755:
980:"Inscriptions antiques de la région de Najran (Arabie Séoudite meridionale): nouveaux jalons pour l'histoire de l'écriture, de la langue et du calendrier Arabes"
942:
Nehmé, Laila; Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise; Desreumaux, Alain
Jacques Paul; Al-Ghabban, Ali I; MacDonald, Michael; Villeneuve, François F. (2018).
1021:
102:
and Hythem Sidky, Paleo-Arabic can be distinguished from the script that occurs in later periods by a number of orthographic features, including:
893:
364:
47:
slowly evolved into the modern Arabic script. It appears in the late fifth and sixth centuries and, though was originally only known from
918:
The development of Arabic as a written language: Papers from the special session of the
Seminar for Arabian Studies held on 24 July, 2009
98:
Paleo-Arabic refers to the Arabic script in the centuries prior to the standardization Arabic underwent in the
Islamic era. According to
955:"The religious landscape of Northwest Arabia as reflected in the Nabataean, Nabataeo-Arabic, and pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions"
152:
412:
266:
The current list of known Paleo-Arabic texts and inscriptions is given in a table and appendix of a paper jointly written by
239:
945:
The Darb al-Bakrah. A Caravan Route in North-West Arabia
Discovered by Ali I. al-Ghabban. Catalogue of the Inscriptions
505:
433:
189:
1026:
1016:
927:"New dated inscriptions (Nabataean and pre-Islamic Arabic) from a site near al-Jawf, ancient Dūmah, Saudi Arabia"
480:
316:
235:
185:
914:"A glimpse of the development of the Nabataean script into Arabic based on old and new epigraphic material"
181:
72:
39:, but it is also a recognizable form of the Arabic script, emerging after a transitional phase of
536:
345:
340:
247:
979:
871:"Provincia Arabia: Nabataea, the Emergence of Arabic as a Written Language, and Graeco-Arabica"
35:
at which point it becomes recognizably similar to the
Islamic Arabic script. It comes prior to
889:
388:
295:
251:
56:
200:
The present corpus of Paleo-Arabic inscriptions attests the following introductory formulae:
966:
857:
815:
44:
40:
36:
954:
510:
267:
99:
87:
726:
724:
870:
845:
803:
393:
83:
1010:
32:
827:
al-Shdaifat, Younis; Al-Jallad, Ahmad; al-Salameen, Zeyad; Harahsheh, Rafe (2017).
514:
490:
461:
439:
418:
369:
255:
76:
60:
883:
869:
Fiema, Zbigniew; Al-Jallad, Ahmad; MacDonald, Michael C.A.; Nehmé, Laila (2015).
243:
1002:
DiCoNab: The
Digital Corpus of the Nabataean and Developing Arabic Inscriptions
905:
Muhammad and His
Followers in Context: The Religious Map of Late Antique Arabia
63:. More recently, additional examples of Paleo-Arabic have been discovered near
711:
709:
707:
541:
321:
970:
978:
Robin, Christian; al-Ghabbān, ʿAlī Ibrāhīm; al-Saʿīd, Saʿīd Fāyiz (2014).
730:
31:) is a script that represents a pre-Islamic phase in the evolution of the
885:
Rome, Persia, and Arabia: shaping the Middle East from Pompey to
Muhammad
546:
742:
861:
596:
594:
457:
397:
373:
52:
926:
828:
786:
943:
913:
819:
137:
Known Paleo-Arabic inscriptions fall into one of three categories:
984:
Comptes rendus de l'Académie des
Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres
846:"A Palaeo-Arabic inscription from the Ḥismā Desert (Tabūk region)"
486:
349:
325:
301:
68:
48:
829:"An early Christian Arabic graffito mentioning 'Yazīd the king'"
64:
1001:
658:
656:
55:, is now also attested in several extant inscriptions from the
155:
from the fourth to sixth centuries in the pre-Islamic period.
151:
As such, they reflect the dominance attained by the spread of
715:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
569:
567:
246:, whose beginning is the equivalent of the year 106 in the
844:
Alhatlani, Abdullah Saad; Al-Otibi, Ajab
Mohammad (2023).
