246:
469:
739:
like VAX/11-780 were deployed to provide computational support to the scientific community at PINSTECH. Later on with the advent of distributed computing technologies, numerous distribute systems were deployed to achieve higher processing and storage capacity than mainframe computers. These include Data and
Compute clusters, grids, clouds and applications. Data acquisition systems, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and advanced network architectures are also developed and deployed.
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2168:
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plutonium. In spite of its short-comings, the investigations and classified studies on understanding the equation of state on plutonium was started the physicists at the
Pinstech laboratory in 1972. The Pinstech laboratory became a main research and development laboratory when it initiated its ingenious program for the production of
33:
621:. As of today, the division is the largest Divisions of the PINSTECH comprising five major groups. Nuclear Chemistry Division has gained experience in the characterization of reactor grade and high purity materials by using advanced analytical techniques and it is dealing with environmental and health related problems.
503:
the country. In 2020, expansion work was started at
Pinstech lab to help its "ability to produce isotopes for medical use, especially for preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for cancer patients while also helping the country in its aspirations in other applications of peaceful use of nuclear technology."
697:
Computer
Division (CD) - Computer Division (CD) was established in January 1980 with an aim to provide service and support to the researchers and scientists of PINSTECH in the area of computer hardware and software. Although computer division is still providing computer hardware and software services
578:
The directorate of science consists of four division, and each divisions are headed by deputy director-generals. In 2004, the PINSTECH administration had brought together all of the groups, and were merged into one single
Division, known as Physics Research Division (PRD). Meanwhile, the PINSTECH had
494:
The computer scientists at the
Pinstech Laboratory had built a supercomputer based on the vintage IBM computer architecture that allowed the physicists at the Pinstech to model the behavior of plutonium without the actual nuclear testing. Research work on plutonium is conducted at its special-purpose
738:
Computation
Information & Communication Technologies Division/Management Information Systems (MISD) - CICT/MIS division headed by Dr. Syed Zubair Ahmad was established in 1980 for developing computation and information technologies infrastructure at PINSTECH. Initially mainframe computer systems
733:
The
Directorate of Coordination, headed by Engr. Iqbal Hussain Khan, is an administrative directorate which consists of 3 technical support divisions. Computation, Information, Communication Technologies (CICT)/Management Information System (MIS) Division, The Scientific Information Division (SID),
719:
in early 1971. Having known as the problem solver in the institute, the IAD is responsible for solving the problems in
Isotope Hydrolog, Environmental Pollution, Non-Destructive Testing, Industrial Applications, Life Sciences, and Isotope Geology. IAD also extends expert services to solve relevant
502:
Besides its national security mission, the lab promotes applications of radiation and isotope technology in various scientific and technological disciplines to support the nation. It is also working on important non-nuclear fields, which are crucial for the development of science and technology in
742:
Scientific
Information Division (SID)- The Scientific Information Division (SID, headed by Dr. Ishtiaq Hussain Bokhari, was established in PINSTECH in 1966. It was upgraded into a full-fledged division in 1984. SID is the central source of scientific and technical information not only for Pakistan
196:
The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) is one of nation's leading research and development Institution affiliated to the national security. It is a principle national laboratory that has the responsibility by ensuring the safety, security, and reliability of nation's
1227:
who served its first Director in 1972 until 1974. The TPG, under Salam's directorial guidance, was tasked to developed the nuclear weapons designs and mathematical calculations involving the nuclear weapons. Later, The TPG had first successfully designed the first theoretical design and completed
654:
Electronics Maintenance Division (EMD) - The Electronics Division (ED, headed by Mr. Hameed, was formally established in 1967, recognizing its important role in scientific research and development at PINSTECH. The Division has rendered valuable service to the scientific effort by carrying out
650:
Nuclear Engineering Division (NED) - The Nuclear Engineering Division (NED, headed by Dr. Masood Iqbal, is one of the most prestigious and well-known Division of Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH). The Division was established in 1965 with the objective to develop
