644:, and asserted that the texts clearly state that it is indeed Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal entombed within, and that he did in fact die at the advanced age of 80, after reigning for 68 years. More recent morphometric analysis of the rest of the skeleton demonstrates that the entombed individual could not have lived less than fifty years and most likely died in their eighth or ninth decade of life, consistent with the textual evidence rather than the younger age estimates of early researchers. The disparity between the dental wear and the skeletal morphology is likely due to Pakal's aristocratic status, which would have allowed him access to a softer, less abrasive diet than the average Maya person so that his teeth naturally acquired less wear. Unusually large accumulations of
584:
620:
680:. Around the edges of the lid is a band with cosmological signs, including those for sun, moon, and star, as well as the heads of six named noblemen of varying rank. The central image is that of a cruciform world tree. Beneath Pakal is one of the heads of a celestial two-headed serpent viewed frontally. Both the king and the serpent head on which he seems to rest are framed by the open jaws of a funerary serpent, a common iconographic device for signalling entrance into, or residence in, the realm(s) of the dead. The king himself wears the attributes of the
242:
541:"White Skin House" in Classic Maya for its white coat of paint rather than the red used elsewhere in the palace. The east court of the palace is a ceremonial area marking military triumphs. Houses B and C were built in 661 and house A in 668. House A is covered with frescos of prisoners captured in 662. The monuments and text associated with Pakal are: Oval Palace Tablet, Hieroglyphic Stairway, House C texts, Subterranean Thrones and Tableritos, Olvidado piers and sarcophagus texts.
415:
1918:
318:
661:
526:
329:
62:
537:(The Forgotten) in Spanish due to its distance from Lakamhaʼ. Of all Pakal's construction projects, perhaps the most accomplished is the Palace of Palenque. The building was already in existence, but Pakal enlarged it greatly by adding monument rooms onto the old level of the building. He then constructed Building E, called
722:
influence on the ancient Maya. Such an interpretation is almost universally denounced by archaeologists, epigraphers, and art historians of the Maya, who point out that von Däniken's claim relies solely upon visual inspection, paying heed neither to the broader archaeological context nor to a wealth
611:
in 1948. It took four years to clear the rubble from the stairway leading down to Pakal's tomb, but it was finally uncovered in 1952. His skeletal remains were still lying in his sarcophagus, wearing a jade mask and bead necklaces, surrounded by sculptures and stucco reliefs depicting the ruler's
631:
Initially, it was hotly debated whether the bones in the tomb were really those of Pakal. The skeleton's comparatively minor degree of dental wear suggested the owner's age as some 40 years younger than the age recorded for Pakal in the inscriptional texts, leading some—including the tomb's
295:
of any sovereign monarch in history, the longest in world history for more than a millennium, and still the longest reign of any monarch in the history of the
Americas. During his long rule, Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving
651:
Further archaeological explorations have continued to shed light on Pakal's burial site. In 2016 an underground water tunnel was discovered under the Temple of
Inscriptions; a stucco mask depicting an elderly Pakal was subsequently found in August 2018.
607:. Though Palenque had been examined by archaeologists before, the secret to opening his tomb—closed off by a stone slab with stone plugs in the holes, which had until then escaped the attention of archaeologists—was discovered by Mexican archaeologist
463:(Pakal's maternal grandfather and namesake) triggered a crisis of succession; eventually Pakal ascended to the rulership of Palenque on 9.9.2.4.8 (July 615), at the age of twelve, after an interim regency by his mother Lady Sak Kʼukʼ.
544:
Pakal was widowed when Tzʼakbu Ajaw, his wife of 47 years, died on 9.12.0.6.18 (November 672). Eight years later, Pakal also saw the death of Tiwol Chan Mat (his third son), and presided over his burial ceremony.
1299:
Turner, Derek D.; Turner, Michelle I. (2021). ""I'm not saying it was aliens": an archaeological and philosophical analysis of a conspiracy theory". In Killin, Anton; Allen-Hermanson, Sean (eds.).
1535:
Tiesler, V.; Cucina, A.; Pacheco, A. Romano (2004-10-18). "Who was the Red Queen? Identity of the female Maya dignitary from the sarcophagus tomb of Temple XIII, Palenque, Mexico".
