40:
1742:
546:(1753). "An Explication of All the Inscriptions in the Palmyrene Language and Character Hitherto Publish'd. In Five Letters from the Reverend Mr John Swinton, M. A. of Christ-Church, Oxford, and F. R. S. to the Reverend Thomas Birch, D. D. Secret. R. S.".
463:... Palmyrene characteristics detectable in its forms. He wrote (1962, 61) that this script may be seen as "a Syriac type evolved from an early form of Aramaic alphabet, of Palmyrene type, and which enjoys independence from the Edessene ..
267:. Dated inscriptions range from 44 BCE to 274 CE, with over 4,000 known inscriptions, mostly comprising honorific, dedicatory, and funerary texts. The dialect still retains echoes of earlier
1783:
590:
349:…Palmyrene was a continuation of Official Aramaic and a close reflection of the spoken language of the Palmyrene region, with eastern Aramaic features….
1158:
1115:
1090:
1148:
1133:
332:
While the East
Aramaic Palmyrene language seamlessly supplanted Imperial Aramaic as the language of Palmyra, likely in the second century BCE.…
1143:
524:
1178:
1173:
1812:
392:
366:…Palmyrene Aramaic has preserved many old Aramaic features; on the other hand, it also shows isoglosses with the eastern dialects…
1105:
1822:
1776:
1110:
1100:
583:
1373:
1095:
1005:
1168:
1153:
1807:
1676:
1163:
872:
95:
543:
1802:
1769:
1026:
1019:
576:
548:
429:
Das Aramäisch in den römischen
Ostprovinzen. Sprachsituationen in Arabien, Syrien und Mesopotamien zur Kaiserzeit,
1592:
1384:
979:
955:
942:
678:
658:
623:
283:
244:
240:
105:
90:
213:
1082:
1426:
1363:
973:
628:
1064:
804:
641:
618:
613:
156:
289:
The written
Palmyrene language was composed in a rounded script that later exhibited resemblances to the
1720:
1323:
1048:
731:
717:
703:
80:
1389:
39:
1647:
782:
557:
421:
Die
Palmyrener in der griechisch-römischen Welt. Kulturelle Begegnung im Spiegel des Sprachkontaktes,
256:
1661:
1330:
1273:
1201:
1187:
1058:
853:
814:
503:
181:
1504:
1394:
1749:
1633:
1458:
1337:
1210:
993:
858:
651:
599:
520:
388:
248:
136:
85:
1817:
1741:
1713:
1668:
1654:
1487:
1446:
1409:
1314:
1300:
1266:
1236:
1217:
1012:
986:
961:
937:
911:
904:
844:
827:
799:
775:
667:
495:
479:
307:
268:
100:
60:
1681:
1587:
1561:
1492:
1404:
1344:
1252:
1245:
1229:
1223:
1070:
966:
832:
822:
290:
72:
561:
1753:
1641:
1597:
1567:
1550:
1544:
1451:
1399:
1280:
1120:
948:
174:
151:
1796:
1577:
1572:
1496:
1258:
838:
206:
141:
53:
1520:
260:
17:
382:
251:
between the
Eastern and Western Aramaic branches. It was primarily documented in
1077:
897:
272:
146:
534:
Hans H. Spoer (1904). "Palmyrene
Inscriptions found at Palmyra in April 1904".
27:
Western
Aramaic dialect spoken in the city of Palmyra in the early centuries AD
759:
710:
484:""Shewing of Hard Sentences and Dissolving of Doubts": The First Decipherment"
724:
264:
222:
194:
409:
Greek and Latin Words in
Palmyrene Inscriptions: A Comparison with Syriac,
1441:
1307:
766:
752:
738:
1483:
918:
881:
745:
302:
252:
507:
483:
1687:
687:
413:
A Journey to
Palmyra. Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers
276:
568:
499:
572:
1757:
362:
345:
Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period
1632:
1533:
1474:
1467:
1434:
1425:
1418:
1371:
1362:
1292:
1200:
1047:
928:
889:
880:
871:
813:
792:
695:
686:
677:
639:
606:
247:grammatical features and hence often regarded as a
220:
204:
192:
187:
171:
129:
69:
59:
49:
32:
364:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 271.
328:Tempus, Aspekt und Modalität im Reichsaramäischen
515:Hillers, Delbert R.; Cussini, Eleonora (1996).
419:22). Brill, Leiden 2005, 11–25; Holger Gzella:
1777:
584:
8:
431:in: Bibliotheca Orientalis 63 (2006), 15–39.
417:Culture and History of the Ancient Near East
442:The Arabic Words in Palmyrene Inscriptions,
1784:
1770:
1471:
1431:
1422:
1368:
886:
877:
692:
683:
591:
577:
569:
376:
374:
38:
29:
387:(in French). Librairie Droz. p. 76.
271:. The lexicon bears influences from both
536:Journal of the American Oriental Society
488:Journal of the American Oriental Society
330:(in German). Harrassowitz. p. 47.