376:
The Pinstech laboratory was also a learning center for gaining expertise in nuclear fuel cycle which it provided training to other facilities after learning the very basic knowledge from the European industries prior to 1969. At the Pinstech laboratory, a pilot plant (New Labs) was built for
364:
with India in 1971, the re-purposing of the Pinstech Laboratory was difficult since it was never intended to be a weapons laboratory. Initially, the plutonium pit production at Pinstech was quite difficult together with its tiny research reactor that could never be a source of weapons-grade
1240:
Dr. Iqbal Hussain Qureshi (Dr. I.H. Qureshi) was one of the leading scientists who were involved in the development of a nuclear weapon in the early 1970s. Dr. I.H. Qureshi has had led NCD in the development of fissionable materials in the device. Dr. I.H. Qureshi had famously discovered
155:
In response to the war with India in 1971, the lab was repurposed as a primary weapons laboratory from its original civilian mission. Since the 1990s, the lab has been focused increasingly on civilian mission and it maintains a broad portfolio in providing research opportunities in
1338:
The Isotope Production Division (IPD) was founded by Mr. M. Bashar Khan in 2002. M. Khalid was made Head of the RIPD Division. The RIPD was the only division in generating funds and have been involve in producing and catering the nuclear medical center needs on regular
273:
who was lobbying for a professional physical laboratory since 1951. Budget constraints and lack of interests by the government administration had left a deep impression on Salam who was determined to establish to create an institution to which scientists from the
743:
Atomic Energy Commission but also for other scientific organizations and universities in the country and is responsible for the efficient acquisition, storage, retrieval and dissemination of Scientific and Technical information in support of the PAEC program.
498:
The Centralized Analysis Facility (CAF) has been utilized chemistry on plutonium and other areas of actinides sciences are studied and conducts experiments at the Central Diagnostic Laboratory (CDL); both of labs are the most potent facilities in Pakistan.
377:
reprocessing spent reactor fuel into plutonium pit production. Besides its fundamental and basic programs on physical sciences, the laboratory provided a ground for the Pakistani scientists to design and engineer weapon designs, with many feared that
707:
The Directorate of Technology (D-TECH) consists of 3 divisions that are Materials Division (MD), Isotope Application Division (IAD), and the Isotope Production Division (IPD).This is currently overseen by Dr. Gulzar Hussain Zahid, Chief Engineer.
459:
for treating cancer. Scientists from Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) and Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) had been using the PINSTECH facilities to conduct advanced research in both medical and food sciences.
491:. In 1987, the Pinstech developed a technology by fabricating a Chromium kF39 and developed an innovative technique, "in-stu leaching", which allowed the extraction of actinides from the uranium ore without the need for conventional milling.
642:
Health Physics Division (HPD) - The Health Physics Division (HPD) was established in 1965 by the small team of health physicists. Founded as a group, it was made a division of PINSTECH in 1966. The division heavily involves its research in
2500:
723:
Isotope Production Division (IPD) - The Isotope Production Division (IPD) It contains Molly Group, Generator Production group, Kit production Group. IPD also involves in modification of exiting isotope production
297:
350,000. Contrary to United States' financial pledges, it was reported that the actual cost of building the Pinstech was neared at US$ 6.6 million ($ 63.8 million in 2023) that was funded and paid by the
431:
in spite of having basic familiarity. In 1973, the lab conducted several studies on understanding the properties of uranium oxide, eventually producing the first fuel bundle in 1976 that was shipped to the
712:
Materials Division (MD) - Materials Division (MD) was established in 1973, with aim of to provide technical assistance to other PAEC's projects on development, production and characterization of materials.
2530:
293:
for the further funding of the laboratory from the United States government, which stipulated the fund if the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission were to set up a research reactor of their own at sum of
1683:
407:". The design work had carried out on 20 different laboratories at the lab, and it was its New Labs facility of the lab that was able to produce the first batch of the weapon grade plutonium of
1210:
who also served its first director. The Math Group was mandate to conduct mathematical calculations in implosion designs and concepts. It earned prestige in 1978 when the Group, worked under
667:
fuel. An outstanding achievement ED was the design and engineering of nuclear instrumentation of research reactor (PARR-1) which required a very high degree of sophistication and reliability.
