37:
429:
lived just prior to the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, an interval marked by significant climatic changes, including the transition from the Eocene greenhouse to the
Oligocene icehouse. The drastic drop in temperature associated with the Eocene-Oligocene boundary likely played a crucial role in the mass
280:
have historically been quite contentious, with most previous research placing it within either
Omomyidae or Plagiomenidae, which are typically considered as primates and dermopterans, respectively. More recent analyses have definitively recovered ekgmowechashalids as adapiform primates based on
450:, with both taxa having a duplicated protocone on upper molars and neomorphic cusps on the lower molars. A prominent neomorphic cusp on the lower M1 is located on the central part of the postvallid, but additional neomorphic cusps occur in other locations on the lower molars.
420:, would have inhabited a subtropical climate similar to that of modern-day Madagascar. Evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved trees would have been widespread and easily accessible around the terrain, providing abundant food and habitat resources for arboreal species like
343:
itself represents an immigrant lineage from southern Asia, where primates could take refuge in lower latitudes from the global cooling across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary that drove the extinction of their North
American counterparts.
384:
share a unique feature in having a duplicated protocone cusp lingually, which is one of the most important characters supporting a close evolutionary relationship between these two primates. The distinctive upper and lower molars of
434:
remains uncertain, it was probably able to survive the climatic deterioration around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary by inhabiting the warm, subtropical ecosystem of southern China and adjacent regions.
1051:
Zhai, R.-J.; Ciochon, R.L.; Tong, Y.-S.; Savage, D.E.; Morlo, M.; Holroyd, P.A.; Gunnell, G. F. (2003). "An aberrant amphicyonid mammal from the latest Eocene of the Bose Basin, Guangxi, China".
532:"Phylogeny and paleobiogeography of the enigmatic North American primate Ekgmowechashala illuminated by new fossils from Nebraska (USA) and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (China)"
739:
718:
368:
possessed more widely spaced roots. Both genera also had highly crenulated enamel, suggesting a diet that included hard foods like nuts and seeds. Unlike
989:
891:
612:
430:
extinction of adapiforms living in North
America and Europe by rapidly altering their environment. While the direct impact of this cooling event on
1072:
Xie, Y.-L.; Wu, F.-L.; Fang, X.-M. (2019). "Middle Eocene East Asian monsoon prevalence over southern China: Evidence from palynological records".
458:
share a similar number of cusps on M2 and a prominent "lingual wall" of cusps and crests that may be partly homologous with the postprotocingulum.
1243:
405:
701:
664:
590:
682:"Plagiomenids (Mammalia: ?Dermoptera) from the Oligocene of Oregon, Montana, and South Dakota, and middle Eocene of northwestern Wyoming"
1233:
316:
has also been recovered within the family, but its exact placement relative to the other genera and subfamilies remains unresolved.
282:
1053:
36:
887:"The last fossil primate in North America, new material of the enigmatic Ekgmowechashala from the Arikareean of Oregon"
1074:
737:
Szalay, F. S. (1976). "Systematics of the
Omomyidae (Tarsiiformes, Primates): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and adaptations".
536:
827:"A new tarkadectine primate from the Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications"
466:
in having the protocone and duplicated protocone very closely spaced, while these structures are farther apart in
688:, Geological Society of America Special Papers, vol. 243, Geological Society of America, pp. 211–234,
1158:
825:
Ni, Xijun; Meng, Jin; Beard, K. Christopher; Gebo, Daniel L.; Wang, Yuanqing; Li, Chuankui (2010-01-22).
1205:
216:
152:
111:
1238:
1122:
1111:"Pollen assemblages of the late Eocene Nadu formation from the Bose basin of Guangxi, Southern China"
1083:
771:
545:
1110:
940:
681:
716:
Macdonald, J. R. (1963). "The
Miocene faunas from the Wounded Knee area of western South Dakota".
356:
have been found, and a few upper and lower jaw fragments are all that is known about its anatomy.
