon fishing ban
3686:Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project
3661:Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association
3451:Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon
2477:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2471:Ohlberger, Jan (January 3, 2023).
25:
3096:Bulletin of American Paleontology
3082:Trout and Salmon of North America
2939:Ragnar Tveteras; Ragnar Nystoyl.
2360:Trout and Salmon of North America
925:Sockeye to all be endangered. In
255:basin. The genus contains twelve
4070:Extant Miocene first appearances
3561:Diseases and parasites in salmon
3436:Environmental issues with salmon
3397:
3197:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00020.x
3108:Stearley, R.F. & Smoth, G.R.
2971:Schneider, Heiko (Aug 7, 2011).
2538:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03510.x
2449:
2018:
2012:
2006:in Japan in the western Pacific
1618:
1588:
1582:
1542:
1502:
1428:
1151:
481:). Migration can be affected by
422:, while others have crossed the
339:— that the males develop on the
82:
2567:Audzijonyte, Asta (June 2020).
2520:Waples, Robin (July 18, 2007).
434:, both of which drain into the
430:and western tributaries of the
374:coasts southwards to as far as
333:secondary sexual characteristic
331:'), in reference to the hooked
3592:Infectious salmon anemia virus
3244:Watershed Watch Salmon Society
2694:ICES Journal of Marine Science
2573:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2052:in California in the south to
1300:Colorado River cutthroat trout
748:Oncorhynchus clarki macdonaldi
1:
3639:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
2715:10.1016/S1054-3139(97)80027-6
2186:Montgomery, David R. (2000).
2167:The Origin and Speciation of
1914:Baja California rainbow trout
1344:, Crescenti trout (sometimes
1342:Lake Crescent cutthroat trout
1018:Introductions and aquaculture
4060:Taxa named by George Suckley
3256:Watching out for Wild Salmon
2230:10.1371/journal.pone.0300252
1950:the Pacific basin, from the
1893:Columbia River redband trout
1268:(Jordan & Gilbert, 1883)
716:distinct population segments
623:of America. The (potential)
619:shifts in the plates of the
571:, the spike-toothed salmon (
521:(about 7 million years ago (
507:Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii
323:
311:
211:
3730:Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
3389:Genetically modified salmon
3234:Global Aquaculture Alliance
1902:McCloud River redband trout
1367:(Jordan & Fisher, 1891)
1272:Yellowstone cutthroat trout
465:The six Pacific salmons of
4086:
3656:Atlantic Salmon Federation
3441:Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery
2920:, Independence Books, 2001
2419:10.1038/s41467-020-17726-z
2271:"Kokanee Heritage Project"
1954:in Russia, east along the
1672:Formosan landlocked salmon
1417:Rio Grande cutthroat trout
1408:Bonneville cutthroat trout
1280:(Pratt & Graham, 1884)
1228:(Lahontan cutthroat trout)
1021:
944:
931:Marine Stewardship Council
896:
885:
738:subspecies are considered
343:tip during mating season.
317:
305:
3671:Pacific Salmon Commission
3395:
3177:Evolutionary Applications
2593:10.1038/s41559-020-1171-0
2312:Robert T. Lackey (2008).
2284:Robert T. Lackey (2003).
1865:Great Basin redband trout
1693:, red-spotted masu salmon
1396:greenback cutthroat trout
1371:yellowfin cutthroat trout
1284:westslope cutthroat trout
1189:Oncorhynchus chrysogaster
744:yellowfin cutthroat trout
547:(5–6 Mya), but also that
525:)) trout-like fossils in
209:
204:
187:
180:
79:Scientific classification
77:
58:
49:
34:
3431:Fly fishing bibliography
3062:. February 2012 version.
3048:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2026:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
1944:Little Kern golden trout
1932:Kern River rainbow trout
1819:Kamchatkan rainbow trout
1359:Lahontan cutthroat trout
1044:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
839:Influence of overfishing
675:resources partitioning.
262:, namely six species of
3632:Sphaerothecum destruens
2910:The Dynamic Great Lakes
2056:in Alaska in the north
1260:coastal cutthroat trout
782:Influence of hatcheries
718:of anadromous forms of
503:coastal cutthroat trout
4065:Ray-finned fish genera
3610:Nanophyetus salmincola
3171:Hard, Jeffery (2008).
3090:(2002): Osteichthyes.