672:
General Services Division (GSD) - The General Services Division (GSD) is responsible for the routine operational research, maintenance repairs of the laboratories, upkeep and development of
2266:
495:
facility, the New Laboratories, where the weapon-grade nuclear explosives are designed and manufactured. Much of the work on plutonium is, however, is subjected to classified information.
579:
also merged Nuclear Physics Division (NPD) and Radiation Physics Division (RPD), Nuclear and Applied Chemistry Divisions as well. The below is the list of research groups working in RPD.
655:
maintenance of scientific equipment and development of electronic instruments for use in research and development projects. In 1989, the ED was involved in the upgrade program of the
224:
88:
659:
led by PAEC chairman Munir Ahmad Khan. The ED had supplied and developed electronic material and system for the PARR-I Reactor, and had successfully converted PARR-I to utilize
2256:
2098:
651:
technical expertise mainly in the area of Nuclear Reactor Technology. The NED has been used to provide technical assistance and training to the field of reactor technology.
2495:
1799:
2560:
2286:
2281:
2347:
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without permanently leaving their own countries. Construction of the Pinstech began when Salam who was able to find funding from the United States in 1961.
2485:
2291:
2545:
2490:
236:
2555:
2535:
2470:
2426:
2091:
2076:
455:
As of today, PINSTECH has been shifted to peacetime research in medicine, biology, materials and physics. Its Molybdenum-42 facility was used to
2520:
2505:
2410:
2182:
314:
2525:
2359:
2187:
1659:
441:
382:
344:
336:
2480:
2475:
245:
130:
305:
From 1965–69, the Pinstech had an active and direct laboratory-to-laboratory interaction with the American national laboratories such as
110:
2381:
2133:
698:
but it has gradually shifted its activities from being only a service provider division to an important design and development division.
152:
and its construction was completed in 1965. It has been described as " the most architecturally stunning physics complex in the world".
1418:
2084:
1622:
1581:
2510:
2353:
1362:
483:
Since its repurposing in 1972, the Pinstech laboratory conducts research into understanding the equation of state of plutonium, its
220:
98:
2038:
2017:
2059:
1996:
1953:
1894:
1856:
1831:
2515:
2152:
1978:
1941:
1912:
1881:
1124:
512:
945:
638:
The Directorate of System and Services (DSS, headed by Dr. Matiullah, consists of 5 research divisions that are listed below:
468:
2439:
1763:
324:
The scientific library of the institute consisted of a large section containing historical references and literatures on the
1329:
of the RIAD Division. The RIAD was the first division that had put efforts in the development of the fission device in 1972.
1491:
328:, brought by Abdus Salam in 1971 prior to start of the nuclear weapons program under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's administration.
2276:
2225:
2213:
2140:
306:
1753:
1612:
1571:
1523:
2540:
2145:
449:
318:
205:
914:
436:
to keep its grid operations running. The Pinstech also took initiatives in learning and understanding the chemistry of
2331:
2271:
2128:
1206:
The Mathematics Physics Group, otherwise known as Math Group, was founded in 1972, with Theoretical Physics Group, by
949:
433:
347:
of the Quaid-i-Azam University had an opportunity to seek permanent research employment in physics at the laboratory.
310:
70:
1150:
392:
became restricted site, the research efforts were directed towards working on understanding and producing first the
2261:
1649:
361:
127:
2376:
2107:
656:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
265:
The establishment of the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (Pinstech) was embodiment of the
212:
who once worded: "This....has been my greatest work. I am proud that it looks like it belongs in this country.."
2399:
2317:
1076:
1047:
1025:
977:
715:
Isotope Application Division (IAD) - The Isotope Application Division (IAD) was established in PINSTECH by Dr.