327:
lived in present-day China during the late Eocene, several million years before its sister taxon,
1196:
935:
339:
provides evidence that
Ekgmowechalinae originated in Asia, not North America. This suggests that
331:, appears in North America. As its morphology has been described as intermediate between that of
31:
1210:
296:
1138:
1014:
1006:
965:
957:
916:
908:
864:
846:
807:
789:
697:
660:
637:
629:
586:
563:
686:
Dawn of the Age of
Mammals in the northern part of the Rocky Mountain Interior, North America
1130:
1091:
998:
949:
900:
854:
838:
797:
779:
689:
621:
553:
983:
Ledogar, Justin A.; Winchester, Julia M.; St. Clair, Elizabeth M.; Boyer, Doug M. (2013).
265:
237:
984:
886:
607:
1126:
1087:
775:
549:
1032:
Russell, D. E.; Zhai, R.-J. (1987). "The
Paleogene of Asia: mammals and stratigraphy".
859:
826:
281:
various characters such as their retention of a double-rooted lower second premolar, a
936:"Evolution and Extinction of Afro-Arabian Primates Near the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary"
606:
Marivaux, Laurent; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Tafforeau, Paul; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2006).
1227:
802:
759:
608:"New strepsirrhine primate from the late Eocene of Peninsular Thailand (Krabi Basin)"
364:, including the presence of double-rooted P2's, with a slight distinction being that
242:
98:
1095:
1181:
478:
are similar as well, both having a double-rooted P2 and P3. The lower premolars of
232:
1134:
558:
531:
1190:
1034:
Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série C, Sciences de la Terre)
250:
204:
760:"Additional fossil evidence on the differentiation of the earliest euprimates"
1142:
1010:
961:
912:
850:
793:
633:
220:
48:
1018:
969:
920:
868:
842:
811:
641:
567:
530:
Rust, Kathleen; Ni, Xijun; Tietjen, Kristen; Beard, K. Christopher (2023).
389:
support it having a herbivorous diet consistent focusing on hard objects.
376:
also had longer and narrower P2 and P3. The upper molars (based on M2) of
1175:
784:
413:
286:
68:
693:
1002:
904:
625:
401:
184:
88:
953:
655:
McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K.; Simpson, George Gaylord (1997).
352:
Although it was first discovered in the 1990s, very few specimens of
290:
196:
188:
78:
58:
1152:
885:
Samuels, Joshua X.; Albright, L. Barry; Fremd, Theodore J. (2015).
277:
276:
belongs to the family Ekgemowechashalidae. The affinities of this
246:
212:
208:
192:
224:
1156:
408:. The Baise Basin, more specifically the Nadu Formation where
985:"Diet and dental topography in pitheciine seed predators"
831:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
215:. Specifically, this genus is one member of the family
195:. Living about 35 million years ago during the late
1165:
740:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
719:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
657:Classification of mammals above the species level
585:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
416:, sandstone, and coal. The adapiforms, including
203:belongs to an extinct group of primates known as
268:genus currently represented only by the species
764:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
412:was discovered, is a rocky terrain filled with
880:
878:
8:
335:and more primitive Asian ekgmowechashalids,
1153:
20:
990:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
892:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
858:
801:
783:
613:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
557:
659:. New York: Columbia University Press.
525:
523:
521:
519:
495:
241:, the latest primate known to exist in
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
482:are longer and narrower than those of
219:, known primarily from the Eocene and
360:shared many dental similarities with
304:, and Ekgmowechashalinae, containing
7:
583:The beginning of the age of mammals
1109:Gengwu, Liu; Rongyu, Yang (1999).
14:
934:Seiffert, Erik R. (2007-02-08).
402:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
35:
1096:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.01.019
442:The upper and lower molars of
400:s lived in the Baise Basin of
1:
1244:Fossil taxa described in 2023
1135:10.1080/01916122.1999.9989524
1054:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
758:Rose, K D; Bown, T M (1991).
285:trait that does not occur in
680:McKenna, Malcolm C. (1990),
581:Rose, Kenneth David (2006).
559:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103452
1075:Global and Planetary Change
404:in southern China near the
1260:
1234:Prehistoric primate genera
537:Journal of Human Evolution
320:Biogeographic implications
231:has been recovered as the
470:. The lower premolars of
406:Eocene-Oligocene boundary
158:
151:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
16:Extinct genus of primates
207:, related to modern day
183:is an extinct genus of
165:Palaeohodites naduensis
843:10.1098/rspb.2009.0173
245:before the arrival of
1206:Paleobiology Database
785:10.1073/pnas.88.1.98
1127:1999Paly...23...97G
1088:2019GPC...175...13X
941:Folia Primatologica
776:1991PNAS...88...98R
694:10.1130/spe243-p211
550:2023JHumE.18503452R
1003:10.1002/ajpa.22181
905:10.1002/ajpa.22769
626:10.1002/ajpa.20376
446:resemble those of
312:itself. The genus
249:at the end of the
217:Ekgmowechashalidae
191:Nadu Formation of
112:Ekgmowechashalidae
1221:
1220:
1159:Taxon identifiers
954:10.1159/000105147
837:(1679): 247–256.
703:978-0-8137-2243-6
666:978-0-231-11012-9
592:978-0-8018-8472-6
176:
175:
171:Rust et al., 2023
144:P. naduensis
132:
131:Rust et al., 2023
1251:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1023:
1022:
980:
974:
973:
948:(5–6): 314–327.
931:
925:
924:
882:
873:
872:
862:
822:
816:
815:
805:
787:
755:
749:
748:
734:
728:
727:
713:
707:
706:
677:
671:
670:
652:
646:
645:
603:
597:
596:
578:
572:
571:
561:
527:
393:Paleoenvironment
167:
163:
130:
123:
110:
40:
39:
21:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1031:
1030:
1026:
982:
981:
977:
933:
932:
928:
884:
883:
876:
824:
823:
819:
757:
756:
752:
736:
735:
731:
715:
714:
710:
704:
679:
678:
674:
667:
654:
653:
649:
605:
604:
600:
593:
580:
579:
575:
529:
528:
497:
492:
484:Ekgmowechashala
476:Ekgmowechashala
468:Ekgmowechashala
464:Ekgmowechashala
456:Ekgmowechashala
448:Ekgmowechashala
440:
422:Palaeohodites'.
395:
382:Ekgmowechashala
370:Ekgmowechashala
362:Ekgmowechashala
350:
341:Ekgmowechashala
333:Ekgmowechashala
329:Ekgmowechashala
322:
310:Ekgmowechashala
302:Muangthanhinius
259:
238:Ekgmowechashala
172:
169:
161:
160:
147:
129:
121:
108:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1202:
1187:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1101:
1064:
1043:
1024:
997:(1): 107–121.
975:
926:
874:
817:
750:
729:
708:
702:
672:
665:
647:
620:(4): 425–434.
598:
591:
573:
494:
493:
491:
488:
439:
436:
394:
391:
349:
346:
321:
318:
258:
255:
174:
173:
170:
156:
155:
149:
148:
140:
138:
134:
133:
119:
115:
114:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1256:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1197:Palaeohodites
1192:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1167:Palaeohodites
1164:
1160:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:(1): 97–114.
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
986:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
888:
881:
879:
875:
870:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
818:
813:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
770:(1): 98–101.
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
746:
742:
741:
733:
730:
725:
721:
720:
712:
709:
705:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
673:
668:
662:
658:
651:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:
609:
602:
599:
594:
588:
584:
577:
574:
569:
565:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:
533:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
496:
489:
487:
485:
481:
480:Palaeohodites
477:
473:
472:Palaeohodites
469:
465:
462:differs from
461:
460:Palaeohodites
457:
453:
452:Palaeohodites
449:
445:
444:Palaeohodites
437:
435:
433:
432:Palaeohodites
428:
427:Palaeohodites
424:
423:
419:
418:Palaeohodites
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
390:
388:
387:Palaeohodites
383:
379:
378:Palaeohodites
375:
374:Palaeohodites
371:
367:
366:Palaeohodites
363:
359:
358:Palaeohodites
355:
354:Palaeohodites
347:
345:
342:
338:
337:Palaeohodites
334:
330:
326:
325:Palaeohodites
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
306:Palaeohodites
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:plesiomorphic
279:
275:
274:Palaeohodites
271:
267:
263:
262:Palaeohodites
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
243:North America
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:Palaeohodites
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Palaeohodites
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:
180:Palaeohodites
168:
166:
157:
154:
153:Binomial name
150:
146:
145:
139:
136:
135:
128:
127:
126:Palaeohodites
120:
117:
116:
113:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:Strepsirrhini
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
25:Palaeohodites
22:
19:
1166:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1027:
994:
988:
978:
945:
939:
929:
899:(1): 43–54.
