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Padé approximant

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The conventional Padé approximation is determined to reproduce the Maclaurin expansion up to a given order. Therefore, the approximation at the value apart from the expansion point may be poor. This is avoided by the 2-point Padé approximation, which is a type of multipoint summation method. At
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The reason the Padé approximant tends to be a better approximation than a truncating Taylor series is clear from the viewpoint of the multi-point summation method. Since there are many cases in which the asymptotic expansion at infinity becomes 0 or a constant, it can be interpreted as the
5123: 3596:. There is a method of using this to give an approximate solution of a differential equation with high accuracy. Also, for the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function, the first nontrivial zero can be estimated with some accuracy from the asymptotic behavior on the real axis. 4027: 128: 2030: 3445:, where the accuracy of the approximation may be the worst in the ordinary Padé approximation, good accuracy of the 2-point Padé approximant is guaranteed. Therefore, the 2-point Padé approximant can be a method that gives a good approximation globally for 4456:{\displaystyle \exp(x)\approx {\frac {1+{\frac {1}{2}}x+{\frac {1}{9}}x^{2}+{\frac {1}{72}}x^{3}+{\frac {1}{1008}}x^{4}+{\frac {1}{30240}}x^{5}}{1-{\frac {1}{2}}x+{\frac {1}{9}}x^{2}-{\frac {1}{72}}x^{3}+{\frac {1}{1008}}x^{4}-{\frac {1}{30240}}x^{5}}}} 20: 5144: 430: 80:, though for sharp results ad hoc methods—in some sense inspired by the Padé theory—typically replace them. Since a Padé approximant is a rational function, an artificial singular point may occur as an approximation, but this can be avoided by 3328: 4578: 2719: 4990: 4763:{\displaystyle \mathrm {sn} (z|3)\approx {\frac {-{\frac {9851629}{283609260}}z^{5}-{\frac {572744}{4726821}}z^{3}+z}{1+{\frac {859490}{1575607}}z^{2}-{\frac {5922035}{56721852}}z^{4}+{\frac {62531591}{2977897230}}z^{6}}}} 3837: 4970:{\displaystyle J_{5}(x)\approx {\frac {-{\frac {107}{28416000}}x^{7}+{\frac {1}{3840}}x^{5}}{1+{\frac {151}{5550}}x^{2}+{\frac {1453}{3729600}}x^{4}+{\frac {1339}{358041600}}x^{6}+{\frac {2767}{120301977600}}x^{8}}}} 2482: 929: 3160: 1709: 1133: 1818: 1357: 2137: 435: 2233: 1495: 1215: 1774: 2391: 4181:{\displaystyle \sin(x)\approx {\frac {{\frac {12671}{4363920}}x^{5}-{\frac {2363}{18183}}x^{3}+x}{1+{\frac {445}{12122}}x^{2}+{\frac {601}{872784}}x^{4}+{\frac {121}{16662240}}x^{6}}}} 3674: 3536: 3388: 5664:
Introduction to multipoints summation method Modern applied mathematics that connects here and the infinite beyond: From Taylor expansion to application of differential equations
3227: 2828: 409:{\displaystyle R(x)={\frac {\sum _{j=0}^{m}a_{j}x^{j}}{1+\sum _{k=1}^{n}b_{k}x^{k}}}={\frac {a_{0}+a_{1}x+a_{2}x^{2}+\dots +a_{m}x^{m}}{1+b_{1}x+b_{2}x^{2}+\dots +b_{n}x^{n}}},} 2322: 3877: 4476: 3475: 2589: 3222: 3443: 3186: 2547: 3910: 2951: 1541: 1813: 1580: 3063: 995: 2912: 3565: 3730: 2260: 3939: 3735: 3703: 3594: 3417: 3027: 1386: 785: 700: 5300:{\displaystyle C(x)\approx {\frac {1}{135}}\cdot {\frac {990791\pi ^{4}x^{9}-147189744\pi ^{2}x^{5}+8714684160x}{1749\pi ^{4}x^{8}+523536\pi ^{2}x^{4}+64553216}}} 2998: 756: 730: 664:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f(0)&=R(0),\\f'(0)&=R'(0),\\f''(0)&=R''(0),\\&\mathrel {\;\vdots } \\f^{(m+n)}(0)&=R^{(m+n)}(0).\end{aligned}}} 2396: 790: 3068: 5954: 2324:
give the Padé approximant. If one were to compute all steps of the extended greatest common divisor computation, one would obtain an anti-diagonal of the
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are known, one can approximately extract the critical points and the critical exponents from respectively the poles and residues of the Padé approximants
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such that simultaneously reproduce asymptotic behavior by developing the Padé approximation can be found in various cases. As a result, at the point
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A Padé approximant approximates a function in one variable. An approximant in two variables is called a Chisholm approximant (after
1148: 5678: 4002: 88:"incomplete two-point Padé approximation", in which the ordinary Padé approximation improves the method truncating a Taylor series. 5968: 5703: 2343: 3604:
A further extension of the 2-point Padé approximant is the multi-point Padé approximant. This method treats singularity points
5825: 3980: 1815:. For the Bézout identities of the extended greatest common divisor one computes simultaneously the two polynomial sequences 2739:
are the coefficients in the Padé approximation. The subscript '0' means that the Padé is of order and hence, we have the
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Padé approximants can be used to extract critical points and exponents of functions. In thermodynamics, if a function
3965: 3912:. As a result, since the information of the peculiarity of the function is captured, the approximation of a function 5887: 5833: 5785: 1011: 3984: 3969: 2487: 1720: 4582: 73: 3607: 947: 3483: 3335: 45:
agrees with the power series of the function it is approximating. The technique was developed around 1890 by
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which is to be approximated. Consider the cases when singularities of a function are expressed with index
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are expressed by polynomials or series of negative powers, exponential function, logarithmic function or
81: 5803: 2775: 2740: 5318: 2274: 3844: 5628: 5550: 5509: 5400: 5346: 3448: 3191: 53:, who introduced the idea and investigated the features of rational approximations of power series. 5448: 2965:), in multiple variables a Canterbury approximant (after Graves-Morris at the University of Kent). 2573: 1223: 3422: 3165: 5907: 5416: 5324: 3882: 69: 5475:. Progress in Theoretical Computer Science. Birkhäuser. Problem 5.2b and Algorithm 5.2 (p. 46). 1504: 1779: 1546: 5974: 5927: 5837: 5814: 5601: 5476: 3032: 2962: 61: 38: 2861: 5899: 5792: 5636: 5591: 5558: 5517: 5453: 5408: 5127: 3541: 2917: 2337: 1227: 3708: 3323:{\displaystyle f(x)\sim f_{\infty }(x)+o{\big (}f_{\infty }(x){\big )},\quad x\to \infty .} 2238: 4772: 3915: 3679: 3570: 3393: 3003: 1501:
of one step in the computation of the extended greatest common divisor of the polynomials
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The Padé approximant often gives better approximation of the function than truncating its
50: 5890:(1966), "Upon systems of recursions which obtain among the quotients of the Padé table", 2977: 735: 709: 5632: 5554: 5513: 5404: 4573:{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)\approx {\frac {x+{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}}{1+x+{\frac {1}{6}}x^{2}}}} 2714:{\displaystyle \sum _{j=0}^{n}a_{j}\zeta _{R}(s-j)=\sum _{j=0}^{m}b_{j}\zeta _{0}(s-j),} 5944: 5596: 5579: 933:
When it exists, the Padé approximant is unique as a formal power series for the given
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Graves-Morris, P.R.; Roberts, D.E. (1975). "Calculation of Canterbury approximants".