1813:
2444:
2237:
1322:
1057:
855:
488:
393:
340:
2449:
1195:
1146:
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681:
332:
216:
1229:
660:
618:
254:
181:
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1432:
870:
859:
664:
456:
437:
404:
299:
294:
999:
955:
918:
893:
366:
250:
240:
209:
149:
448:, which it was also produced at the lab first; and later having it transfer the technology to the
2405:
1780:
1207:
1191:
1017:
428:
275:
427:
The scientists at the Pinstech laboratory initiated the studies on understanding the ingenious
204:, about 15 mi (24 km) southeast of Islamabad, and was designed by the American firm,
2339:
2312:
1759:
1655:
1618:
1577:
1178:
1004:
960:
927:
677:
325:
279:
173:
165:
1717:
617:
Nuclear Chemistry Division (NCD) - The Nuclear Chemistry Division was founded in 1966 by Dr.
1937:
1440:
1326:
1318:
1100:
937:
888:
716:
685:
562:
518:
445:
290:
177:
161:
1792:
1738:
Shahidur Rehman, §The Theoretical Physics Group, A Cue from Manhattan Project?, pp51-100,
1466:
865:
644:
266:
1365:
The News International (newspaper), Published 16 October 2020, Retrieved 18 December 2020
1214:, finished the solved complex calculations involved in nuclear fission and chain reaction
2042:
2021:
1436:
253:
presents the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) model to
2063:
2000:
1957:
1860:
1835:
561:
The PINSTECH four research directorates and each directorate is headed by an appointed
157:
1982:
1916:
2464:
1423:
1305:
1116:
1053:
484:
474:
416:
408:
370:
1211:
1181:
in 1979. The FNPG was involved in the designing of a country's first nuclear weapon
906:
689:
411:
by 1983. This weapon-grade plutonium was the source material that was carried on a
400:
331:
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) hired the laboratory's first director
286:
1898:
1465:
Bashir, Asif (12 May 2012). Akhter, PhD, Javed Iqbal; Khan, Iqbal Hussain (eds.).
1224:
1092:
880:
673:
270:
185:
1880:
The Nuclear Engineering division was used in the designing and construction of
444:
in 1974. In addition, the understanding of UF6 eventually led in producing the
223:. The scientific research programs are supported at the laboratory through the
2307:
1263:
831:
169:
81:
227:, also in Nilore. The laboratory covers around 400 acres (1.6 km) area.
197:
nuclear weapons program by advancing applications in science and technology.
1962:
1921:
1865:
1840:
1242:
412:
396:
257:
138:
1643:
1641:
343:
in 1967, bearing some special materials testing. Soon, the scientists from
32:
2167:
1308:
equation for balancing the Q-value and energy balance in a fission device.
2112:
1223:
The Theoretical Physics Group or TPG, was founded and established by Dr.
521:, a reprocessing plant and another experimental neutron source based on:
142:
74:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
517:
PINSTECH has particle accelerators and also operates two small nuclear
1444:
403:
plutonium from the spent fuel rods by undergoing a chemical process, "
1284:
734:
Programme Coordination Division (PCD) are included in this division.
389:
201:
134:
66:
1492:"Collaboration is key as Pakistan ramps up its radioisotope R&D"
720:
problems faced by the industrial sector and different organizations.
1817:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
768:
Health Physics, Radiation Safety & Radioactive Waste Management
1648:
Brink, Lars; Duff, Michael James; Phua, Kok Khoo (21 March 2017).
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
647:
and using nuclear technology in medical and agricultural sciences.
467:
378:
244:
2080:
1376:
2501:
Constituent institutions of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
1614:
Cosmic Anger: Abdus Salam - The First Muslim Nobel Scientist
1517:
1515:
1513:
1755:
Ideals and realities : selected essays of Abdus Salam
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1363:
Foundation stone laid down for expansion work at PINSTECH
1317:
The Isotope Application Division (IAD)was founded by Dr.