514:
at the age of twelve, Pakal's mother was a regent to him. Over the years she slowly ceded power until she died in
September 640. In 659 Pakal captured six prisoners; one of them,
380:, to distinguish him from other rulers with this name who either preceded or followed him in the dynastic lineage of Palenque. Confusingly, he has at times been referred to as
1134:
Buikstra, Jane E.; Milner, George R.; Boldsen, Jesper L. (2006). "Janaab' Pakal: the age-at-death controversy revisited". In
Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
2669:
2674:
632:
discoverer
Alberto Ruz Lhuillier—to contend that the texts must have referred to two people with the same name or used a non-standard method of recording time.
560:
as one of the patron gods of
Palenque. He was survived at least by his two sons Kan Bahlam and Kʼan Joy Chitam—each of whom subsequently also became Palenque's
1159:
Stout, Sam D.; Streeter, Margaret (2006). "A histomorphometric analysis of the cortical bone of Janaab' Pakal's rib". In
Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
1665:
684:—in particular a turtle ornament on the breast—and is shown in a peculiar posture that may denote rebirth. Interpretation of the lid has raised controversy.
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Pakal expanded
Palenque's power in the western part of the Maya states and initiated a building program at his capital that produced some of
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865:
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astronauts in the 1960s; he interpreted drawings underneath Pakal as rockets, and offered the sarcophagus lid as possible evidence of an
1525:
1409:
1379:
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Pakal's birth came during a particularly turbulent time in
Palenque's history. Palenque had been sacked by the powerful Maya state of
1089:
292:
588:
2558:
2568:
1991:
1865:
1793:
1788:
1193:
Tiesler, Vera (2006). "Life and death of the ruler: recent bioarchaeological findings". In
Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
1055:
Tiesler, Vera (2006). "Life and death of the ruler: recent bioarchaeological findings". In Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
995:
Tiesler, Vera (2006). "Life and death of the ruler: recent bioarchaeological findings". In Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
934:
Tiesler, Vera (2006). "Life and death of the ruler: recent bioarchaeological findings". In Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
774:
569:
565:
488:
427:
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inscriptions and monumental architecture. He is perhaps best known in popular culture for his depiction on the carved lid of his
198:
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1808:
384:"Pakal I" or "Pakal II". Reference to him as Pakal II alludes to his maternal grandfather (died c. 612), who also bore the name
2127:
1846:
1585:
1458:
1342:
1905:
636:, on the other hand, insisted that allowing for such possibilities would go against everything else that is known about the
816:
Maya rulership titles and name glyphs themselves do not use regnal numbers; they are a convenience only of modern scholars.
2664:
2543:
1895:
475:'s finest art and architecture. On 9.9.13.0.7 (March 626), he married Ix Tzʼakbu Ajaw, a descendant of the former ruling
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of Santa Elena, was captured and taken to Palenque. Santa Elena became a tributary of Palenque. Having been appointed
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522:. Another lord of Pipaʼ was slain by Pakal in 663; at this time he also captured six people from Santa Elena.
484:
194:
114:
616:. Traces of pigment show that these were once colorfully painted, common of much Maya sculpture at the time.
2023:
1389:
288:
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Pakal died on 9.12.11.5.18 (August 683), at the age of 80, having ruled Palenque for 68 years and 33 days.
2293:
794:: acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etzʼnab 11 Yax (Martin & Grube 2008, p. 162).
706:
31:
1476:
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2013:
1964:
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of additional research on Classic Maya artistic conventions, symbolism, cosmology, and written history.
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346:
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Von Däniken reproduced a drawing of the sarcophagus lid (though incorrectly labelling it as being from
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is used, this serves to distinguish him from two later known successors to the American rulership,
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2300:
1689:
668:
The large carved stone sarcophagus lid in the Temple of Inscriptions is a unique piece of Classic
2361:
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1839:
577:
534:
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during Pakal's early childhood in 611. The deaths the following year of both the ruling Palenque
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In 647, at the age of 44, Pakal began his first construction project, the temple today called
472:
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291:. He acceded to the throne in July 615 and ruled until his death. Pakal reigned 68 years—the
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1971:
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1398:
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
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672:. Iconographically, however, it is closely related to the large wall panels of the
664:
Carved lid of the tomb of Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I in the Temple of the Inscriptions.