2812:10.1139/cjfas-53-2-455
2489:10.1098/rspb.2022.2248
1511:Oncorhynchus kawamurae
1474:Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
1384:Paiute cutthroat trout
1380:(John O. Snyder, 1933)
1312:Alvord cutthroat trout
766:
758:
247:, native to coldwater
4014:Paleobiology Database
3426:Aquaculture of salmon
3421:Alaska salmon fishery
2399:Nature Communications
1877:coastal rainbow trout
1237:(J. Richardson, 1836)
1098:species) than to the
1024:Aquaculture of salmon
764:
756:
386:cold waters from the
40:Temporal range: Late
3900:Fauna Europaea (new)
3603:Myxobolus cerebralis
3579:Gyrodactylus salaris
3566:Amoebic gill disease
3384:Spike-toothed salmon
1923:Mexican native trout
1596:Oncorhynchus kisutch
1205:Mexican golden trout
1051:Oncorhynchus kisutch
821:Conservation efforts
797:artificial selection
366:, with their native
3724:Salmon of Knowledge
3586:Henneguya zschokkei
3471:Salmon conservation
3189:2008EvApp...1..388H
3084:. Free Press, 2002.
3014:1989Fish...14a...4S
2706:1997ICJMS..54.1200B
2688:Beamish, R (1997).
2585:2020NatEE...4..809A
2411:2020NatCo..11.4155O
2136:Smiley, Charles J.
2097:2011Ecol...92..342B
1952:Kamchatka Peninsula
1779:Oncorhynchus mykiss
1234:Oncorhynchus clarki
1159:Oncorhynchus apache
1037:Oncorhynchus mykiss
1028:Several species of
935:sustainable fishery
906:Species at Risk Act
888:Salmon conservation
813:aggressive behavior
809:social interactions
736:Oncorhynchus clarki
709:Oncorhynchus clarki
702:Oncorhynchus mykiss
491:Oncorhynchus mykiss
364:North Pacific Ocean
270:, all of which are
266:and six species of
3681:Wild Salmon Center
3456:Puget Sound salmon
3446:Pacific Salmon War
3050:"Species in genus
2664:Oncorhynchus nerka
1978:Oncorhynchus nerka
1861:(Richardson, 1836)
1710:Satsukimasu salmon
1674:, Taiwanese salmon
1627:Oncorhynchus masou
1436:Oncorhynchus gilae
1355:(Richardson, 1836)
1325:(Montgomery, 1995)
967:Wild Salmon Center
854:commercial fishing
805:predatory behavior
767:
759:
533:, appear to be of
462:wild populations.
424:Continental Divide
315:, 'lump, bend') +
64:Oncorhynchus nerka
4042:
4041:
4001:Open Tree of Life
3762:Taxon identifiers
3753:
3752:
3572:Ceratomyxa shasta
3077:Behnke, Robert J.
2908:Spring, Barbara.
2769:Oncorhynchus keta
2643:(12): 1636–1656.
2526:Molecular Ecology
2352:Behnke, Robert J.
2105:10.1890/10-0489.1
2077:Oberhauser, Karen
2075:Bartel, Rebecca;
2060:
2059:
2034:
1986:
1941:
1911:
1890:
1874:
1862:
1832:
1816:
1798:, ocean trout,
1787:
1749:
1730:
1707:
1688:
1679:O. m. macrostomus
1669:
1650:
1632:
1604:
1558:
1550:Oncorhynchus keta
1524:
1482:
1444:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1368:
1356:
1326:
1309:
1305:O. c. alvordensis
1297:
1289:O. c. pleuriticus
1281:
1269:
1257:
1238:
1201:
1167:
921:Sockeye, and the
801:natural selection
696:are dominated by
621:Pacific Northwest
601:Mitochondrial DNA
531:Clarkia Lake beds
432:Mississippi River
392:Pacific Northwest
218:
217:
176:
16:(Redirected from
4077:
4035:
4034:
4022:
4021:
4009:
4008:
3996:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3973:
3972:
3970:NHMSYS0000544714
3960:
3959:
3947:
3946:
3934:
3933:
3921:
3920:
3908:
3907:
3895:
3894:
3882:
3881:
3869:
3868:
3856:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3816:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3757:
3401:
3372:Taiwanese salmon
3327:Black Sea salmon
3294:
3287:
3280:
3271:
3218:
3208:
3167:
3155:
3136:
3135:Stephenson, S.A.
3109:
3089:
3079:
3064:
3063:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
2999:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2852:
2849:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2700:(6): 1200–1215.