278:
would come as a right to interact with their peers from
786:
Production of Radioisotopes & Radio-pharmaceuticals
269:
initiative in 1953 and a long-sought initiative led by
2531:
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
1524:"Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology"
225:
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
120:
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology
565:. The following PINSTECH Divisions are listed below:
2287:
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB)
1194:
in 1966 that had produced world acclaim research in
1177:
It was founded as Fast Neutron Physics Group by Dr.
25:
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
2419:
2392:
2369:
2338:
2326:
2300:
2249:
2202:
2175:
2121:
104:
94:
80:
62:
54:
39:
23:
1228:calculations in nuclear weapon in 1978, under Dr.
1684:"Dr. I.H. Usmani and the Early Days of the PAEC"
792:Repair & Maintenance of Electronic Equipment
477:released its stamp to honor the Pinstech in 1965
148:The site was designed by the American architect
2292:Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture NIFA
1651:Memorial Volume On Abdus Salam's 90th Birthday
589:Electronic and Magnetic Materials Group (EMMG)
440:, which the technology was transferred to the
2092:
1573:Eating grass the making of the Pakistani bomb
89:Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
16:National laboratory site in Nilore, Islamabad
8:
2348:National Electric Power Regulatory Authority
777:Materials Development & Characterization
339:(GCU), who affiliated the Pinstech with the
2257:Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
1940:in 1991. Further discussion can be read at
1752:Lai, editors, Z. Hassan & C.H. (1983).
2099:
2085:
2077:
1936:The PARR-I Upgradation Program was led by
2496:Pakistan federal departments and agencies
1798:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
789:Radiation & Radioisotope Applications
2039:"Radiation Isotope Application Division"
2018:"Radiation Isotope Application Division"
1576:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
818:
237:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
1352:
1170:
795:Scientific & Industrial Instruments
2411:World Association of Nuclear Operators
2183:Multan Heavy Water Production Facility
1788:
1778:
1716:Ahmad, Syed; Ahmad, Mansoor; Khan, H.
1682:Hasnain, PNRA, S.A (7 December 2005).
804:Technical Services & Collaboration
774:Lasers Laboratory and Testing Facility
540:-Plutonium reprocessing (PR) facility.
20:
2561:Nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan
2360:Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority
2195:Radioactive Waste Management Facility
2188:Islamabad Uranium Conversion Facility
1377:"PINSTECH's research and Development"
1358:
1356:
586:Fast Neutron Diffraction Group (FNDG)
442:Islamabad Uranium Conversion Facility
337:Government College University, Lahore
7:
552:- An experimental neutron generator.
534:-Utilize High-Enriched Uranium (HEU)
2382:Nuclear power programme in Pakistan
2134:Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex
815:Director generals (DGs) of PINSTECH
528:-Utilize Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU)
634:Directorate of System and Services
583:Atomic and Nuclear Radiation Group
14:
2486:International research institutes
2354:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
2060:"Scientific Information Division"
1190:The EMM Group was founded by Dr.
612:Chemistry Research Division (CRD)
546:- a nuclear particle accelerator.
221:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
99:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
2166:
2153:Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor
2111:
1125:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
604:Mathematical Physics Group (MPG)
513:Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor
345:Institute of Theoretical Physics
335:, a professor of physics at the
31:
2546:1965 establishments in Pakistan
2491:Research institutes in Pakistan
1758:. Singapore: World Scientific.
1742:, 1999, Printwise Publications.
946:North Carolina State University
607:Theoretical Physics Group (TPG)
574:Physics Research Division (RPD)
280:industrially advanced countries
2556:Theoretical physics institutes
2536:Biological research institutes
2471:Nuclear technology in Pakistan
2282:Institute of Power Engineering
2267:Centre for High Energy Physics
1895:"Nuclear Engineering Division"
1419:"Pakistan's nuclear Taj Mahal"
765:Environmental Studies Building
1:
2521:Military research of Pakistan
2506:Edward Durell Stone buildings
2277:Centre for Earthquake Studies
2203:Facilities under construction
2141:Karachi Nuclear Power Complex
2129:Chashma Nuclear Power Complex
1720:. Pakistan Defence Consortium
692:to PINSTECH and annexed labs.