460:
385:
1350:
738:" as an incarnation named "Valum Votan," who would act as a "closer of the cycle"
1030:
2468:
2386:
2262:
2201:
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2018:
1237:"This Haunting Mask Could Be The Face of The Longest-Reigning Ancient Maya King"
641:
633:
362:
297:
66:
Kʼinich Janaab Pakal's portrait on occasion of ascension from Oval Palace Tablet
1548:
394:
ranking, he does not himself appear to have been a king. When instead the name
17:
2381:
2040:
1986:
1031:"The Tomb of K'inich Janaab Pakal: The Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque"
677:
580:, a royal official inaugurated under the reign of Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II.
557:
91:
1556:
1419:
445:
just four years earlier, and another catastrophic attack was led by Calakmul
2351:
2272:
1976:
1195:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
1161:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
1136:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
1057:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
997:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
936:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
804:
595:
Pakal was buried in a colossal sarcophagus within the largest of Palenque's
2186:
1564:
866:"Believe in Atlantis? These archaeologists want to win you back to science"
603:"House of the Nine Sharpened Spears" in Classic Maya and now known as the
365:, Pakal had been known by various nicknames and approximations, including
328:
2618:
2478:
2463:
2446:
2441:
2181:
2030:
1674:
1625:
781:; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etzʼnab 11 Yax (Tiesler & Cucina 2004, p. 40).
711:
669:
442:
423:
281:
170:
130:
76:
2508:
2473:
2366:
2191:
1937:
1084:. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute. pp. 117–119, 152–153.
135:
1450:
The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Temples and Tombs
742:(an event that is also significant on Argüelles' "13 Moon" calendar).
2458:
2406:
2371:
2176:
1643:
139:
1824:
1433:
Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)
1219:"Incredible Maya discovery: Ancient king's mask uncovered in Mexico"
61:
2503:
2488:
2436:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2206:
735:
618:
582:
413:
376:
In modern sources Pakal's name is also sometimes appended with a
2171:
2144:
688:
saw Pakal falling down the Milky Way into the southern horizon.
390:
272:
72:
46:
1828:
1647:
1501:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
648:
on his teeth are also consistent with such an interpretation.
483:; during their long marriage, they had at least two sons—
388:. However, although his grandfather was a personage of
1602:
Mesoweb's description of the discovery of Pakal's tomb
1370:
Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path
1366:
Freidel, David A.; Schele, Linda; Parker, Joy (1993).
361:. Before his name was securely deciphered from extant
1576:
Chariots of the Gods?: Unsolved Mysteries of the Past
750:(2006), also uses the name "Pacal Votan" for Pakal.
2592:
2517:
2317:
2215:
2160:
2084:
1925:
1864:
1713:
1681:
807:
of France; Louis's record still stands as of today.
726:Another example of this carving's manifestation in
418:
Mounted funerary jewelry of Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I.
345:("Radiant Corn-Flower (?) Shield"), is rendered in
236:
226:
216:
206:
188:
177:
161:
147:
124:
120:
110:
100:
90:
82:
71:
39:
1573:
1367:
406:, the last-known Palenque ruler (ruled c. 799).
1197:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 21–47.
1163:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 60–67.
1138:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 48–59.
1059:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 21–47.
999:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 21–47.
938:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 21–47.
434:of the ruling Palenque dynasty and her husband
803:Pakal's record was surpassed in June 1711, by
1840:
1659:
765:
763:
8:
1271:Freidel, Schele & Parker 1993, pp. 76–77
1082:The Inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque
518:, was from Pipaʼ, generally associated with
30:"Pakal" redirects here. For other uses, see
674:temples of the Cross and the Foliated Cross
1847:
1833:
1825:
1666:
1652:
1644:
1607:
1301:Explorations in Archaeology and Philosophy
60:
36:
906:Skidmore 2010, pp. 56–57, 71–73, 83, 91.