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Wynn, Peter (Mar 1966). "On the Convergence and Stability of the Epsilon Algorithm".
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For the approximant, one thus carries out the extended Euclidean algorithm for
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Sur la répresentation approchée d'une fonction par des fractions rationelles
5349: – Theory of getting acceptably close inexact mathematical calculations 5872:
The Pade Table and Its Relation to Certain Algorithms of Numerical Analysis
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Press, W. H.; Teukolsky, S. A.; Vetterling, W. T.; Flannery, B. P. (2007),
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it can be useful to introduce the Padé or simply rational zeta function as
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Brezenski, C. (1996). "Extrapolation algorithms and Padé approximations".
2477:{\displaystyle \zeta _{R}(s)=\sum _{z=1}^{\infty }{\frac {R(z)}{z^{s}}},} 1226:, and, hence, Padé approximants can also be applied to the summation of 16:'Best' approximation of a function by a rational function of given order 5903: 5420: 1585:
Recall that, to compute the greatest common divisor of two polynomials
924:{\displaystyle f(x)-R(x)=c_{m+n+1}x^{m+n+1}+c_{m+n+2}x^{m+n+2}+\cdots } 103: 64:. For these reasons Padé approximants are used extensively in computer 3155:{\displaystyle f\sim f_{0}(x)+o{\big (}f_{0}(x){\big )},\quad x\to 0,} 5522: 5497: 5473:
Polynomial and Matrix computations - Volume 1. Fundamental Algorithms
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is the "best" approximation of a function near a specific point by a
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Besides the 2-point Padé approximant, which includes information at
5355: – Approximating an arbitrary function with a well-behaved one 1704:{\displaystyle r_{0}=p,\;r_{1}=q,\quad r_{k-1}=q_{k}r_{k}+r_{k+1},} 1128:{\displaystyle T_{N}(x)=c_{0}+c_{1}x+c_{2}x^{2}+\cdots +c_{N}x^{N}} 5883:, Thesis, [Ann. École Nor. (3), 9, 1892, pp. 1–93 supplement. 3879:, this method approximates to reduce the property of diverging at 18: 5962: 5864:
Ueber Relationen zwischen den Näherungsbrüchen von Potenzreihen
5796: 3948: 1322: 1352:{\displaystyle R(x)=P(x)/Q(x)=T_{m+n}(x){\bmod {x}}^{m+n+1}} 60:, and it may still work where the Taylor series does not 5580:"Rational approximants defined from double power series" 1593:, one computes via long division the remainder sequence 41:
of given order. Under this technique, the approximant's
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The functional equation for this Padé zeta function is
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The Padé approximant defined above is also denoted as
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2132:{\displaystyle r_{k}(x)=u_{k}(x)p(x)+v_{k}(x)q(x).} 5977:for Padé approximation of models with time delays. 5830:Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing 5299: 5117: 4969: 4762: 4572: 4455: 4180: 3933: 3904: 3871: 3831: 3724: 3697: 3668: 3588: 3559: 3530: 3469: 3437: 3411: 3382: 3322: 3216: 3180: 3154: 3057: 3021: 2992: 2945: 2906: 2822: 2713: 2541: 2476: 2385: 2316: 2254: 2228:{\displaystyle r_{0}=x^{m+n+1},\;r_{1}=T_{m+n}(x)} 2227: 2131: 2024: 1807: 1768: 1703: 1574: 1535: 1490:{\displaystyle P(x)=Q(x)T_{m+n}(x)+K(x)x^{m+n+1},} 1489: 1380: 1351: 1209: 1127: 989: 923: 779: 750: 724: 694: 663: 408: 2852:. If sufficient terms of the series expansion of 1233:One way to compute a Padé approximant is via the 5874:, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1972, pp. 1–62. 2583:is taken to be the sum of the divergent series. 427:to the highest possible order, which amounts to 1210:{\displaystyle c_{k}={\frac {f^{(k)}(0)}{k!}}.} 1359:is equivalent to the existence of some factor 3299: 3273: 3131: 3105: 8: 5878: 5862: 1769:{\displaystyle \deg r_{k+1}<\deg r_{k}\,} 5955:Data Analysis BriefBook: Pade Approximation 3983:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3567:, we can apply 2-point Padé approximant to 2762:behaves in a non-analytic way near a point 2032:to obtain in each step the Bézout identity 5971:, Scott Dattalo, last accessed 2010-11-11. 5807:Extrapolation Methods. Theory and Practice 3029:which is expressed by asymptotic behavior 2386:{\displaystyle \sum _{z=1}^{\infty }f(z),} 2297: 2186: 1963: 1881: 1841: 1619: 576: 5780:Baker, G. A., Jr.; and Graves-Morris, P. 5595: 5562: 5521: 5447: 5282: 5272: 5256: 5246: 5222: 5212: 5196: 5186: 5176: 5163: 5146: 5100: 5084: 5069: 5053: 5034: 5021: 5012: 4992: 4958: 4944: 4935: 4921: 4912: 4898: 4889: 4875: 4861: 4847: 4838: 4824: 4818: 4800: 4794: 4751: 4737: 4728: 4714: 4705: 4691: 4671: 4657: 4648: 4634: 4628: 4614: 4600: 4598: 4561: 4547: 4527: 4513: 4504: 4478: 4444: 4430: 4421: 4407: 4398: 4384: 4375: 4361: 4345: 4331: 4317: 4308: 4294: 4285: 4271: 4262: 4248: 4232: 4223: 4203: 4169: 4155: 4146: 4132: 4123: 4109: 4089: 4075: 4066: 4052: 4049: 4029: 4003:Learn how and when to remove this message 3917: 3896: 3884: 3846: 3820: 3795: 3790: 3780: 3760: 3754: 3737: 3716: 3710: 3681: 3669:{\displaystyle x=x_{j}(j=1,2,3,\dots ,N)} 3621: 3609: 3572: 3543: 3513: 3491: 3485: 3450: 3424: 3395: 3365: 3343: 3337: 3298: 3297: 3282: 3272: 3271: 3250: 3229: 3199: 3193: 3167: 3130: 3129: 3114: 3104: 3103: 3082: 3070: 3040: 3034: 3005: 2979: 2935: 2919: 2889: 2871: 2863: 2814: 2809: 2794: 2777: 2687: 2677: 2667: 2656: 2628: 2618: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2524: 2512: 2489: 2463: 2443: 2437: 2426: 2404: 2398: 2362: 2351: 2345: 2308: 2288: 2276: 2246: 2240: 2204: 2191: 2165: 2152: 2146: 2099: 2065: 2043: 2037: 2016: 2006: 1987: 1968: 1954: 1944: 1925: 1906: 1886: 1866: 1846: 1826: 1820: 1787: 1781: 1765: 1759: 1734: 1722: 1686: 1673: 1663: 1644: 1624: 1604: 1598: 1554: 1548: 1512: 1506: 1466: 1426: 1393: 1364: 1331: 1325: 1321: 1299: 1275: 1246: 1172: 1165: 1156: 1150: 1119: 1109: 1090: 1080: 1064: 1051: 1029: 1023: 969: 957: 949: 897: 875: 850: 828: 792: 763: 737: 711: 678: 627: 589: 575: 434: 432: 394: 384: 365: 355: 339: 321: 311: 292: 282: 266: 253: 246: 234: 224: 214: 203: 185: 175: 165: 154: 147: 130: 5959:European Laboratory for Particle Physics 5364: 5338:Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula 3941:can be performed with higher accuracy. 