168:
Paleo-Arabic inscriptions most commonly refer to "God" as
804:"A Paleo-Arabic Inscription of a Companion of Muhammad?"
59:, such as in the Christian texts at the site of Hima in
674:
600:
787:"A Paleo-Arabic inscription on a route north of Ṭāʾif"
948:. Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage.
118:
Occasional phonetic spelling of the definite article
662:
234:Several Paleo-Arabic inscriptions, including the
141:simple signatures with no confessional statements
121:Occasional relic use of dots to distinguish the
698:
686:
647:
8:
877:. Oxford University Press. pp. 373–433.
180:for "Lord" also appears as is seen in the
82:The term "Paleo-Arabic" was first used by
573:
802:Al-Jallad, Ahmad; Sidky, Hythem (2024).
785:Al-Jallad, Ahmad; Sidky, Hythem (2021).
272:
563:
242:typically date events according to the
624:
112:Absence of alif to represent the long
768:
675:Robin, al-Ghabbān & al-Saʿīd 2014
612:
601:Robin, al-Ghabbān & al-Saʿīd 2014
585:
365:Umm al-Jimal Paleo-Arabic inscription
7:
916:. In MacDonald, Michael C.A. (ed.).
481:Umm Burayrah (Abd Shams) inscription
225:/ In the name of Allāh, the Raḥmān
14:
931:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
850:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
833:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
791:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
262:List of Paleo-Arabic inscriptions
153:monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia
23:, sometimes also referred to as
920:. Archaeopress. pp. 47–88.
808:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
172:or by its orthographic variant
1022:History of the Arabic language
875:Arabs and Empires Before Islam
413:Hima Paleo-Arabic inscriptions
240:Hima Paleo-Arabic inscriptions
1:
756:"نقوش عربية بــ"لكنة" نبطية!"
663:Alhatlani & Al-Otibi 2023
250:. However, at least one, the
254:(known from Syria) uses the
147:specifically Christian texts
506:Dumat al-Jandal inscription
1043:
699:Al-Jallad & Sidky 2024
687:Al-Jallad & Sidky 2024
648:Al-Jallad & Sidky 2021
434:Ri al-Zallalah inscription
190:Ri al-Zallalah inscription
90:expression "paléo-arabe".
903:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
873:. In Fisher, Greg (ed.).
888:. Taylor & Francis.
213:/ May our lord bless you
207:/ In your name, our lord
743:al-Shdaifat et al. 2017
317:Jebel Usays inscription
236:Jebel Usays inscription
186:Jabal Dabub inscription
75:region of northwestern
971:10.1484/J.SEC.5.122984
144:monotheist invocations
953:Nehmé, Laila (2020).
925:Nehmé, Laila (2017).
912:Nehmé, Laila (2010).
882:Fisher, Greg (2020).
219:/ In your name, O God
196:Introductory formulae
182:Abd Shams inscription
959:Semitica et Classica
274:
86:in the form of the
627:, p. 186–187.
537:Namara inscription
341:Harran inscription
273:
270:and Hythem Sidky.
248:Gregorian calendar
176:, though the term
109:Use of Arameograms
25:pre-Islamic Arabic
895:978-1-000-74090-5
862:10.1111/aae.12235
731:Nehmé et al. 2018
716:Fiema et al. 2015
528:
527:
389:Yazid inscription
296:Zabad inscription
252:Zabad inscription
57:Arabian Peninsula
1034:
1027:Nabataean script
1017:Arabic languages
991:
974:
949:
938:
921:
908:
899:
878:
865:
840:
823:
798:
772:
766:
760:
759:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
719:
713:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
651:
645:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
589:
588:, p. 47–48.
583:
577:
576:, p. 49–50.
571:
438:Ri al-Zallalah,
284:Number of texts
275:
45:Nabataean script
41:Nabataean Arabic
37:Classical Arabic
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1007:
1006:
998:
990:(3): 1033–1128.