319:
7:
1738:
1736:
459:A Corpus of Syriac Incantation Bowls
384:Le duel dans les langues sémitiques
1719:Languages between parentheses are
519:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
25:
1740:
1723:of the language on their left.
411:in: Eleonora Cussini (Hrsg.):
255:itself, but also found in the
1:
1756:. You can help Knowledge by
427:87 (2005), 445–458; Ders.:
1839:
1735:
549:Philosophical Transactions
347:. OUP Oxford. p. 43.
1813:Extinct languages of Asia
1705:
381:Charles Fontinoy (1969).
286:had disappeared from it.
37:
1716:or historical languages.
517:Palmyrene Aramaic Texts
303:Middle Aramaic dialects
44:Limestone funerary slab
1823:Semitic language stubs
1752:-related article is a
263:, extending as far as
157:Western Middle Aramaic
1006:Christian Palestinian
718:Ancient North Arabian
461:. Brill. p. 15.
275:and, to some extent,
1106:Koy Sanjaq Christian
783:Pre-classical Arabic
407:Sebastian P. Brock:
243:dialect, exhibiting
949:Ashurian and Hatran
562:1753RSPT...48..690S
440:Mohammed Maraqten:
1808:Languages of Syria
1020:Jewish Palestinian
182:Palmyrene alphabet
18:Palmyrene language
1803:Aramaic languages
1765:
1764:
1750:Semitic languages
1730:
1729:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1196:
1195:
1159:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
956:Jewish Babylonian
867:
866:
600:Semitic languages
526:978-0-8018-5278-7
480:Daniels, Peter T.
448:7 (1995), 89–108.
291:Syriac Estrangela
249:dialect continuum
237:Palmyrene Aramaic
234:
233:
137:Proto-Afroasiatic
111:Palmyrene Aramaic
96:Northwest Semitic
33:Palmyrene Aramaic
16:(Redirected from
1830:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1744:
1737:
1472:
1432:
1423:
1369:
1237:northern dialect
912:Biblical Aramaic
905:Imperial Aramaic
887:
878:
776:Nabataean Arabic
693:
684:
659:Canaano-Akkadian
593:
586:
579:
570:
565:
539:
530:
511:
466:
465:
455:
449:
438:
432:
405:
399:
398:
378:
369:
368:
358:
352:
351:
341:
335:
334:
324:
308:Palmyrene Empire
269:Imperial Aramaic
239:was a primarily
216:
197:
177:
75:
42:
30:
21:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1693:
1620:
1529:
1476:
1463:
1414:
1375:
1350:
1288:
1192:
1134:Urmia Christian
1050:
1043:
930:
924:
863:
823:Egyptian Arabic
809:
805:Modern Standard
788:
673:
635:
602:
597:
542:
533:
527:
514:
478:
475:
473:Further reading
470:
469:
457:
456:
452:
439:
435:
406:
402:
395:
380:
379:
372:
360:
359:
355:
343:
342:
338:
326:
325:
321:
316:
299:
245:Eastern Aramaic
241:Western Aramaic
212:
209:
193:
178:
173:
167:
132:
125:
91:Central Semitic
76:
73:Language family
71:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1745:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
997:
990:
976:
971:
970:
969:
964:
959:
952:
940:
934:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
919:Middle Aramaic
915:
908:
901:
893:
891:
884:
875:
869:
868:
865:
864:
862:
861:
856:
851:
850:
849:
848:
847:
830:
825:
819:
817:
815:Dialect groups
811:
810:
808:
807:
802:
796:
794:
790:
789:
787:
786:
779:
772:
771:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
714:
707:
699:
697:
690:
681:
675:
674:
672:
671:
664:
663:
662:
647:
645:
637:
636:
634:
633:
632:
631:
626:
616:
610:
608:
604:
603:
598:
596:
595:
588:
581:
573:
567:
566:
540:
531:
525:
512:
500:10.2307/603863
494:(3): 419–436.