3531:{\displaystyle f_{0}(x),f_{\infty }(x)} 3383:{\displaystyle f_{0}(x),f_{\infty }(x)} 1010:, Padé approximants can be computed by 5867:, . Volume 1881, Issue 90, Pages 1–17. 2235:and stops it at the last instant that 7: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 3981:adding citations to reliable sources 2846:the associated critical exponent of 1014:'s epsilon algorithm and also other 3332:By selecting the major behavior of 2549:is the Padé approximation of order 702:is expanded in a Maclaurin series ( 123:of order is the rational function 5949:The Wolfram Demonstrations Project 5393:SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 4604: 4601: 3866: 3514: 3464: 3432: 3366: 3314: 3283: 3251: 3200: 3175: 3000:, consider a case that a function 2823:{\displaystyle f(x)\sim |x-r|^{p}} 2438: 2363: 1239:polynomial greatest common divisor 14: 5597:10.1090/S0025-5718-1973-0382928-6 5471:Bini, Dario; Pan, Victor (1994). 3188:, additional asymptotic behavior 2317:{\displaystyle P=r_{k},\;Q=v_{k}} 5826:"Section 5.12 Padé Approximants" 5317: 3953: 3872:{\displaystyle x=0,x\to \infty } 1497:which can be interpreted as the 5621:Computer Physics Communications 3809: 3470:{\displaystyle x=0\sim \infty } 3307: 3139: 1901: 1861: 1639: 5729:"Padé approximant of log(1+x)" 5157: 5151: 5006: 5000: 4812: 4806: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4498: 4486: 4217: 4211: 4043: 4037: 3928: 3922: 3863: 3813: 3787: 3767: 3748: 3742: 3692: 3686: 3663: 3627: 3583: 3577: 3525: 3519: 3503: 3497: 3429: 3406: 3400: 3377: 3371: 3355: 3349: 3311: 3294: 3288: 3262: 3256: 3240: 3234: 3217:{\displaystyle f_{\infty }(x)} 3211: 3205: 3172: 3143: 3126: 3120: 3094: 3088: 3052: 3046: 3016: 3010: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2865: 2810: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2705: 2693: 2646: 2634: 2536: 2530: 2521: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2455: 2449: 2416: 2410: 2377: 2371: 2336:To study the resummation of a 2222: 2216: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2055: 2049: 1530: 1524: 1459: 1453: 1444: 1438: 1419: 1413: 1404: 1398: 1375: 1369: 1317: 1311: 1289: 1283: 1272: 1266: 1257: 1251: 1190: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1041: 1035: 981: 975: 966: 951: 818: 812: 803: 797: 774: 768: 689: 683: 651: 645: 640: 628: 613: 607: 602: 590: 562: 556: 538: 532: 514: 508: 490: 484: 466: 460: 447: 441: 141: 135: 68:. They have also been used as 1: 5754:"Padé approximant of sn(x|3)" 5436:Applied Numerical Mathematics 5704:"Padé approximant of exp(x)" 5679:"Padé approximant of sin(x)" 5641:10.1016/0010-4655(75)90068-5 5458:10.1016/0168-9274(95)00110-7 3600:Multi-point Padé approximant 3438:{\displaystyle x\to \infty } 3181:{\displaystyle x\to \infty } 2542:{\displaystyle R(x)=_{f}(x)} 1235:extended Euclidean algorithm 732:terms would equal the first 78:transcendental number theory 5578:Chisholm, J. S. R. (1973). 3905:{\displaystyle x\sim x_{j}} 2969:Two-points Padé approximant 6019: 5834:Cambridge University Press 5832:(3rd ed.), New York: 5584:Mathematics of Computation 2332:Riemann–Padé zeta function 1536:{\displaystyle T_{m+n}(x)} 5564:10.4249/scholarpedia.9756 5537:Baker, G. A. Jr. (2012). 1808:{\displaystyle r_{k+1}=0} 1575:{\displaystyle x^{m+n+1}} 74:Diophantine approximation 3390:, approximate functions 3058:{\displaystyle f_{0}(x)} 1016:sequence transformations 990:{\displaystyle _{f}(x).} 2907:{\displaystyle _{g}(x)} 5879: 5863: 5353:Function approximation 5301: 5119: 4971: 4764: 4574: 4457: 4182: 3935: 3906: 3873: 3833: 3726: 3699: 3670: 3590: 3561: 3560:{\displaystyle x\ln x} 3532: 3471: 3439: 3413: 3384: 3324: 3218: 3182: 3156: 3059: 3023: 2994: 2947: 2946:{\displaystyle g=f'/f} 2908: 2824: 2715: 2672: 2613: 2543: 2478: 2442: 2387: 2367: 2318: 2256: 2229: 2133: 2026: 1809: 1770: 1705: 1576: 1537: 1491: 1382: 1353: 1211: 1129: 1018:from the partial sums 991: 925: 781: 752: 726: 696: 665: 410: 219: 170: 26: 5892:Numerische Mathematik 5302: 5120: 4972: 4765: 4575: 4458: 4183: 3936: 3907: 3874: 3834: 3727: 3725:{\displaystyle n_{j}} 3700: 3671: 3591: 3562: 3533: 3472: 3440: 3414: 3385: 3325: 3219: 3183: 3157: 3060: 3024: 2995: 2948: 2909: 2840:a critical point and 2825: 2741:Riemann zeta function 2716: 2652: 2593: 2544: 2479: 2422: 2388: 2347: 2319: 2271:Then the polynomials 2257: 2255:{\displaystyle v_{k}} 2230: 2134: 2027: 1810: 1771: 1706: 1577: 1538: 1492: 1383: 1354: 1212: 1130: 992: 926: 782: 753: 727: 697: 666: 411: 199: 150: 22: 5947:, Oleksandr Pavlyk, 5502:Computers in Physics 5496:Adler, Joan (1994). 