2685:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2604:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2389:
2374:
2373:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2232:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2072:
2028:
2022:
2016:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1956:Aleutian Islands
1940:(Evermann, 1906)
1939:
1910:(Evermann, 1908)
1909:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1852:O. m. beardsleei
1826:
1824:O. m. aguabonita
1810:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1740:
1738:O. m. var. iwame
1721:
1701:
1682:
1659:
1656:O. m. formosanus
1649:(Brevoort, 1856)
1648:
1631:(Brevoort, 1856)
1630:
1622:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1552:
1546:
1514:
1506:
1490:humpback salmon
1476:
1469:
1463:
1438:
1432:
1413:O. c. virginalis
1403:
1391:
1379:
1366:
1364:O. c. macdonaldi
1354:
1346:O. c. crescentii
1324:
1307:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1251:
1236:
1220:
1191:
1161:
1155:
1131:
941:American efforts
927:British Columbia
893:Canadian efforts
664:Washington State
473:(migratory) and
388:Russian Far East
378:in the west and
370:extend from the
326:
320:
319:
314:
308:
307:
171:
87:
86:
54:
32:
21:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4025:
4017:
4012:
4004:
3999:
3991:
3989:
3981:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3955:
3950:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3690:
3644:
3626:Salmon tapeworm
3552:
3545:
3487:
3466:Putcher fishing
3411:
3402:
3393:
3322:Atlantic salmon
3309:
3303:
3298:
3225:
3170:
3164:
3147:
3134:
3107:
3087:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3044:
3043:
3039:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2785:10.1139/f93-033
2766:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2656:
2649:10.1139/f81-213
2634:
2633:
2626:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2391:
2390:
2377:
2370:
2354:(2002). "Genus
2350:
2349:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2223:(4): e0300252.
2210:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2017:
2004:HokkaidĹŤ Island
1882:O. m. gairdneri
1873:(Walbaum, 1792)
1858:O. m. newberrii
1848:Beardslee trout
1712:, masu salmon,
1698:O. m. ishikawae
1587:
1404:(Suckley, 1874)
1377:O. c. seleniris
1242:cutthroat trout
1137:Scientific name
1114:Atlantic salmon
1087:
1057:and Chinook in
1026:
1020:
1004:Sakhalin Island
985:is a threat to
980:
978:Russian efforts
972:illegal fishing
949:
943:
901:
895:
890:
884:
841:
784:
712:cutthroat trout
685:
658:as independent
576:Smilodonichthys
553:cutthroat trout
515:
460:self-sustaining
426:to inhabit the
416:Rocky Mountains
404:cutthroat trout
349:
335:— known as the
231:ray-finned fish
200:
193:
190:Salmo gorbuscha
170:
81:
73:(hooked snout)
69:Note male with
68:
66:
45:
38:
28:
27:Genus of fishes
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4023:
4010:
3997:
3987:
3974:
3961:
3948:
3935:
3922:
3909:
3896:
3887:Fauna Europaea
3883:
3870:
3857:
3844:
3831:
3818:
3805:
3790:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3737:The Salmon Fly
3733:
3726:
3721:
3719:Salmon (color)
3716:
3709:
3707:Salmon cannery
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3536:Salmon tartare
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3367:Sockeye salmon
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3342:Chinook salmon
3339:
3332:Pacific salmon
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3223:External links
3221:
3220:
3219:
3183:(2): 388–408.
3168:
3162:
3145:
3132:
3105:
3088:Sepkoski, Jack
3085:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3046:Froese, Rainer
3037:
3031:2027.42/140998
2985:
2963:
2931:
2922:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2853:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2806:(2): 455–465.
2790:
2779:(2): 290–295.
2759:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2677:
2668:
2654:
2624:
2579:(6): 809–814.
2559:
2512:
2460:
2375:
2368:
2336:
2301:
2276:
2262:
2203:
2175:
2154:
2128:
2091:(2): 342–351.