474:
471:
468:
467:
450:
433:
400:
393:
370:
353:
336:
318:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
305:
298:
295:
232:
231:
226:
218:
217:
210:
205:
202:
201:
198:
190:
189:
188:Language codes
185:
184:
179:
175:Writing system
172:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
152:Middle Aramaic
135:
133:
130:
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
79:
77:
70:
67:
66:
65:1st millennium
63:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1835:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Ethio-Semitic
1424:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
983:
982:
981:
977:
975:
974:Judeo-Aramaic
972:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:
953:
951:
950:
946:
945:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
927:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
902:
900:
899:
895:
894:
892:
888:
885:
883:
879:
876:
874:
870:
860:
857:
855:
852:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:
839:Siculo-Arabic
836:
835:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
816:
812:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
791:
785:
784:
780:
778:
777:
773:
769:
768:
764:
762:
761:
757:
755:
754:
750:
748:
747:
743:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
721:
720:
719:
715:
713:
712:
708:
706:
705:
701:
700:
698:
694:
691:
689:
685:
682:
680:
676:
670:
669:
665:
661:
660:
656:
655:
654:
653:
649:
648:
646:
644:
643:
638:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
609:
605:
601:
594:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
574:
571:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
532:
528:
522:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
472:
464:
460:
454:
451:
447:
443:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
401:
396:
394:9782251661797
390:
386:
385:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
354:
350:
346:
340:
337:
333:
329:
323:
320:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
296:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:parts of the
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
227:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
208:
207:Linguist List
203:
199:
196:
191:
186:
183:
180:
176:
170:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:Proto-Semitic
140:
139:
138:
134:
128:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
78:
74:
68:
64:
62:
58:
55:
54:Syrian Desert
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1758:expanding it
1747:
1732:
1709:
1686:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1560:
1543:
1501:East Gurage
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1216:
1209:
1174:Urmia Jewish
1083:Northeastern
1063:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
985:
978:
954:
947:
917:
910:
903:
896:
854:Mesopotamian
837:
781:
774:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
704:Proto-Arabic
702:
666:
657:
650:
640:
553:
547:
544:John Swinton
535:
516:
491:
487:
462:
458:
453:
445:
441:
436:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
383:
365:
361:
356:
348:
344:
339:
331:
327:
322:
288:
281:
261:Roman Empire
236:
235:
228:
221:
110:
81:Afro-Asiatic
1648:Hadramautic
1634:Old Arabian
1573:West Gurage
1497:East Gurage
1376:ern Arabian
1078:Neo-Mandaic
1000:Palestinian
898:Old Aramaic
273:Koine Greek
147:Old Aramaic
131:Early forms
1797:Categories
1677:Rijal Alma
1662:Qatabanian
1331:Himyaritic
1274:Phoenician
1087:Christian
890:Historical
859:Peninsular
760:Taymanitic
711:Old Arabic
696:Historical
314:References
1721:varieties
1712:indicate
1593:Sebat Bet
1557:Tt-group
1372:Eastern (
1324:Deir Alla
1202:Canaanite
1169:Trans-Zab
1154:Inter-Zab
1036:Palmyrene
1027:Samaritan
994:Nabataean
873:Northwest
828:Levantine
800:Classical
725:Dadanitic
265:Britannia
223:Glottolog
195:ISO 639-3
1669:Awsanian
1540:N-group
1459:Tigrinya
1338:Samalian
1315:Galilean
1308:Ugaritic
1253:Medieval
1246:Mishnaic
1230:Biblical
1211:Ammonite
1164:Sanandaj
1149:Betanure
1128:Chaldean
1125:Assyrian
1111:Qaraqosh
1101:HĂ©rtevin
1013:Galilean
987:Lebanese
833:Maghrebi
793:Literary
767:Thamudic
753:Safaitic
739:Hasaitic
732:Dumaitic
652:Akkadian
607:Branches
482:(1988).
297:See also
293:script.
1818:Palmyra
1714:extinct
1710:Italics
1655:Minaean
1582:Endegen
1509:Inneqor
1488:Argobba
1484:Amharic
1447:Dahalik
1419:Western
1410:Soqotri
1390:Ḥarsusi
1385:Baáąá¸Ąari
1301:Amorite
1267:Moabite
1218:Edomite
1188:Western
1144:Barzani
1140:Jewish
1059:Central
1051:Aramaic
980:Western
962:Mandaic
943:Eastern
938:Armazic
929:Dialect
882:Aramaic
845:Maltese
746:Hismaic
679:Central
668:Eblaite
624:Central
558:Bibcode
556:: 690.
257:western
253:Palmyra
214:qhy-pal
106:Western
101:Aramaic
86:Semitic
61:Extinct
1688:Sabaic
1682:Razihi
1588:Mesqan
1562:Mesmes
1515:Wolane
1512:Ulbare
1505:SiltĘĽe
1493:Harari
1477:versal
1475:Trans-
1405:Shehri
1395:Hobyot
1345:Sutean
1293:Others
1259:Modern
1224:Hebrew
1116:Senaya
1096:Bohtan
1091:Barwar
1071:Turoyo
1065:Mlaḥsô
967:Syriac
931:groups
688:Arabic
523:
508:603863
506:
391:
277:Arabic
50:Region
1748:This
1642:Faifi
1611:Gyeto
1605:Gumer
1598:Chaha
1568:Muher
1551:Soddo
1545:Gafat
1534:Outer
1468:South
1452:Tigre
1442:Geʽez
1435:North
1400:Mehri
1364:South
1281:Punic
1179:Zakho
1121:Suret
629:South
504:JSTOR
1754:stub
1608:Gura
1602:Ezha
1578:Inor
1374:Mod-
1049:Neo-
642:East
619:West
614:East
521:ISBN
446:ARAM
444:in:
425:Klio
423:in:
389:ISBN
284:dual
282:The
229:None
1521:Zay
496:doi
492:108
415:(=
1799::
554:48
552:.
502:.
490:.
486:.
373:^
279:.
1785:e
1778:t
1771:v
1760:.
1495:–
1486:–
1378:)
592:e
585:t
578:v
564:.
560::
538:.
529:.
510:.
498::
397:.
200:–
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