5347:Approximation theory 5145: 4991: 4793: 4597: 4477: 4202: 4028: 3977:improve this section 3934:{\displaystyle f(x)} 3916: 3883: 3845: 3736: 3709: 3698:{\displaystyle f(x)} 3680: 3608: 3589:{\displaystyle f(x)} 3571: 3542: 3484: 3449: 3423: 3412:{\displaystyle F(x)} 3394: 3336: 3228: 3192: 3166: 3069: 3033: 3022:{\displaystyle f(x)} 3004: 2978: 2918: 2862: 2776: 2590: 2488: 2397: 2344: 2275: 2239: 2145: 2036: 1819: 1780: 1721: 1597: 1547: 1505: 1392: 1381:{\displaystyle K(x)} 1363: 1245: 1149: 1022: 948: 791: 780:{\displaystyle f(x)} 762: 736: 710: 695:{\displaystyle R(x)} 677: 431: 129: 5991:Continued fractions 5633:1975CoPhC..10..234G 5555:2012SchpJ...7.9756B 5514:1994ComPh...8..287A 5498:"Series expansions" 5405:1966SJNA....3...91W 2993:{\displaystyle x=0} 2574:zeta regularization 1224:formal power series 751:{\displaystyle m+n} 725:{\displaystyle m+n} 82:Borel–Padé analysis 70:auxiliary functions 49:, but goes back to 6001:Rational functions 5996:Numerical analysis 5957:, Rudolf K. Bock 5931:"Padé Approximant" 5928:Weisstein, Eric W. 5904:10.1007/BF02162562 5791:Baker, G. A., Jr. 5539:"Padé approximant" 5373:"Padé Approximant" 5325:Mathematics portal 5297: 5115: 4967: 4760: 4570: 4453: 4178: 3931: 3902: 3869: 3829: 3722: 3695: 3666: 3586: 3557: 3528: 3467: 3435: 3409: 3380: 3320: 3214: 3178: 3152: 3055: 3019: 2990: 2943: 2904: 2820: 2711: 2539: 2474: 2383: 2314: 2252: 2225: 2129: 2022: 1805: 1766: 1701: 1572: 1533: 1487: 1378: 1349: 1207: 1125: 987: 921: 777: 748: 722: 692: 661: 659: 416:which agrees with 406: 27: 5945:Padé Approximants 5843:978-0-521-88068-8 5804:Redivo Zaglia, M. 5782:Padé Approximants 5482:978-0-8176-3786-6 5377:Wolfram MathWorld 5295: 5171: 5113: 5029: 5026: 4965: 4952: 4929: 4906: 4883: 4855: 4832: 4758: 4745: 4722: 4699: 4665: 4642: 4568: 4555: 4521: 4451: 4438: 4415: 4392: 4369: 4353: 4325: 4302: 4279: 4256: 4240: 4176: 4163: 4140: 4117: 4083: 4060: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3804: 2963:J. S. R. Chisholm 2469: 1202: 706:at 0), its first 673:Equivalently, if 401: 241: 96:Given a function 39:rational function 6008: 5941: 5940: 5914: 5882: 5866: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5846:, archived from 5793:Padé approximant 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5661:Ueoka, Yoshiki. 5658: 5645: 5644: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5599: 5590:(124): 841–848. 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523:10.1063/1.168493 5493: 5487: 5486: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5369: 5343: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5287: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5261: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5237: 5227: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5201: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5177: 5172: 5164: 5139: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5105: 5104: 5089: 5088: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5058: 5057: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5013: 4985: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4953: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4930: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4884: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4856: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4833: 4825: 4819: 4805: 4804: 4787: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4746: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4723: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4700: 4692: 4683: 4676: 4675: 4666: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4643: 4635: 4629: 4618: 4607: 4591: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4556: 4548: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4522: 4514: 4505: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4439: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4416: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4393: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4370: 4362: 4354: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4326: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4303: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4280: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4257: 4249: 4241: 4233: 4224: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4141: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4118: 4110: 4101: 4094: 4093: 4084: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4061: 4053: 4050: 4022: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3957: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3785: 3784: 3765: 3764: 3755: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3626: 3625: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3518: 3517: 3496: 3495: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3370: 3369: 3348: 3347: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3303: 3302: 3287: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3255: 3254: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3204: 3203: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3135: 3134: 3119: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3087: 3086: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3045: 3044: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3020: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2894: 2893: 2875: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2798: 2771: 2761: 2747:DLog Padé method 2738: 2729: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2692: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2671: 2666: 2633: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2607: 2582: 2571: 2561:of the function 2560: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2529: 2528: 2516: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2458: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2409: 