659:
612:transition to divinity and figures from
587:A reconstruction of Pakal's tomb in the
524:
479:from Palenque's satellite settlement of
1253:Schele & Mathews 1998, pp. 111–112.
1105:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico
829:
759:
714:) and compared Pakal's pose to that of
1516:Stuart, David; Stuart, George (2008).
1447:Schele, Linda; Mathews, Peter (1998).
270:(March 24, 603 – August 29, 683), was
257:
2670:7th-century monarchs in North America
1429:"Who's Who in the Classic Maya World"
1400:(2nd ed.). London and New York:
1262:Stuart & Stuart 2008, pp. 174–177
967:Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–168.
924:Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–168.
915:Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–165.
854:Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–168.
700:speculations since its appearance in
696:Pakal's tomb has been the subject of
7:
2675:7th century in the Maya civilization
1484:(5th ed.). Mesoweb Publications
564:in his own right—and two grandsons,
293:fifth-longest verified regnal period
1374:. New York: William Morrow and Co.
1518:Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya
506:. Six days later Nuun Ujol Chaak,
498:In 628, one of Pakal's officials (
300:, which has become the subject of
25:
1019:Tiesler & Cucina 2004, p. 40.
1916:
1325:2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl
985:Martin & Grube 2008, p. 162.
897:Martin & Grube 2008, p. 162.
748:2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl
599:structures, the building called
334:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I's glyphs.
327:
316:
240:
27:Ajaw of Palenque from 615 to 683
491:(b. 644)—and probably a third,
1630:July 27, 615 – August 29, 683
1343:"Von Daniken's Maya Astronaut"
589:Museo Nacional de Antropología
284:in the Late Classic period of
1:
1036:. Mesoweb Articles. p. 5
259:[kʼihniʧχanaːɓpakal]
1572:Däniken, Erich von (1969).
1303:. Springer. pp. 7–24.
864:Wade, Lizzie (2019-04-09).
655:
556:After his death, Pakal was
422:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal was a
86:27 July 615 – 29 August 683
2691:
2569:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1794:K'inich Ahkal Mo' Nahb III
1789:K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II
1549:10.1016/j.jchb.2004.01.003
1497:Stokstad, Marilyn (2008).
625:Temple of the Inscriptions
605:Temple of the Inscriptions
570:Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II
199:Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II
167:Temple of the Inscriptions
29:
2224:Annals of the Cakchiquels
1914:
1632:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1289:von Däniken, pp. 100–101.
1104:
1029:Guenter, Stanley (2007).
976:Skidmore 2010, pp. 71–73.
958:Skidmore 2010, pp. 71–73.
888:Skidmore 2010, pp. 71–73.
730:is the identification by
359:KʼINICH-ja-na-bi-pa-ka-la
202:Tiwol Chan Mat (probable)
59:
55:(Divine Lord of Palenque)
44:
1453:. New York: Touchstone.
2584:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
2544:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
1809:K'inich K'uk' Bahlam II
1799:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II
1520:. Thames & Hudson.
1475:Skidmore, Joel (2010).
529:The Palace of Palenque.
400:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II
355:KʼINICH-JANA꞉B-pa-ka-la
351:KʼINICH-JANA꞉B-PAKAL-la
289:Mesoamerican chronology
1804:K'inich Kan Bahlam III
1779:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I
1478:The Rulers of Palenque
1080:Stuart, David (2005).
665:
628:
592:
530:
419:
251:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I
40:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I
32:Pakal (disambiguation)
2559:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
2549:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2308:Título de Totonicapán
1881:Classic Maya collapse
1784:K'inich Kan Bahlam II
1636:Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II
836:Skidmore 2010, p. 71.
707:Chariots of the Gods?
663:
622:
609:Alberto Ruz Lhuillier
586:
528:
417:
195:Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II
181:Lady Tzʼakbu Ajaw of
115:Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II
2665:Monarchs of Palenque
2564:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
2287:Ritual of the Bacabs
1948:Twin-pyramid complex
845:Skidmore 2010, p. 7.