2066:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:Kotzebue Sound
2046:
2044:
2040:, blackmouth,
2038:Chinook salmon
2035:
2023:
2009:
2008:
1996:Columbia River
1990:sockeye salmon
1987:
1975:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1928:O. m. gilberti
1925:
1916:
1904:
1895:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1837:
1821:
1803:
1788:
1776:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1735:
1727:E. A. McGregor
1719:O. m. rhodurus
1716:
1694:
1675:
1652:
1639:
1633:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1529:black kokanee
1525:
1521:E. A. McGregor
1507:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1471:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1361:
1352:O. c. henshawi
1349:
1331:
1319:
1308:(Behnke, 2002)
1302:
1286:
1274:
1265:O. c. bouvieri
1262:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1224:O. c. henshawi
1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1175:Arizona trout
1168:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1122:Atlantic basin
1086:
1083:
1041:Chinook Salmon
1019:
1016:
1008:Ozernaya River
979:
976:
959:Annette Island
942:
939:
894:
891:
883:
880:
840:
837:
783:
780:
689:Columbia River
684:
677:
644:sockeye salmon
640:kokanee salmon
613:sockeye salmon
514:
511:
456:O. tshawytscha
452:Chinook salmon
442:, such as the
436:Gulf of Mexico
414:waters in the
348:
345:
287:predatory fish
264:Pacific salmon
216:
215:
212:§ Species
207:
206:
202:
201:
194:
185:
184:
178:
177:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
126:Actinopterygii
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
75:
74:
60:Sockeye salmon
56:
55:
47:
46:
39:
26:
24:
18:Pacific salmon
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
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3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
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3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:Salmon (book)
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:Organisations
3647:
3641:
3640:
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3600:
3598:
3595:
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3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
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3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3541:Smoked salmon
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Salmon burger
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
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3418:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Danube salmon
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
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3333:
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3174:
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3159:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3130:HTML fulltext
3128:
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3113:
3106:
3104:
3103:HTML fulltext
3100:
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3086:
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3041:
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3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2953:on 2014-02-22
2949:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:1-58851-731-4
2915:
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2428:
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2369:0-7432-2220-2
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2326:on 2011-09-04
2322:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2287:
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2277:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2050:Ventura River
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:10 Mile River
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1907:O. m. nelsoni
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1870:O. m. irideus
1868:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:, (sometimes
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:O. m. irideus
1838:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1800:redband trout
1797:
1792:
1791:rainbow trout
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:masu salmon,
1634:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1389:O. c. stomias
1387:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1322:O. c. behnkei
1320:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:J. Richardson
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:Distribution
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:Onchorhynchus
1093:
1092:Pacific basin
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:Rainbow Trout
1031:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:Iturup Island
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
975:
973:
968:
964:
960:
955:
948:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
900:
892:
889:
881:
879:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
781:
779:
776:
772:
763:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
705:rainbow trout
703:
699:
695:
690:
682:
678:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:morphological
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
588:
585:
581:
577:
574:
570:
569:
564:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:Several Late
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:rainbow trout
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:North America
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Onchorhynchus
357:
353:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
313:
303:
298:
296:
292:
289:that display
288:
285:
281:
280:potamodromous
277:
273:
269:
268:Pacific trout
265:
261:
258:
254:
253:North Pacific
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
191:
186:
183:
179:
174:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:Salmoniformes
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
72:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4055:Oncorhynchus
3827:Oncorhynchus
3814:Oncorhynchus
3800:Oncorhynchus
3770:Oncorhynchus
3769:
3744:The Big Fish
3742:
3735:
3728:
3711:
3637:
3630:
3616:Salmon louse
3608:
3601:
3597:M74 syndrome
3584:
3577:
3570:
3551:Diseases and
3501:Cured salmon
3331:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3180:
3176:
3151:
3138:
3118:
3115:
3112:Oncorhynchus
3111:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3057:
3052:Oncorhynchus
3051:
3040:
3005:
3001:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2966:
2955:. Retrieved
2948:the original
2934:
2925:
2909:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2829:
2820:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2741:
2732:
2697:
2693:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2640:
2636:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2532:(1): 84–96.