2526:Chemical research institutes
2146:Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex
1832:"Nuclear Chemistry Division"
1526:. Pakistan Chemistry Society
807:Vacuum Technology Laboratory
756:Charged Particle Accelerator
544:Charged Particle Accelerator
450:Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex
2481:Particle physics facilities
2476:Nuclear research institutes
2272:National Centre for Physics
1997:"Nuclear Material Division"
1954:"General Services Division"
1814:"Physics Research Division"
1617:. Oxford University press.
1570:Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012).
1140:Syed Jamshed Hussain Zaidi
950:Argonne National Laboratory
780:Nuclear Geological Services
729:Directorate of Coordination
592:Nuclear Track Studies Group
434:Karachi Nuclear Power Plant
200:The PINSTECH is located in
2577:
2262:Khan Research Laboratories
2192:Gadwal Enrichment Facility
2164:
1417:Leslie, Stuart W. (2015).
759:Computer Oriented Services
629:Laser Development Division
626:Applied Chemistry Division
510:
234:
43:21 December 1965
2435:
2377:Energy policy of Pakistan
2108:Nuclear power in Pakistan
1857:"Health Physics Division"
703:Directorate of Technology
383:developing a nuclear bomb
58:Nuclear and basic science
30:
2511:Laboratories in Pakistan
2400:Pakistan Nuclear Society
1151:Forschungszentrum Jülich
1077:University of Birmingham
1048:University of Birmingham
1026:University of Birmingham
978:University of Manchester
798:Scientific Glass Blowing
771:Irradiation Laboratories
684:, mechanical workshops,
131:research and development
2516:Mathematical institutes
1697:(1–2). Islamabad: 13–20
1611:Fraser, Gordon (2010).
856:University of Cambridge
839:Educational Background
753:Analytical Laboratories
341:Quaid-i-Azam University
1913:"Electronics Division"
1375:et. al. staff writer.
1196:Mossbauer Spectroscopy
1147:University of Peshawar
993:Iqbal Hussain Qureshi
915:Université de Montréal
848:Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry
828:Timeline of Directors
801:Scientific Information
783:Processing of Polymers
598:Radiation Damage Group
569:Directorate of Science
550:Fast Neutron Generator
480:
285:Eventually, Salam and
262:
217:Government of Pakistan
2250:National laboratories
619:Iqbal Hussain Qureshi
595:Nuclear Geology Group
471:
457:medical radioisotopes
369:oxide (plutonia) and
248:
182:environmental science
1654:. World Scientific.
1129:Nuclear engineering
1105:Theoretical physics
860:Cavendish Laboratory
438:uranium hexafluoride
356:Strategic deterrence
276:developing countries
2541:Supercomputer sites
1985:on 30 October 2009.
1979:"Computer Division"
1740:Long Road to Chagai
1474:PINSTECH Newsletter
1437:2015PhT....68b..40L
1070:Mustansar Jehangir
1000:University of Tokyo
956:Nuclear engineering
919:Montreal Laboratory
894:Theoretical physics
300:Pakistani taxpayers
241:Science in Pakistan
215:Since owned by the
210:Edward Durell Stone
150:Edward Durell Stone
2440:Electricity sector
2427:Nuclear Technology
2406:CANDU Owners Group
2069:on 4 October 2006.
2048:on 4 October 2006.
2027:on 4 October 2006.
2006:on 4 January 2005.
1967:on 4 October 2006.
1926:on 4 October 2006.
1901:on 4 October 2006.
1870:on 2 January 2005.
1845:on 4 January 2005.