2408: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2366: 2361: 2338:divergent series 2323: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2293: 2292: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2215: 2214: 2196: 2195: 2182: 2181: 2157: 2156: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2104: 2103: 2070: 2069: 2048: 2047: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2011: 2010: 1998: 1997: 1979: 1978: 1959: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1936: 1935: 1917: 1916: 1891: 1890: 1871: 1870: 1851: 1850: 1831: 1830: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1798: 1797: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1745: 1744: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1678: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1655: 1654: 1629: 1628: 1609: 1608: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1523: 1522: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1437: 1436: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1330: 1329: 1310: 1309: 1279: 1228:divergent series 1221: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1193: 1183: 1182: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1145:, i.e., we have 1144: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1114: 1113: 1095: 1094: 1085: 1084: 1069: 1068: 1056: 1055: 1034: 1033: 1009: 996: 994: 993: 988: 974: 973: 961: 930: 928: 927: 922: 914: 913: 892: 891: 867: 866: 845: 844: 786: 784: 783: 778: 757: 755: 754: 749: 731: 729: 728: 723: 701: 699: 698: 693: 670: 668: 667: 662: 660: 644: 643: 606: 605: 580: 571: 555: 531: 507: 483: 426: 415: 413: 412: 407: 402: 400: 399: 398: 389: 388: 370: 369: 360: 359: 344: 343: 327: 326: 325: 316: 315: 297: 296: 287: 286: 271: 270: 258: 257: 247: 242: 240: 239: 238: 229: 228: 218: 213: 191: 190: 189: 180: 179: 169: 164: 148: 121:Padé approximant 118: 111: 101: 35:Padé approximant 6018: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6005: 5981: 5980: 5975:MATLAB function 5926: 5925: 5922: 5886: 5861:Frobenius, G.; 5853: 5851: 5844: 5823: 5802:Brezinski, C.; 5777: 5772: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5738: 5736: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5688: 5686: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5660: 5659: 5648: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5413:10.1137/0703007 5390: 5388: 5384: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5341: 5323: 5316: 5313: 5278: 5268: 5252: 5242: 5238: 5218: 5208: 5192: 5182: 5178: 5143: 5142: 5130: 5096: 5080: 5076: 5065: 5049: 5036: 5017: 4989: 4988: 4979: 4954: 4931: 4908: 4885: 4868: 4857: 4834: 4820: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4781: 4775: 4747: 4724: 4701: 4684: 4667: 4644: 4630: 4595: 4594: 4585: 4557: 4534: 4523: 4506: 4475: 4474: 4465: 4440: 4417: 4394: 4371: 4338: 4327: 4304: 4281: 4258: 4225: 4200: 4199: 4190: 4165: 4142: 4119: 4102: 4085: 4062: 4051: 4026: 4025: 4016: 4009: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3974: 3958: 3947: 3914: 3913: 3892: 3881: 3880: 3843: 3842: 3816: 3791: 3786: 3776: 3766: 3756: 3734: 3733: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3678: 3677: 3617: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3569: 3568: 3540: 3539: 3509: 3487: 3482: 3481: 3480:In cases where 3447: 3446: 3421: 3420: 3392: 3391: 3361: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3278: 3246: 3226: 3225: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3164: 3163: 3110: 3078: 3067: 3066: 3036: 3031: 3030: 3002: 3001: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2959: 2957:Generalizations 2927: 2916: 2915: 2885: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2831: 2808: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2752: 2749: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2683: 2673: 2624: 2614: 2588: 2587: 2577: 2562: 2550: 2520: 2486: 2485: 2459: 2445: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2304: 2284: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2200: 2187: 2161: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2095: 2061: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2012: 2002: 1983: 1964: 1950: 1940: 1921: 1902: 1882: 1862: 1842: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1755: 1730: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1682: 1669: 1659: 1640: 1620: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1499:Bézout identity 1462: 1422: 1390: 1389: 1361: 1360: 1320: 1295: 1243: 1242: 1241:. The relation 1217: 1194: 1168: 1167: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1115: 1105: 1086: 1076: 1060: 1047: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1005: 1002: 965: 946: 945: 893: 871: 846: 824: 789: 788: 760: 759: 734: 733: 708: 707: 675: 674: 658: 657: 623: 616: 585: 582: 581: 569: 568: 548: 541: 524: 521: 520: 500: 493: 476: 473: 472: 450: 429: 428: 417: 390: 380: 361: 351: 335: 328: 317: 307: 288: 278: 262: 249: 248: 230: 220: 192: 181: 171: 149: 127: 126: 113: 106: 97: 94: 51:Georg Frobenius 17: 12: 11: 5: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5952: 5942: 5921: 5920:External links 5918: 5917: 5916: 5898:(3): 264–269, 5884: 5875: 5870:Gragg, W. B.; 5868: 5859: 5842: 5821: 5819:978-0444888143 5800: 5789: 5786:Cambridge U.P. 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5745: 5720: 5695: 5670: 5646: 5627:(4): 234–244. 5611: 5570: 5529: 5488: 5481: 5463: 5449:10.1.1.20.9528 5442:(3): 299–318. 