704:'s 1968 best-seller
642:Maya written history
430:(March 603) to Lady
343:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal
302:pseudoarchaeological
255:Mayan pronunciation:
2529:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
2499:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
2294:Songs of Dzitbalché
1682:Mythological rulers
1402:Thames & Hudson
656:Pakal's sarcophagus
601:Bʼolon Yej Teʼ Naah
502:), was captured by
402:(ruled c. 742) and
341:Pakal's full name,
2554:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
2362:Howler monkey gods
1731:B'utz Aj Sak Chiik
1675:Rulers of Palenque
682:Tonsured Maize God
666:
629:
593:
531:
420:
49:Kʼuhul Baakel Ajaw
2642:
2641:
2579:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
2539:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
1857:Maya civilization
1822:
1821:
1746:Ahkal Mo' Nahb II
1741:K'an Joy Chitam I
1642:
1641:
1633:Succeeded by
1604:(via Archive.org)
1508:978-0-205-74422-0
1353:on April 12, 2008
1341:Finley, Michael.
1323:Daniel Pinchbeck
1310:978-3-030-61051-7
1243:. 30 August 2018.
1225:. 29 August 2018.
1204:978-0-8165-2510-2
1170:978-0-8165-2510-2
1145:978-0-8165-2510-2
1124:Stokstad, p. 388.
1066:978-0-8165-2510-2
1006:978-0-8165-2510-2
945:978-0-8165-2510-2
728:pseudoarchaeology
702:Erich von Däniken
698:ancient astronaut
692:Pseudoarchaeology
576:of Palenque) and
473:Maya civilization
363:Maya inscriptions
262:), also known as
248:
247:
143:
16:(Redirected from
2682:
2604:Lady Eveningstar
2596:
2521:
2321:
2164:
2088:
1920:
1886:Spanish conquest
1868:
1858:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1814:Janaab Pakal III
1736:Ahkal Mo' Nahb I
1714:Palenque dynasty
1668:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1626:King of Palenque
1616:Preceded by
1608:
1591:
1580:. Bantam Books.
1579:
1568:
1531:
1512:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1471:
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1443:
1441:
1439:
1427:Mathews, Peter.
1423:
1385:
1373:
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1358:
1349:. Archived from
1328:
1321:
1315:
1314:
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965:
959:
956:
950:
949:
931:
925:
922:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
879:
877:
876:
861:
855:
852:
846:
843:
837:
834:
817:
814:
808:
801:
795:
788:
782:
767:
744:Daniel Pinchbeck
720:extraterrestrial
549:Death and burial
426:native, born on
404:Janaab Pakal III
331:
320:
261:
256:
244:
154:
133:
64:
37:
21:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2629:Wak Chanil Ajaw
2594:
2588:
2519:
2513:
2319:
2313:
2211:
2162:
2156:
2128:Human sacrifice
2086:
2080:
1943:Triadic pyramid
1921:
1912:
1876:Preclassic Maya
1866:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1823:
1818:
1709:
1677:
1672:
1638:
1629:
1621:
1598:
1588:
1571:
1534:
1528:
1515:
1509:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1412:
1388:
1382:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1007:
994:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
953:
946:
933:
932:
928:
923:
919:
914:
910:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
874:
872:
863:
862:
858:
853:
849:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
821:
820:
815:
811:
802:
798:
789:
785:
768:
761:
756:
716:Project Mercury
694:
658:
646:dental calculus
597:stepped pyramid
551:
489:Kʼan Joy Chitam
477:Toktahn dynasty
469:
412:
339:
338:
337:
336:
335:
332:
323:
322:
321:
310:
268:Pacal the Great
254:
201:
197:
173:
156:
152:
129:
67:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Pakal the Great
15:
12:
11:
5:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Yoʼnal Ahk III
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2140:Social classes
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:Maritime trade
1999:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:K'uk' Bahlam I
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1611:Regnal titles
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:External links
1594:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1569:
1532:
1527:978-0500051566
1526:
1513:
1507:
1494:
1472:
1459:
1444:
1424:
1411:978-0500287262
1410:
1386:
1381:978-0688100810
1380:
1363:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:(2006), p. 226
1316:
1309:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1228:
1210:
1203:
1185:
1183:Mathews, p. 1.