1791:has generic name (
1498:. 21 December 2022
1208:Raziuddin Siddiqui
1155:Nuclear chemistry
1081:Nuclear chemistry
1041:Hameed Ahmad Khan
1018:Noor Muhammad Butt
810:Vibration Analysis
557:Research divisions
481:
464:Plutonium research
429:nuclear fuel cycle
423:Nuclear fuel cycle
399:and eventually to
373:(Urania) in 1973.
263:
2458:
2457:
1661:978-981-314-488-0
1522:et. al. Unknown.
1467:"Editor's Corner"
1445:10.1063/PT.3.2688
1179:Samar Mubarakmand
1162:
1161:
1005:Nuclear chemistry
971:Naeem Ahmad Khan
961:Master of Science
762:Corrosion Testing
676:services such as
601:Diagnostics Group
563:Director-Generals
519:research reactors
415:conducted at the
326:Manhattan Project
219:, its managed by
174:materials science
166:physical sciences
116:
115:
55:Field of research
2568:
2327:Fuel extractions
2240:
2228:
2216:
2170:
2116:
2115:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2062:. Archived from
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2041:. Archived from
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2020:. Archived from
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
1999:. Archived from
1993:
1987:
1986:
1981:. Archived from
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1956:. Archived from
1950:
1944:
1938:Munir Ahmad Khan
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1915:. Archived from
1909:
1903:
1902:
1897:. Archived from
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1859:. Archived from
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1834:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
1821:
1820:on 19 June 2006.
1816:. Archived from
1810:
1804:
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1796:
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1786:
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1327:director general
1319:Naeem Ahmad Khan
1315:
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1293:
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1272:
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1238:
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1215:
1204:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1101:Imperial College
1030:Nuclear physics
982:Nuclear physics
938:Munir Ahmad Khan
924:Nuclear physics
889:Imperial College
819:
717:Naeem Ahmad Khan
686:air conditioning
507:Nuclear reactors
478:
419:on 30 May 1998.
291:Glenn T. Seaborg
261:
162:renewable energy
128:federally funded
95:Operating agency
50:
48:
35:
26:
21:
2576:
2575:
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2567:
2566:
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2461:
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2431:
2415:
2388:
2365:
2334:
2332:Fuel extraction
2322:
2296:
2245:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2198:
2171:
2162:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1995:
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1977:
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1960:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1935:
1931:
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1222:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1062:D.Sc. and Ph.D
1058:reactor physics
866:Nuclear physics
817:
750:
748:User facilities
731:
705:
645:medical physics
636:
571:
559:
532:PARR-II Reactor
515:
509:
472:
466:
425:
358:
353:
267:Atoms for Peace
249:
243:
235:Main articles:
233:
194:
111:pinstech.com.pk
46:
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2320:
2318:Paradise Point
2315:
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2298:
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2118:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2051:
2030:
2009:
1988:
1970:
1945:
1942:PARR-I Reactor
1929:
1904:
1886:
1873:
1848:
1823:
1805:
1764:
1744:
1731:
1708:
1674:
1660:
1637:
1624:978-0191578663
1623:
1596:
1583:978-0804784801
1582:
1537:
1509:
1483:
1457:
1382:
1367:
1351:
1350:
1348:
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1342:
1341:
1331:
1323:Hafeez Qureshi
1310:
1298:
1289:
1277:
1268:
1256:
1247:
1233:
1216:
1199:
1183:
1169:
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763:
760:
757:
754:
749:
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730:
727:
726:
725:
721:
713:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
693:
669:
668:
657:PARR-I Reactor
652:
648:
635:
632:
631:
630:
627:
623:
622:
609:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
570:
567:
558:
555:
554:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
526:PARR-I Reactor
511:Main article:
508:
505:
485:phase diagrams
465:
462:
424:
421:
401:military-grade
357:
354:
352:
351:Major Projects
349:
232:
229:
193:
190:
158:supercomputing
133:laboratory in
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
78:
77:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2573:
2562:
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2522:
2519:
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2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:Organizations
2391:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:Public policy
2368:
2361:
2358:
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2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
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2222:
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2215:
2211:
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2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2157:Research-only
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1914:
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1900:
