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The parties were aware that if one of them disputed the results of the pending election, it would only harm the country given the economic instability and volatility that had resulted from the declining oil prices and post-coup atmosphere. The pact was a way for the parties to ensure cooperation and
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COPEI and AD became increasingly reliant on the shared oil revenues to secure their power over
Venezuelan politics through a system of patronage and clientelism, and the bipartisanship began to deteriorate in the 1980s as oil revenues took a sharp decline. This led to increasing public distrust of
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fled
Venezuela for the Dominican Republic and a group of military leaders took control of the country. The presidency of Pérez Jiménez was a dictatorship that relied heavily on oil revenues to pay for a massive urbanization and modernization campaign in the cities of Venezuela. The United States
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The
Puntofijo pact is often credited with launching Venezuela towards democracy, being recognized for creating the most stable period in the republican history of Venezuela. While it provided the grounds for possible democratic deepening, it has also been criticized for enabling an inflexible
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Following Pérez Jiménez's ouster, the three major parties in the country — COPEI, AD, and the URD — came together to ensure a lasting democracy in
Venezuela, a country that had been under dictatorial rule for nearly all of its history since gaining independence in 1830.
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of the URD. Both
Betancourt and Caldera would go on to become presidents of Venezuela. The pact served to deepen democracy in the region in that it ensured respect of the democratic process of the election. This allowed for the uncontested democratic election of
463:, and AD. Its adherents claimed the pact was aimed at preserving Venezuelan democracy by respecting elections, by having the winners of the elections consider including members of the signing parties and others in positions of power in bids for
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and the preservation of the new democratic system. The pact was a written guarantee that the signing parties would respect the election results, prevent single-party hegemony, share power, and collaborate to prevent dictatorship.
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the legitimacy of the AD and COPEI, and what began as democratic deepening began to deteriorate. More formal opposition emerged in the late 1980s. One of the first indicators of public unrest was on the
467:, and by having a basic shared program of government. They guaranteed, for example, the continuation of obligatory military service; improved salaries, housing, and equipment for the military.
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refused to sign the Costa Rica agreement, which excluded Cuba from the Inter-American system. The decision was accompanied by the immediate withdrawal of the tripartite coalition in the
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on 27 February 1989, where there were riots due to a sharp and sudden increase in the prices of public transportation and gas. In the
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Corrales, Javier (2001-01-01). "Strong
Societies, Weak Parties: Regime Change in Cuba and Venezuela in the 1950s and Today".
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Buxton, Julia (2005-07-01). "Venezuela's
Contemporary Political Crisis in Historical Context".
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the former leader of COPEI, Rafael
Caldera, was elected president under a different party,
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1958 magazine cover featuring the leading signatories of the Pact from left to right:
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Puntofijo
Residence, Francisco Solano López Avenue, Sabana Grande, Caracas, Venezuela
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compliance with election results. This would allow for the transition to democracy.
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1958 power-sharing arrangement between
Venezuela's three main political parties
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supported the government of Venezuela because it was a reliable oil source.
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La Democracia Venezolana y la crisis del sistema populista de conciliacion
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830:"Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela"
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The pact was signed in, and named after, the residence of COPEI leader
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ran on a platform of attacking the AD and COPEI bipartisanship in his
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Three members of each party signed the pact. These men included
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Democracy in Latin America: Surviving conflict and crisis?
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1001:1946 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election
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531:, promising to break the traditional system.
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199:Please improve this article by adding
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7:
739:Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1861:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
795:Bulletin of Latin American Research
575:Latin American Politics and Society
763:"Jóvito Villalba, URD y Margarita"
25:
1288:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
1029:Corporación Venezolana de Guayana
413:(URD), for the acceptance of the
45:This article has multiple issues.
1990:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
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1054:1963 Venezuelan general election
1024:1958 Venezuelan general election
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828:Karl, Terry Lynn (1987-01-01).
775:from the original on 2009-02-12
500:government of Rómulo Betancourt
434:On January 23, 1958, President
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2318:Political history of Venezuela
1552:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1298:Caso de los banqueros prófugos
1120:Venezuela, política y petróleo
834:Latin American Research Review
409:(Social Christian Party), and
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959:Democratic Action (Venezuela)
645:McCoy, Jennifer (July 1999).
411:Unión Republicana Democrática
355:Unión Republicana Democrática
201:secondary or tertiary sources
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1915:People's Electoral Movement
1849:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
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695:Velasco, Alejandro (2015).