1176:
1169:
1151:
1144:
1126:
1117:
1115:Mathews, p. 1.
1108:
1097:
1090:
1072:
1065:
1047:
1021:
1012:
1005:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
944:
926:
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
870:Science | AAAS
856:
847:
838:
828:
827:
825:
822:
819:
818:
809:
796:
783:
758:
757:
755:
752:
746:, in his book
732:José Argüelles
693:
690:
657:
654:
614:Maya mythology
568:(successor of
566:Ahkal Moʼ Nahb
550:
547:
516:Ahiin Chan Ahk
504:Piedras Negras
493:Tiwol Chan Mat
468:
465:
450:Scroll Serpent
411:
408:
333:
326:
325:
324:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
309:
306:
304:speculations.
280:city-state of
246:
245:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
192:
186:
185:
179:
175:
174:
165:
163:
159:
158:
155:(aged 80)
149:
145:
144:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2687:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Lady of Tikal
2612:
2610:
2609:Lady of Itzan
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:Título Cʼoyoi
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:Death rituals
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:Ajen Yohl Mat
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:Nikolai Grube
1391:
1390:Martin, Simon
1387:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1347:Shaw Webspace
1344:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1241:Science Alert
1238:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1091:0-93-405110-0
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
982:
979:
973:
970:
964:
961:
955:
952:
947:
941:
937:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
871:
867:
860:
857:
851:
848:
842:
839:
833:
830:
823:
813:
810:
806:
800:
797:
793:
792:Maya calendar
787:
784:
780:
779:8 Ajaw 13 Pop
776:
772:
771:Maya calendar
766:
764:
760:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:
703:
699:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
662:
653:
649:
647:
643:
639:
638:Maya calendar
635:
626:
621:
617:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
590:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
548:
546:
542:
540:
536:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
487:(b. 635) and
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
464:
462:
459:and his heir
458:
457:Ajen Yohl Mat
455:
451:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
416:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
379:
378:regnal number
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
330:
319:
307:
305:
303:
299:
294:
290:
287:
286:pre-Columbian
283:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
260:
252:
243:
239:
235:
232:
231:Maya religion
229:
225:
222:
219:
215:
212:
209:
205:
200:
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
151:29 August 683
150:
146:
141:
137:
132:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
63:
58:
54:
52:
51:
50:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2548:
2494:Vucub Caquix
2453:
2422:Ah-Muzen-Cab
2413:Post-Classic
2402:Moon goddess
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2280:Rabinal Achí
2278:
2271:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2231:Chilam Balam
2229:
2222:
1933:Architecture
1778:
1767:Janahb Pakal
1765:
1751:Kan Bahlam I
1702:
1695:
1690:?-Muwaan Mat
1688:
1624:
1575:
1543:(1): 65–76.
1540:
1536:
1517:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1477:
1464:. Retrieved
1449:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1397:
1369:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:the original
1346:
1324:
1319:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1280:Finley, p. 1
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1160:
1154:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1100:
1081:
1075:
1056:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1024:
1015:
996:
990:
981:
972:
963:
954:
935:
929:
920:
911:
902:
893:
884:
873:. Retrieved
869:
859:
850:
841:
832:
812:
799:
786:
747:
725:
705:
695:
686:Linda Schele
676:centered on
667:
650:
630:
600:
594:
573:
561:
555:
552:
543:
539:Sak Nuk Naah
538:
532:
511:
507:
499:
497:
470:
461:Janahb Pakal
453:
446:
440:
436:Kʼan Moʼ Hix
421:
395:
389:
386:Janahb Pakal
381:
375:
370:
366:
358:
354:
350:
347:Classic Maya
342:
340:
271:
267:
263:
250:
249:
211:Kʼan Moʼ Hix
128:24 March 603
48:
47:
45:
2634:Yohl Ikʼnal
2469:Hun Hunahpu
2387:Kinich Ahau
2377:Jaguar gods
1770:(uncertain)
1756:Yohl Ik'nal
1499:Art History
1040:2 September
678:world trees
634:Epigraphers
578:Janaab Ajaw
574:kʼuhul ajaw
562:kʼuhul ajaw
535:El Olvidado
298:sarcophagus
153:(683-08-29)
101:Predecessor
96:27 July 615
2660:683 deaths
2655:603 births
2649:Categories
2484:Qʼuqʼumatz
2357:Hero Twins
2342:Death gods
2216:Literature
2152:Households
2118:Priesthood
1697:Uk'ix Chan
1587:0285502565
1488:12 October
1466:17 October
1460:068480106X
1438:18 October
1357:18 October
1335:References
875:2019-04-14
775:9.8.9.13.0
734:of "Pacal
500:aj kʼuhuun
495:(b. 648).