1896:
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1867:
1862:
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1849:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:|first1=
1782:
1767:
1761:
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1741:
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1426:
1425:
1424:Physics Today
1420:
1413:
1411:
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1401:
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1397:
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1234:
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1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:2010–Present
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:Ansar Pervaiz
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
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1080:
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1049:
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1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
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995:
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989:
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984:
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967:
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926:
923:
920:
916:
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902:
901:
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895:
892:
890:
887:
884:
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879:
876:
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872:
869:
867:
864:
861:
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854:
851:
849:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
814:
809:
806:
803:
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797:
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779:
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764:
761:
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728:
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679:
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628:
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615:
614:
613:
606:
603:
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582:
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556:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
522:
520:
514:
506:
504:
500:
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492:
490:
486:
476:
475:Pakistan Post
470:
463:
461:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
422:
420:
418:
417:Ras Koh Range
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
394:reactor-grade
391:
386:
384:
380:
374:
372:
371:uranium oxide
368:
363:
355:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:Rafi Muhammad
329:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
296:
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288:
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281:
277:
272:
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136:
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109:
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103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2301:Reservations
2122:Power plants
2064:the original
2054:
2043:the original
2033:
2022:the original
2012:
2001:the original
1991:
1983:the original
1973:
1958:the original
1948:
1932:
1917:the original
1907:
1899:the original
1889:
1876:
1861:the original
1851:
1836:the original
1826:
1818:the original
1808:
1769:. Retrieved
1754:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1694:
1690:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1650:
1628:. Retrieved
1613:
1587:. Retrieved
1572:
1528:. Retrieved
1500:. Retrieved
1496:CERN Courier
1495:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1431:(2): 40–46.
1428:
1422:
1370:
1334:
1313:
1236:
1219:
1212:Asghar Qadir
1202:
1186:
1173:
907:Ishfaq Ahmad
732:
706:
690:water supply
637:
611:
610:
577:
573:
572:
560:
516:
501:
497:
493:
482:
454:
426:
413:nuclear test
405:reprocessing
387:
381:was rapidly
375:
359:
330:
323:
304:
287:I. H. Usmani
284:
264:
251:Edward Stone
214:
199:
195:
154:
147:
123:
119:
117:
105:
82:
18:
2551:Abdus Salam
2445:Solar power
2067:(Web cache)
2046:(Web cache)
2025:(Web cache)
2004:(Web cache)
1771:18 December
1724:16 November
1701:16 November
1691:The Nucleus
1667:25 February
1630:18 December
1589:18 December
1530:18 December
1379:. PAEC, PD.
1304:+22.4
1225:Abdus Salam
1093:Masud Ahmad
881:Abdus Salam
688:as well as
674:engineering
289:approached
271:Abdus Salam
206:AMF Atomics
186:mathematics
83:Affiliation
40:Established
2465:Categories
2450:Wind power
2308:Baghalchur
2233:Khushab-5
2176:Facilities
1765:9971950871
1718:"Timelime"
1347:References
1121:2007–2010
1097:2005–2007
1073:2000–2005
1044:1996–2000
1022:1991–1996
996:1986–1991
974:1977–1984
942:1976–1977
911:1971–1976
885:1970–1971
852:1965–1970
832:Alma Mater
682:electrical
663:fuel into
489:properties
487:, and its
452:in 1980.
362:costly war
360:After the
170:philosophy
47:1965-12-21
1963:Web cache
1922:Web cache
1866:Web cache
1841:Web cache
1781:cite book
1325:was made
1321:in 1971.
1230:Riazuddin
1192:N.M. Butt
1052:Nuclear,
724:facility.
446:Zircaloys
397:plutonium
367:plutonium
315:Livermore
307:Oak Ridge
302:in 1965.
258:Ayub Khan
255:President
139:Islamabad
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2420:See also
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822:Numbers
538:New Labs
260:in 1961.
192:Overview
178:medicine
143:Pakistan
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