896:
890:
834:
830:
820:
767:
763:
753:
744:
738:
732:
723:
717:
711:
685:
675:
656:
650:
617:
611:
601:
582:
576:
541:
535:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
431:
426:
425:
421:
417:
410:Paleohodites
409:
398:Palaeohodite
397:
396:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
351:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:
314:Gatanthropus
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
295:
273:
270:P. naduensis
269:
261:
260:
236:
233:sister taxon
228:
200:
179:
178:
177:
164:
159:
143:
142:
125:
124:
24:
18:
1239:Adapiformes
1191:Wikispecies
348:Description
291:anthropoids
251:Pleistocene
227:. Notably,
1228:Categories
1182:Q125217783
1115:Palynology
1061:: 293–300.
747:: 157–450.
726:: 139–238.
544:: 103452.
490:References
438:Morphology
298:Bugtilemur
205:adapiforms
95:Suborder:
1143:0191-6122
1082:: 13–26.
1011:0002-9483
962:0015-5713
913:0002-9483
851:0962-8452
794:0027-8424
634:0002-9483
266:monotypic
221:Oligocene
187:from the
137:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1176:Wikidata
1040:: 1–488.
1019:23212472
970:17855785
921:26118778
869:19386655
812:11607143
642:16444732
568:37935595
414:mudstone
287:omomyids
257:Taxonomy
105:Family:
89:Primates
79:Mammalia
69:Chordata
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
1123:Bibcode
1084:Bibcode
860:2842661
772:Bibcode
546:Bibcode
213:lorises
185:primate
162:†
141:†
118:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
1211:479015
1141:
1017:
1009:
968:
960:
919:
911:
867:
857:
849:
810:
800:
792:
700:
663:
640:
632:
589:
566:
247:humans
209:lemurs
197:Eocene
189:Eocene
803:50756
278:clade
264:is a
193:China
1139:ISSN
1015:PMID
1007:ISSN
966:PMID
958:ISSN
917:PMID
909:ISSN
865:PMID
847:ISSN
808:PMID
790:ISSN
698:ISBN
661:ISBN
638:PMID
630:ISSN
587:ISBN
564:PMID
474:and
454:and
380:and
308:and
300:and
225:Asia
211:and
1131:doi
1092:doi
1080:175
999:doi
995:150
950:doi
901:doi
897:158
855:PMC
839:doi
835:277
798:PMC
780:doi
745:156
724:125
690:doi
622:doi
618:130
554:doi
542:185
289:or
235:of
223:of
1230::
1208::
1193::
1178::
1137:.
1129:.
1119:23
1117:.
1113:.
1090:.
1078:.
1059:48
1057:.
1038:52
1036:.
1013:.
1005:.
993:.
987:.
964:.
956:.
946:78
944:.
938:.
915:.
907:.
895:.
889:.
877:^
863:.
853:.
845:.
833:.
829:.
806:.
796:.
788:.
778:.
768:88
766:.
762:.
743:.
722:.
696:,
684:,
636:.
628:.
616:.
610:.
562:.
552:.
540:.
534:.
498:^
486:.
372:,
293:.
272:.
253:.
199:,
1145:.
1133::
1125::
1098:.
1094::
1086::
1021:.
1001::
972:.
952::
923:.
903::
871:.
841::
814:.
782::
774::
692::
669:.
644:.
624::
595:.
570:.
556::
548::
122:†
109:†
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