485:Kan Bahlam
428:9.8.9.13.0
410:Early life
367:Sun Shield
92:Coronation
2624:Sak Kʼukʼ
2454:Popol Vuh
2392:Maize god
2352:Goddess I
2273:Popol Vuh
2123:Sacrifice
2106:Midwifery
2096:Childhood
2046:Mythology
2009:Languages
1896:Guatemala
1774:Sak K'uk'
1619:Sak Kʼukʼ
1557:0018-442X
1420:191753193
824:Footnotes
805:Louis XIV
481:Uxteʼkʼuh
432:Sak Kʼukʼ
237:Signature
221:Sak Kʼukʼ
183:Uxteʼkʼuh
111:Successor
105:Sak Kʼukʼ
2619:Lady Xoc
2479:Jacawitz
2464:Camazotz
2447:Yum Kaax
2442:Kukulkan
2202:Tzolkʼin
2163:Calendar
2113:Religion
2071:Textiles
2051:Numerals
2036:Medicine
2031:Mayanist
1972:Ceramics
1965:Graffiti
1565:15553269
1396:(2008).
1223:Fox News
670:Maya art
443:Calakmul
424:Palenque
282:Palenque
227:Religion
171:Palenque
157:Palenque
134:(now in
131:Palenque
77:Palenque
2509:Zipacna
2474:Huracan
2382:Kʼawiil
2367:Itzamna
2328:Classic
2320:Deities
2250:Grolier
2243:Dresden
2237:Codices
2087:Society
2076:Warfare
2014:Classic
1992:Economy
1982:Cuisine
1953:Revival
1938:E-Group
1906:Yucatán
1891:Chiapas
1867:History
790:In the
773:: born
769:In the
740:in 2012
558:deified
396:Pakal I
276:of the
136:Chiapas
2595:Queens
2459:Awilix
2407:Yopaat
2372:Ixchel
2257:Madrid
2187:Kʼatun
2177:Baktun
2066:Stelae
2056:People
2019:Script
1977:Cities
1926:Topics
1726:Casper
1704:Casper
1584:
1563:
1555:
1524:
1505:
1457:
1418:
1408:
1378:
1307:
1201:
1167:
1142:
1088:
1063:
1003:
942:
520:Pomona
382:either
371:8 Ahau
217:Mother
207:Father
178:Spouse
162:Burial
140:Mexico
2520:Kings
2504:Xquic
2489:Tohil
2437:Ixtab
2347:God L
2337:Chaac
2332:Bacab
2264:Paris
2207:Winal
2182:Haabʼ
2101:Women
2061:Sites
2041:Music
1997:Trade
1987:Dance
1901:Petén
1482:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
754:Notes
736:Votan
712:Copán
467:Reign
357:, or
264:Pacal
190:Issue
83:Reign
2432:Chin
2427:Akna
2417:Acat
2192:Kʼin
2172:Ajaw
2145:Ajaw
2024:List
1582:ISBN
1561:PMID
1553:ISSN
1537:HOMO
1522:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1490:2015
1468:2015
1455:ISBN
1440:2015
1416:OCLC
1406:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1359:2015
1305:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1042:2022
1001:ISBN
940:ISBN
640:and
623:The
512:ajaw
508:ajaw
454:ajaw
447:ajaw
391:ajaw
369:and
308:Name
278:Maya
273:ajaw
148:Died
125:Born
73:King
2397:Mam
2197:Tun
1960:Art
1545:doi
572:as
349:as
266:or
75:of
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