2529:
2525:
2515:
2480:
2476:
2402:
2398:
2359:
2356:Oncorhynchus
2355:
2328:. Retrieved
2321:the original
2293:. Retrieved
2279:
2265:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2170:
2169:Oncorhynchus
2166:
2145:. Retrieved
2131:
2088:
2084:
2070:
2041:
2025:
1993:
1977:
1968:
1937:O. m. whitei
1936:
1927:
1918:
1906:
1898:O. m. stonei
1897:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:golden trout
1829:D. S. Jordan
1823:
1808:O. m. mykiss
1807:
1794:
1778:
1769:
1742:Seiro Kimura
1737:
1723:D. S. Jordan
1718:
1713:
1696:
1690:
1677:
1662:D. S. Jordan
1654:
1643:
1636:
1625:
1611:
1595:
1565:
1549:
1528:
1517:D. S. Jordan
1509:
1489:
1473:
1464:
1441:R. R. Miller
1435:
1412:
1400:
1392:(Cope, 1871)
1388:
1376:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1334:O. c. clarki
1333:
1321:
1304:
1288:
1277:O. c. lewisi
1276:
1264:
1249:O. c. clarki
1248:
1233:
1222:
1221:
1188:
1174:
1171:Apache trout
1164:R. R. Miller
1158:
1126:Oncorhynchus
1125:
1117:
1110:Salmo trutta
1109:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1030:Oncorhynchus
1029:
1027:
987:Oncorhynchus
986:
981:
950:
923:Sakinaw Lake
915:Fraser River
902:
882:Conservation
866:life history
846:recreational
842:
829:recreational
825:economically
817:
785:
775:Oncorhynchus
774:
770:
768:
747:
735:
724:Oncorhynchus
723:
708:
701:
686:
681:Oncorhynchus
680:
642:(landlocked
637:
629:Oncorhynchus
628:
597:Oncorhynchus
596:
591:
580:Late Miocene
575:
568:O. rastrosus
566:
560:
557:Oncorhynchus
556:
541:Oncorhynchus
540:
536:Oncorhynchus
534:
516:
506:
490:
467:Oncorhynchus
466:
464:
455:
447:
440:Oncorhynchus
439:
407:
359:
350:
299:
291:natal homing
267:
263:
222:Oncorhynchus
221:
220:
219:
210:
188:
182:Type species
167:Oncorhynchus
166:
165:
63:
36:Oncorhynchus
35:
29:
3926:iNaturalist
3794:Wikispecies
3516:Lomi salmon
3357:Pink salmon
3352:Masu salmon
3347:Coho salmon
3337:Chum salmon
3121:(1): 1-33.
2405:(1): 4155.
1752:Iwame trout
1746:M. Nakamura
1645:O. m. masou
1608:coho salmon
1574:Yukon River
1562:chum salmon
1486:pink salmon
1373:†(extinct)
1140:Common Name
1118:Salmo salar
1106:brown trout
1075:Argentinean
1063:Aquaculture
1059:New Zealand
1055:Great Lakes
1048:Coho Salmon
919:Cultus Lake
875:overfishing
858:chum salmon
789:wild salmon
694:salmon runs
683:populations
679:Decline of
633:Pacific Rim
499:iteroparous
477:(die after
475:semelparous
420:Great Basin
295:semelparity
249:tributaries
152:Subfamily:
4049:Categories
3511:Lohikeitto
3476:Salmon run
3413:management
3317:Salmonidae
3308:Groups and
3163:0309053250
3070:References
2957:2014-02-17
2602:2262/94726
2330:2013-12-09
2295:2013-12-09
2197:2011-07-11
1919:O. m. ssp.
1887:Richardson
1844:beardsleei
1733:Biwa trout
1536:Lake Saiko
1527:kunimasu,
1448:Gila trout
1401:O. c. utah
1338:crescentii
1143:Subspecies
1022:See also:
963:Metlakatla
945:See also:
917:Coho, the
897:See also:
886:See also:
835:purposes.
833:commercial
793:inbreeding
732:threatened
728:endangered
648:anadromous
625:divergence
593:Speciation
471:anadromous
428:Rio Grande
408:O. clarkii
400:subspecies
372:Bering Sea
276:anadromous
245:Salmonidae
238:Salmoninae
156:Salmoninae
146:Salmonidae
3621:Sea louse
3553:parasites
3481:June hogs
3408:Fisheries
3362:Steelhead
3002:Fisheries
2978:April 23,
2912:,(p. 48)
2724:1054-3139
2619:214808910
2427:2041-1723
2239:1932-6203
1796:steelhead
1120:) of the
1079:Patagonia
1071:Australia
1012:Aniva Bay
870:fecundity
862:offspring
720:steelhead
529:, in the
513:Evolution
495:steelhead
493:known as
483:parasites
448:O. mykiss
412:endorheic
341:lower jaw
272:migratory
235:subfamily
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
3866:46563134
3779:Wikidata
3215:25567639
3080:(2002):
3059:FishBase
2611:32251381
2554:24874492
2546:18268786
2507:36750195
2483:(1992).