517:1993 presidential elections
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523:. Presidential candidate
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1607:2002 coup d'état attempt
1542:Revindicating Revolution
743:Fundación Empresas Polar
1741:Corruption in Venezuela
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1980:Movement for Socialism
1890:United Socialist Party
1612:2002–03 general strike
1384:Labor Law of Venezuela
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1229:President of Venezuela
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927:President of Venezuela
529:1998 election campaign
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188:relies excessively on
2323:Politics of Venezuela
1419:← Carlos Andrés Pérez
1410:Carlos Andrés Pérez →
1351:1993 general election
1346:1983 general election
1341:1968 general election
1336:1963 general election
1331:1958 general election
1326:1947 general election
1293:Pardon of Hugo Chávez
1256:1973 general election
1156:← Wolfgang Larrazábal
1084:1958 general election
1034:Assassination attempt
935:Early life and career
735:"Pacto de Punto Fijo"
663:10.1353/jod.1999.0049
1966:Agreement for Change
1905:For Social Democracy
1881:Great Patriotic Pole
1746:Torture in Venezuela
1715:World Heritage Sites
1690:Environmental issues
651:Journal of Democracy
436:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
95:improve this article
2152:List of Venezuelans
1975:Progressive Advance
1763:Crisis in Venezuela
1517:War of Independence
1104:Virginia Betancourt
1070:Betancourt Doctrine
768:El Sol de Margarita
623:Philip, G. (2003).
612:. pp. 533–578.
608:Rey, J. C. (1991).
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253:November 2022
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214: –
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208:Find sources:
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186:This article
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84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2240:coat of arms
2117:Demographics
2061:Oil industry
2051:Cooperatives
1940:Popular Will
1785:Constitution
1637:Coups d'état
1587:El Porteñazo
1576:
1562:World War II
1433:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1403:← Raúl Leoni
1401:
1388:
1170:
1163:Raúl Leoni →
1161:
1154:
1118:
1049:El Porteñazo
840:(1): 63–94.
837:
833:
823:
798:
794:
788:
777:. Retrieved
766:
757:
746:. Retrieved
738:
729:
718:. Retrieved
714:
705:
696:
657:(3): 64–77.
654:
650:
629:Polity Press
624:
618:
609:
603:
578:
574:
521:Convergencia
509:
493:
469:
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240:
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187:
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138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2137:Immigration
2024:Agriculture
1685:Earthquakes
1547:1895 crisis
1537:Federal War
1507:New Granada
1301: [
1123: [
950: [
525:Hugo Chávez
2302:Categories
2200:Literature
2132:Healthcare
1632:Civil wars
1106:(daughter)
779:2019-09-13
748:2022-11-25
720:2016-11-27
557:References
430:Background
378:Wikisource
223:newspapers
190:references
151:April 2011
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2167:Squatting
2147:Languages
2127:Education
2086:Transport
2034:Companies
1945:A New Era
1827:President
1820:President
1790:Elections
1651:Geography
1483:Venezuela
864:252930082
815:1470-9856
679:153994955
671:1086-3214
494:In 1962,
401:in 1958,
395:Venezuela
363:Full text
56:talk page
2282:Category
2220:Religion
2162:Refugees
2122:Diaspora
2029:Currency
1910:Tupamaro
1854:In exile
1810:Missions
1805:Military
1729:Politics
1592:Caracazo
1487:articles
1440:Category
1177:Category
773:Archived
535:See also
513:Caracazo
331:Location
2266:Outline
2230:Symbols
2195:Cuisine
2182:Culture
2100:Society
2081:Tourism
2012:Economy
1871:Parties
1842:Cabinet
1773:Regions
1680:Climate
1663:Borders
1495:History
1377:Related
856:2503543
595:3176972
474:of AD,
339:Parties
237:scholar
135:scholar
2287:Portal
2235:anthem
2190:Cinema
2056:Energy
1778:States
1668:Cities
1617:Crisis
1485:
1369:(wife)
1360:Family
1100:(wife)
1091:Family
862:
854:
813:
677:
669:
593:
405:(AD),
323:Signed
313:, and
239:
232:
225:
218:
210:
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
2273:Index
2225:Sport
2215:Music
2205:Media
2172:Women
2112:Crime
2039:PDVSA
1985:COPEI
1700:Flora
1695:Fauna
1305:]
1135:Image
1127:]
1114:Books
954:]
860:S2CID
852:JSTOR
675:S2CID
591:JSTOR
551:Turno
461:COPEI
407:COPEI
350:COPEI
244:JSTOR
230:books
142:JSTOR
128:books
2245:flag
1832:List
1756:LGBT
811:ISSN
667:ISSN
389:(or
385:The
216:news
114:news
2044:CVG
842:doi
803:doi
659:doi
583:doi
496:URD
376:at
192:to
97:by
2304::
1303:es
1125:es
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832:.
809:.
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