5426: 5382: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5293: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5170: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5140: 5125: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5033: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4986: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4874: 4871: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4592: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4472: 4463: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4197: 4188: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4023: 4011: 4010: 3993:September 2018 3961: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3719: 3715: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3676:of a function 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3601: 3598: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2970: 2967: 2958: 2955: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2748: 2745: 2734: 2725: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2473: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2333: 2330: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2249: 2245: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1715:= 1, 2, 3, ... 1700: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1222:can also be a 1206: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1001: 998: 986: 983: 980: 977: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 953: 920: 917: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 896: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 874: 870: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 849: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 827: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 776: 773: 770: 767: 747: 744: 741: 721: 718: 715: 691: 688: 685: 682: 656: 653: 650: 647: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 626: 622: 619: 617: 615: 612: 609: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 588: 584: 583: 579: 574: 572: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 554: 551: 547: 544: 542: 540: 537: 534: 530: 527: 523: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 506: 503: 499: 496: 494: 492: 489: 486: 482: 479: 475: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 451: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 436: 405: 397: 393: 387: 383: 379: 376: 373: 368: 364: 358: 354: 350: 347: 342: 338: 334: 331: 324: 320: 314: 310: 306: 303: 300: 295: 291: 285: 281: 277: 274: 269: 265: 261: 256: 252: 245: 237: 233: 227: 223: 217: 212: 209: 206: 202: 198: 195: 188: 184: 178: 174: 168: 163: 160: 157: 153: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 93: 90: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6014: 6013: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5850:on 2016-03-03 5849: 5845: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5811:North-Holland 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5759: 5758:Wolfram Alpha 5755: 5749: 5746: 5734: 5733:Wolfram Alpha 5730: 5724: 5721: 5709: 5708:Wolfram Alpha 5705: 5699: 5696: 5684: 5683:Wolfram Alpha 5680: 5674: 5671: 5666: 5665: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5399:(1): 91–122. 5398: 5394: 5389:Theorem 1 in 5386: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5291: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5168: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5031: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4611: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4581: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3996: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3962:This section 3960: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3925: 3919: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3839: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3792: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3717: 3713: 3689: 3683: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3599: 3597: 3580: 3574: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3522: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3426: 3403: 3397: 3374: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3291: 3279: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3208: 3196: 3169: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3013: 3007: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2954: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2898: 2890: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2815: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2728: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2554: 2533: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2471: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2446: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2339: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2269: 2266: 2247: 2243: 2219: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1714: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1527: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1372: 1366: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1314: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1187: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1138: 1137:Taylor series 1120: 1116: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1013: 1008: 999: 997: 984: 978: 970: 962: 958: 954: 942: 940: 936: 931: 918: 915: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 894: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 872: 868: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 847: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 825: 821: 815: 809: 806: 800: 794: 771: 765: 745: 742: 739: 719: 716: 713: 705: 704:Taylor series 686: 680: 671: 654: 648: 637: 634: 631: 624: 620: 618: 610: 599: 596: 593: 586: 577: 573: 565: 559: 552: 549: 545: 543: 535: 528: 525: 517: 511: 504: 501: 497: 495: 487: 480: 477: 469: 463: 457: 454: 452: 444: 438: 424: 420: 403: 395: 391: 385: 381: 377: 374: 371: 366: 362: 356: 352: 348: 345: 340: 336: 332: 329: 322: 318: 312: 308: 304: 301: 298: 293: 289: 283: 279: 275: 272: 267: 263: 259: 254: 250: 243: 235: 231: 225: 221: 215: 210: 207: 204: 200: 196: 193: 186: 182: 176: 172: 166: 161: 158: 155: 151: 144: 138: 132: 124: 122: 116: 109: 105: 100: 91: 89: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:Taylor series 54: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 25: 21: 5934: 5895: 5891: 5871: 5852:, retrieved 5848:the original 5829: 5806: 5799:, 7(6):9756. 