977:
952:
941:
924:
911:
902:
896:
881:
868:
843:
826:
801:
784:
781:
776:
775:
767:
763:
754:
753:
749:
741:
737:
729:
722:
714:
705:
697:
693:
685:
681:
677:, p. 1039.
673:
669:
661:
654:
646:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
592:
584:
580:
572:
565:
560:
555:
533:
511:Dumat al-Jandal
268:Ahmad Al-Jallad
264:
232:
198:
166:
161:
135:
100:Ahmad Al-Jallad
96:
84:Christian Robin
12:
11:
5:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
996:External links
994:
993:
992:
975:
950:
939:
922:
909:
900:
894:
879:
866:
856:(1): 183–193.
841:
824:
820:10.1086/729531
799:
780:
777:
774:
773:
761:
747:
735:
720:
718:, p. 377.
703:
691:
679:
667:
652:
629:
617:
605:
590:
578:
574:Lindstedt 2023
562:
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95:
94:Classification
92:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1028:
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928:
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891:
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886:
880:
876:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
839:(2): 315–324.
838:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:(1): 202–215.
796:
792:
788:
783:
782:
778:
770:
765:
762:
758:. 2019-09-05.
757:
751:
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744:
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85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:Arabic script
30:
26:
22:
21:Palaeo-Arabic
18:
987:
983:
962:
958:
944:
934:
930:
917:
904:
884:
874:
853:
849:
836:
832:
811:
807:
794:
790:
764:
750:
738:
701:, p. 8.
694:
689:, p. 4.
682:
670:
620:
608:
581:
515:Saudi Arabia
491:Saudi Arabia
473:
472:Unpublished
462:Saudi Arabia
440:Saudi Arabia
419:Saudi Arabia
370:Umm el-Jimal
290:Publication
265:
256:Seleucid era
233:
223:b-sm lh rḥmn
222:
217:b-sm-k ʾllhm
216:
210:
205:b-sm-k rb-nʾ
204:
199:
177:
173:
169:
167:
150:
136:
126:
122:
113:
97:
81:
77:Saudi Arabia
61:South Arabia
28:
24:
20:
17:Paleo-Arabic
16:
15:
965:: 127–154.
814:(1): 1–14.
625:Fisher 2020
322:Jebel Usays
244:Bostran era
211:brk-m rb-nʾ
159:Terminology
71:and in the
1011:Categories
937:: 121‒164.
769:Nehmé 2017
613:Nehmé 2020
586:Nehmé 2010
553:References
542:Old Arabic
485:Northwest
394:Qasr Burqu
188:, and the
29:Old Arabic
558:Citations
474:but see
426:470, 513
281:Location
907:. Brill.
547:Safaitic
531:See also
498:undated
469:undated
447:undated
405:undated
381:undated
238:and the
230:Calendar
170:al-ʾilāh
106:Wawation
779:Sources
300:Zabad,
67:in the
43:as the
892:
495:9 + 2
458:Medina
417:Hima,
398:Jordan
374:Jordan
346:Harran
133:Genres
88:French
53:Jordan
487:Hejaz
454:None
350:Syria
326:Syria
302:Syria
287:Date
278:Name
174:illāh
125:from
73:Tabuk
69:Hejaz
49:Syria
890:ISBN
522:548
357:562
333:528
309:512
178:Rabb
65:Taif
51:and
19:(or
988:158
967:doi
858:doi
816:doi
423:25
258:.
164:God
123:dāl
27:or
1013::
986:.
982:.
963:13
961:.
957:.
933:.
929:.
854:34
852:.
848:.
837:28
835:.
831:.
812:83
810:.
806:.
795:33
793:.
789:.
723:^
706:^
655:^
632:^
593:^
566:^
519:2
513:,
489:,
466:2
460:,
444:1
402:1
396:,
378:1
372:,
354:1
348:,
330:1
324:,
306:1
192:.
184:,
127:rē
79:.
973:.
969::
935:3
898:.
864:.
860::
822:.
818::
771:.
745:.
733:.
665:.
650:.
615:.
603:.
114:ā
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