2445:32814776
2257:38656950
2248:11042722
2217:PLOS ONE
2147:11 March
2123:21618914
1942:–
1930:–
1921:–
1912:–
1900:–
1891:–
1875:–
1863:–
1846:–
1833:–
1817:–
1750:–
1731:–
1708:–
1704:Brevoort
1689:–
1670:–
1382:–
1369:–
1357:–
1340:–
1327:–
1310:–
1298:–
1282:–
1270:–
1258:–
1104:–
983:Poaching
771:O. nerka
698:hatchery
672:spawning
656:sympatry
617:tectonic
584:Pliocene
545:Pliocene
479:spawning
418:and the
384:latitude
324:rhĂşnkhos
274:(either
205:Species
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
44:– recent
3944:1314225
3918:2351426
3785:Q133325
3695:Related
3506:Gravlax
3493:As food
3461:Putcher
3310:species
3206:3352430
3185:Bibcode
3137:(2005)
3101:: 560.
3010:Bibcode
2702:Bibcode
2581:Bibcode
2498:9904942
2436:7438488
2407:Bibcode
2114:7163749
2093:Bibcode
2085:Ecology
2033:, 1792)
2031:Walbaum
1985:, 1792)
1983:Walbaum
1889:, 1836)
1831:, 1892)
1815:, 1792)
1813:Walbaum
1786:, 1792)
1784:Walbaum
1706:, 1856)
1687:, 1877)
1685:GĂĽnther
1668:, 1919)
1603:, 1792)
1601:Walbaum
1557:, 1792)
1555:Walbaum
1523:, 1925)
1481:, 1792)
1479:Walbaum
1443:, 1950)
1316:extinct
1296:, 1872)
1256:, 1836)
1200:, 1964)
1194:Needham
1166:, 1972)
1085:Species
911:COSEWIC
850:artisan
740:extinct
660:genetic
587:fossils
573:synonym
549:rainbow
519:Miocene
501:. The
487:culling
398:, some
390:to the
358:within
260:species
251:of the
240:of the
233:in the
199:, 1792)
197:Walbaum
173:Suckley
162:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
42:Miocene
4032:126140
4006:739931
3990:NZOR:
3957:161974
3892:304718
3879:1ONCRG
3526:Rui-be
3301:Salmon
3213:
3203:
3160:
2916:
2722:
2617:
2609:
2552:
2544:
2505:
2495:
2443:
2433:
2425:
2366:
2255:
2245:
2237:
2121:
2111:
1748:, 1961
1744:&
1729:, 1925
1725:&
1714:yamame
1666:ĹŚshima
1664:&
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1196:&
1101:Salmos
991:Russia
864:. The
799:, and
668:Canada
595:among
450:) and
380:Mexico
376:Taiwan
368:ranges
352:Salmon
318:ῥύγχος
282:) mid-
257:extant
242:family
175:, 1861
4027:WoRMS
4019:35518
3939:IRMNG
3931:47522
3702:Ceasg
2998:(PDF)
2951:(PDF)
2944:(PDF)
2615:S2CID
2550:S2CID
2324:(PDF)
2317:(PDF)
2289:(PDF)
2191:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
2063:Notes
1691:amago
1134:Image
1112:) or
1067:Chile
562:Salmo
527:Idaho
394:. In
356:trout
347:Range
329:snout
312:Ăłnkos
306:ὄγκος
302:Greek
284:level
227:genus
225:is a
3983:8016
3978:NCBI
3952:ITIS
3913:GBIF
3874:EPPO
3853:689N
3840:4159
3835:BOLD
3211:PMID
3158:ISBN
2980:2016
2914:ISBN
2720:ISSN
2607:PMID
2542:PMID
2503:PMID
2441:PMID
2423:ISSN
2364:ISBN
2253:PMID
2235:ISSN
2149:2014
2119:PMID
2048:the
1572:the
1294:Cope
1198:Gard
1069:and
1046:and
852:and
831:and
707:and
611:and
609:pink
605:Chum
559:and
551:and
497:are
469:are
354:and
337:kype
293:and
71:kype
3965:NBN
3861:EoL
3848:CoL
3822:AFD
3809:ADW
3521:Lox
3410:and
3201:PMC
3193:doi
3123:doi
3119:122
3099:364
3092:In:
3026:hdl
3018:doi
2808:doi
2781:doi
2710:doi
2645:doi
2597:hdl
2589:doi
2534:doi
2493:PMC
2485:doi
2481:290
2431:PMC
2415:doi
2358:".
2243:PMC
2225:doi
2109:PMC
2101:doi
1842:f.
1336:f.
1314:†(
995:WWF
627:in
582:to
523:Mya
402:of
327:, '
278:or
229:of
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