5797:Scholarpedia 5781: 5762:. Retrieved 5748: 5737:. Retrieved 5723: 5712:. Retrieved 5698: 5687:. Retrieved 5673: 5663: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5546: 5543:Scholarpedia 5542: 5532: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5472: 5466: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5376: 5367: 5135: 5131: 4981: 4950:120301977600 4783: 4776: 4587: 4467: 4192: 4018: 3999: 3990: 3975:Please help 3963: 3840: 3603: 3479: 3331: 2972: 2960: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2830:, one calls 2768: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2732: 2723: 2585: 2578: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2335: 2270: 2268:or smaller. 2264: 2140: 1712: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1232: 1218: 1141: 1006: 1003: 943: 938: 934: 932: 672: 422: 418: 125: 120: 114: 107: 98: 95: 86: 66:calculations 55: 43:power series 34: 28: 5549:(6): 9756. 2262:has degree 1000:Computation 787:, and thus 31:mathematics 5985:Categories 5877:Padé, H.; 5854:2011-08-09 5775:Literature 5764:2022-01-16 5739:2023-09-16 5714:2024-01-03 5689:2022-01-16 5508:(3): 287. 5360:References 5333:Padé table 5232:8714684160 4743:2977897230 2326:Padé table 1388:such that 1004:For given 92:Definition 47:Henri Padé 24:Henri Padé 5936:MathWorld 5912:123789548 5606:0025-5718 5444:CiteSeerX 5270:π 5244:π 5210:π 5206:147189744 5203:− 5184:π 5174:⋅ 5161:≈ 5032:⋅ 5024:π 5010:≈ 4998:⁡ 4927:358041600 4822:− 4816:≈ 4712:− 4655:− 4640:283609260 4632:− 4626:≈ 4502:≈ 4484:⁡ 4428:− 4382:− 4343:− 4221:≈ 4209:⁡ 4073:− 4047:≈ 4035:⁡ 3964:does not 3890:∼ 3867:∞ 3864:→ 3814:→ 3774:− 3752:∼ 3655:… 3552:⁡ 3515:∞ 3465:∞ 3462:∼ 3433:∞ 3430:→ 3367:∞ 3315:∞ 3312:→ 3284:∞ 3252:∞ 3244:∼ 3201:∞ 3176:∞ 3173:→ 3144:→ 3076:∼ 2803:− 2792:∼ 2700:− 2685:ζ 2654:∑ 2641:− 2626:ζ 2595:∑ 2576:value at 2439:∞ 2424:∑ 2402:ζ 2364:∞ 2349:∑ 2000:− 1992:− 1938:− 1930:− 1753:⁡ 1728:⁡ 1649:− 1100:⋯ 919:⋯ 807:− 758:terms of 578:⋮ 375:⋯ 302:⋯ 201:∑ 152:∑ 5969:Sinewave 5888:Wynn, P. 5813:, 1991. 5311:See also 5292:64553216 4830:28416000 4740:62531591 4720:56721852 4161:16662240 3945:Examples 2932:′ 2914:, where 1776:, until 1237:for the 553:″ 529:″ 505:′ 481:′ 104:integers 102:and two 62:converge 5788:, 1996. 5629:Bibcode 5551:Bibcode 5510:Bibcode 5421:2949688 5401:Bibcode 5128:Fresnel 4904:3729600 4717:5922035 4697:1575607 4663:4726821 4637:9851629 4058:4363920 3985:removed 3970:sources 3162:and at 1135:of the 5910:  5840:  5817:  5604:  5479:  5446:  5419:  5266:523536 5180:990791 4773:Bessel 4694:859490 4660:572744 4583:Jacobi 4138:872784 2721:where 2572:. The 2484:where 2340:, say 119:, the 5908:S2CID 5417:JSTOR 5038:49140 4466:ln(1+ 4436:30240 4323:30240 4115:12122 4081:18183 4055:12671 2772:like 1717:with 5963:CERN 5838:ISBN 5815:ISBN 5760:Site 5735:Site 5710:Site 5685:Site 5602:ISSN 5477:ISBN 5240:1749 5110:3276 5094:1330 5047:3570 4980:erf( 4947:2767 4924:1339 4901:1453 4881:5550 4853:3840 4413:1008 4300:1008 4191:exp( 4078:2363 4017:sin( 3968:any 3966:cite 2730:and 1747:< 1589:and 1543:and 1012:Wynn 937:and 112:and 76:and 33:, a 5900:doi 5809:. 5784:. 5637:doi 5592:doi 5559:doi 5518:doi 5454:doi 5409:doi 5169:135 5078:165 5063:739 4995:erf 4878:151 4827:107 4590:|3) 4586:sn( 4206:exp 4158:121 4135:601 4112:445 4032:sin 3979:by 3732:by 2581:= 0 1750:deg 1725:deg 1323:mod 1139:of 117:≥ 1 110:≥ 0 72:in 29:In 5987:: 5961:, 5933:. 5906:, 5894:, 5836:, 5828:, 5795:, 5756:. 5731:. 5706:. 5681:. 5649:^ 5635:. 5625:10 5623:. 5600:. 5588:27 5586:. 5582:. 5557:. 5545:. 5541:. 5516:. 5504:. 5500:. 5452:. 5440:20 5438:. 5415:. 5407:. 5395:. 5375:. 5019:15 4481:ln 4390:72 4277:72 3549:ln 3477:. 3224:: 3065:: 2953:. 2835:= 2767:= 2743:. 2555:, 2328:. 1582:. 1230:. 941:. 84:. 5965:. 5951:. 5939:. 5915:. 5902:: 5896:8 5858:. 5767:. 5742:. 5717:. 5692:. 5667:. 5643:. 5639:: 5631:: 5608:. 5594:: 5567:. 5561:: 5553:: 5547:7 5526:. 5520:: 5512:: 5506:8 5485:. 5460:. 5456:: 5423:. 5411:: 5403:: 5397:3 5379:. 5289:+ 5284:4 5280:x 5274:2 5263:+ 5258:8 5254:x 5248:4 5235:x 5229:+ 5224:5 5220:x 5214:2 5198:9 5194:x 5188:4 5166:1 5158:) 5155:x 5152:( 5149:C 5138:) 5136:x 5134:( 5132:C 5107:+ 5102:2 5098:x 5091:+ 5086:4 5082:x 5071:5 5067:x 5060:+ 5055:3 5051:x 5044:+ 5041:x 5015:2 5007:) 5004:x 5001:( 4984:) 4982:x 4960:8 4956:x 4942:+ 4937:6 4933:x 4919:+ 4914:4 4910:x 4896:+ 4891:2 4887:x 4873:+ 4870:1 4863:5 4859:x 4850:1 4845:+ 4840:7 4836:x 4813:) 4810:x 4807:( 4802:5 4798:J 4786:) 4784:x 4782:( 4780:5 4777:J 4753:6 4749:z 4735:+ 4730:4 4726:z 4707:2 4703:z 4689:+ 4686:1 4681:z 4678:+ 4673:3 4669:z 4650:5 4646:z 4623:) 4620:3 4616:| 4612:z 4609:( 4605:n 4602:s 4588:z 4563:2 4559:x 4553:6 4550:1 4545:+ 4542:x 4539:+ 4536:1 4529:2 4525:x 4519:2 4516:1 4511:+ 4508:x 4499:) 4496:x 4493:+ 4490:1 4487:( 4470:) 4468:x 4446:5 4442:x 4433:1 4423:4 4419:x 4410:1 4405:+ 4400:3 4396:x 4387:1 4377:2 4373:x 4367:9 4364:1 4359:+ 4356:x 4351:2 4348:1 4340:1 4333:5 4329:x 4320:1 4315:+ 4310:4 4306:x 4297:1 4292:+ 4287:3 4283:x 4274:1 4269:+ 4264:2 4260:x 4254:9 4251:1 4246:+ 4243:x 4238:2 4235:1 4230:+ 4227:1 4218:) 4215:x 4212:( 4195:) 4193:x 4171:6 4167:x 4153:+ 4148:4 4144:x 4130:+ 4125:2 4121:x 4107:+ 4104:1 4099:x 4096:+ 4091:3 4087:x 4068:5 4064:x 4044:) 4041:x 4038:( 4021:) 4019:x 4006:) 4000:( 3995:) 3991:( 3987:. 3973:. 3929:) 3926:x 3923:( 3920:f 3898:j 3894:x 3887:x 3861:x 3858:, 3855:0 3852:= 3849:x 3827:. 3822:j 3818:x 3811:x 3807:, 3797:j 3793:n 3788:) 3782:j 3778:x 3771:x 3768:( 3762:j 3758:A 3749:) 3746:x 3743:( 3740:f 3718:j 3714:n 3693:) 3690:x 3687:( 3684:f 3664:) 3661:N 3658:, 3652:, 3649:3 3646:, 3643:2 3640:, 3637:1 3634:= 3631:j 3628:( 3623:j 3619:x 3615:= 3612:x 3584:) 3581:x 3578:( 3575:f 3555:x 3546:x 3526:) 3523:x 3520:( 3511:f 3507:, 3504:) 3501:x 3498:( 3493:0 3489:f 3459:0 3456:= 3453:x 3427:x 3407:) 3404:x 3401:( 3398:F 3378:) 3375:x 3372:( 3363:f 3359:, 3356:) 3353:x 3350:( 3345:0 3341:f 3318:. 3309:x 3305:, 3300:) 3295:) 3292:x 3289:( 3280:f 3274:( 3269:o 3266:+ 3263:) 3260:x 3257:( 3248:f 3241:) 3238:x 3235:( 3232:f 3212:) 3209:x 3206:( 3197:f 3170:x 3150:, 3147:0 3141:x 3137:, 3132:) 3127:) 3124:x 3121:( 3116:0 3112:f 3106:( 3101:o 3098:+ 3095:) 3092:x 3089:( 3084:0 3080:f 3073:f 3053:) 3050:x 3047:( 3042:0 3038:f 3017:) 3014:x 3011:( 3008:f 2988:0 2985:= 2982:x 2941:f 2937:/ 2929:f 2925:= 2922:g 2902:) 2899:x 2896:( 2891:g 2887:] 2883:1 2880:+ 2877:n 2873:/ 2869:n 2866:[ 2855:f 2849:f 2843:p 2837:r 2833:x 2816:p 2811:| 2806:r 2800:x 2796:| 2789:) 2786:x 2783:( 2780:f 2769:r 2765:x 2760:) 2758:x 2756:( 2754:f 2735:j 2733:b 2726:j 2724:a 2709:, 2706:) 2703:j 2697:s 2694:( 2689:0 2679:j 2675:b 2669:m 2664:0 2661:= 2658:j 2650:= 2647:) 2644:j 2638:s 2635:( 2630:R 2620:j 2616:a 2610:n 2605:0 2602:= 2599:j 2579:s 2570:) 2568:x 2566:( 2564:f 2559:) 2557:n 2553:m 2551:( 2537:) 2534:x 2531:( 2526:f 2522:] 2518:n 2514:/ 2510:m 2507:[ 2504:= 2501:) 2498:x 2495:( 2492:R 2472:, 2465:s 2461:z 2456:) 2453:z 2450:( 2447:R 2434:1 2431:= 2428:z 2420:= 2417:) 2414:s 2411:( 2406:R 2381:, 2378:) 2375:z 2372:( 2369:f 2359:1 2356:= 2353:z 2310:k 2306:v 2302:= 2299:Q 2295:, 2290:k 2286:r 2282:= 2279:P 2265:n 2248:k 2244:v 2223:) 2220:x 2217:( 2212:n 2209:+ 2206:m 2202:T 2198:= 2193:1 2189:r 2184:, 2179:1 2176:+ 2173:n 2170:+ 2167:m 2163:x 2159:= 2154:0 2150:r 2127:. 2124:) 2121:x 2118:( 2115:q 2112:) 2109:x 2106:( 2101:k 2097:v 2093:+ 2090:) 2087:x 2084:( 2081:p 2078:) 2075:x 2072:( 2067:k 2063:u 2059:= 2056:) 2053:x 2050:( 2045:k 2041:r 2018:k 2014:v 2008:k 2004:q 1995:1 1989:k 1985:v 1981:= 1976:1 1973:+ 1970:k 1966:v 1961:, 1956:k 1952:u 1946:k 1942:q 1933:1 1927:k 1923:u 1919:= 1914:1 1911:+ 1908:k 1904:u 1899:, 1896:1 1893:= 1888:1 1884:v 1879:, 1876:0 1873:= 1868:1 1864:u 1859:, 1856:0 1853:= 1848:0 1844:v 1839:, 1836:1 1833:= 1828:0 1824:u 1803:0 1800:= 1795:1 1792:+ 1789:k 1785:r 1761:k 1757:r 1742:1 1739:+ 1736:k 1732:r 1713:k 1699:, 1694:1 1691:+ 1688:k 1684:r 1680:+ 1675:k 1671:r 1665:k 1661:q 1657:= 1652:1 1646:k 1642:r 1637:, 1634:q 1631:= 1626:1 1622:r 1617:, 1614:p 1611:= 1606:0 1602:r 1591:q 1587:p 1568:1 1565:+ 1562:n 1559:+ 1556:m 1552:x 1531:) 1528:x 1525:( 1520:n 1517:+ 1514:m 1510:T 1485:, 1480:1 1477:+ 1474:n 1471:+ 1468:m 1464:x 1460:) 1457:x 1454:( 1451:K 1448:+ 1445:) 1442:x 1439:( 1434:n 1431:+ 1428:m 1424:T 1420:) 1417:x 1414:( 1411:Q 1408:= 1405:) 1402:x 1399:( 1396:P 1376:) 1373:x 1370:( 1367:K 1345:1 1342:+ 1339:n 1336:+ 1333:m 1327:x 1318:) 1315:x 1312:( 1307:n 1304:+ 1301:m 1297:T 1293:= 1290:) 1287:x 1284:( 1281:Q 1277:/ 1273:) 1270:x 1267:( 1264:P 1261:= 1258:) 1255:x 1252:( 1249:R 1219:f 1205:. 1199:! 1196:k 1191:) 1188:0 1185:( 1180:) 1177:k 1174:( 1170:f 1163:= 1158:k 1154:c 1142:f 1121:N 1117:x 1111:N 1107:c 1103:+ 1097:+ 1092:2 1088:x 1082:2 1078:c 1074:+ 1071:x 1066:1 1062:c 1058:+ 1053:0 1049:c 1045:= 1042:) 1039:x 1036:( 1031:N 1027:T 1007:x 985:. 982:) 979:x 976:( 971:f 967:] 963:n 959:/ 955:m 952:[ 939:n 935:m 916:+ 911:2 908:+ 905:n 902:+ 899:m 895:x 889:2 886:+ 883:n 880:+ 877:m 873:c 869:+ 864:1 861:+ 858:n 855:+ 852:m 848:x 842:1 839:+ 836:n 833:+ 830:m 826:c 822:= 819:) 816:x 813:( 810:R 804:) 801:x 798:( 795:f 775:) 772:x 769:( 766:f 746:n 743:+ 740:m 720:n 717:+ 714:m 690:) 687:x 684:( 681:R 655:. 652:) 649:0 646:( 641:) 638:n 635:+ 632:m 629:( 625:R 621:= 614:) 611:0 608:( 603:) 600:n 597:+ 594:m 591:( 587:f 566:, 563:) 560:0 557:( 550:R 546:= 539:) 536:0 533:( 526:f 518:, 515:) 512:0 509:( 502:R 498:= 491:) 488:0 485:( 478:f 470:, 467:) 464:0 461:( 458:R 455:= 448:) 445:0 442:( 439:f 425:) 423:x 421:( 419:f 404:, 396:n 392:x 386:n 382:b 378:+ 372:+ 367:2 363:x 357:2 353:b 349:+ 346:x 341:1 337:b 333:+ 330:1 323:m 319:x 313:m 309:a 305:+ 299:+ 294:2 290:x 284:2 280:a 276:+ 273:x 268:1 264:a 260:+ 255:0 251:a 244:= 236:k 232:x 226:k 222:b 216:n 211:1 208:= 205:k 197:+ 194:1 187:j 183:x 177:j 173:a 167:m 162:0 159:= 156:j 145:= 142:) 139:x 136:( 133:R 115:n 108:m 99:f

Index


Henri Padé
mathematics
rational function
power series
Henri Padé
Georg Frobenius
Taylor series
converge
calculations
auxiliary functions
Diophantine approximation
transcendental number theory
Borel–Padé analysis
integers
Taylor series
Wynn
sequence transformations
Taylor series
formal power series
divergent series
extended Euclidean algorithm
polynomial greatest common divisor
Bézout identity
Padé table
divergent series
zeta regularization
Riemann zeta function
J. S. R. Chisholm

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