236:
57:
223:
198:
248:
143:
210:
169:
154:
259:
180:
608:
The Syrian PLA remains active, closely coordinated with as-Sa'iqa, although the importance of both had diminished over the years. The PLA has been rebuilt and
Palestinians in Syria are still drafted to perform their military service in its ranks. Though completely staffed by Palestinians, it remains
495:
and declaring it a "liberated" city, the
Jordanian military eventually managed to stall the attack in course of heavy fighting. After international pressure, and threats of intervention from both Israel and the United States, the combined PLA-Syrian forces were forced to turn back; an embarrassment
376:
in these units instead of in their host countries' regular armed forces. Formally, the PLA fell under the command of the PLO's
Military Department, but in practice, none of the governments involved relinquished control of the brigades. From an early point, the PLA became especially influenced by
640:
for refusing to fight against rebels in Daraa. Around 228 PLA fighters have been killed in action by
September 2017; one of the highest ranking fatalities being a brigadier general Anwar al-Saqa. On 5 August 2020, commander of the PLA Maj. Gen.
609:
outside of the PLO's control, and is in effect integrated into the Syrian Army. Nevertheless, it poses as an independent entity, and occasionally organizes pro-government rallies celebrating Syrian commitment to the
Palestinian cause.
367:
Accordingly, the PLA was officially set up in 1964 as the PLO's armed wing despite lacking an actual operation link to the PLO. In reality, the PLA was created by Nasser as an "auxiliary formation". It was staffed by
Palestinian
577:, to mend relations damaged by Sadat's peacemaking attempts with Israel. Still, the Egyptian units never proved as important as the fully deployed Syrian PLA. In 1991, the first commander-in-chief of the PLA Maj. Gen.
158:
1415:
436:. However, the three PLA brigades remained under-strength until the 1980s. The PLA was never deployed in the form of a single fighting unit for the PLO, but instead elements were utilized as an
1288:
460:, occupied by Israeli forces the year before. Generally the PLA refrained from this kind of underground action, having been built up as something of a conventional military parade showpiece.
1630:
1615:
526:, including against the PLO (the PLA however proved unreliable when ordered to fight other Palestinians, and suffered from mass defections). In this conflict, it acted alongside the
1319:
1383:
1352:
315:, with the mission of fighting Israel. However, it has never been under effective PLO control, but rather it has been controlled by its various host governments, usually
745:
740:
1425:
1218:"After news of the liquidation of Palestinian officers who refused to fight alongside the regime .. Ambiguity envelops the fate of a pilot in the Liberation Army"
546:. Overall, the PLA proved to be relatively ineffective in Lebanon. The PLA was largely destroyed as a fighting force during the 1982 Israeli invasion of southern
530:
faction of the PLO to support Syrian interests. Already deployed from 1975 in
Lebanon, the PLA acted as cover for the Syrian Armed Forces during the start of the
730:
1169:
725:
1554:
793:
1595:
940:
720:
1235:
1296:
715:
1537:
1447:
1605:
589:
304:
263:
535:
1329:
1071:
1518:
1196:
828:
Brigadier
General Akram Muhammad al-Salti (left) has been appointed as Chief of Staff of the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) in Syria.
1081:
757:
300:
228:
783:
1393:
1360:
695:
700:
1610:
585:
468:
After its foundation, the PLA came to be used as political cover by its host governments, especially Syria. In course of the
1575:
827:
762:
705:
515:
in 1973, fighting both at the Syrian and
Egyptian fronts. From 1973, the PLA effectively became part of the Syrian Army.
531:
319:. Even though it initially operated in several countries, the present-day PLA is only active in Syria and recruits male
110:
534:
in 1976, as invading Syrian soldiers were dressed in PLA uniforms. The PLA and as-Sa'iqa offered protection during the
1625:
1560:
Hillel Frisch, The
Palestinian Military: Between Militias and Armies (Middle Eastern Military Studies) – 30 March 2008
637:
844:
752:
404:
778:
1600:
1070:
Migdal, Joel (2014). "4. Finding a Place in the Middle East: A New Partnership Develops out of Black September".
710:
1620:
1590:
948:
642:
621:
56:
735:
625:
597:
115:
484:
289:
886:
788:
320:
202:
452:), better known as the "Yarmouk Brigade", were established within the framework of the PLA to perform
808:
803:
633:
543:
336:
Immediately after its creation at the 1964 Arab League summit in Alexandria, the PLO (then headed by
944:
848:
389:
1174:
685:
571:
519:
345:
444:
of 1967 as part of the Egyptian and Syrian militaries. In 1968, the Popular Liberation Forces (
1533:
1514:
1510:
1077:
668:
629:
617:
480:
162:
1553:
Yezid Sayigh, 'Escalation or Containment? Egypt and the Palestine Liberation Army, 1964–67,'
1570:
1142:
1087:
690:
663:
613:
551:
505:
420:
373:
240:
566:
agreement. The Egyptian PLA was also deployed in Lebanon in 1976, after Palestinian leader
17:
914:"Palestine Liberation Army (PLO) suffered heavy losses during fighting with Syrian regime"
675:
578:
469:
280:
539:
1416:"Islamist rebels issue distress call for help as Syrian Army advances in Sheikh Miskeen"
636:. In early 2015, a number of PLA fighters led by Major Khaldoun Al Nader were allegedly
1420:
1388:
1356:
1324:
680:
512:
501:
337:
252:
1584:
1493:
1489:
567:
357:
593:
433:
353:
119:
527:
147:
1289:"Complete Report from the Yarmouk Camp; Palestinian Resistance on the Offensive"
1262:"Body of late Major General Tarek al-Khadra escorted to his final resting place"
1217:
658:
574:
497:
473:
441:
437:
341:
173:
428:
The PLA was relatively well equipped and trained, and even fielded armour. Its
1477:
1236:"A PLA Recruit Dies in Damascus Suburb and News about the Execution of Others"
563:
457:
308:
95:
1506:
523:
440:
and support force by its controller governments. PLA brigades fought in the
394:
185:
491:. Although the initial invasion was successful, with PLA forces capturing
479:
under the command of the PLA were sent into Jordan to aid the Palestinian
1320:"Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture Al-Bahariyah village in East Ghouta: map"
852:
646:
488:
453:
429:
913:
547:
504:. The failure of the invasion has also attributed to the fact that the
381:
369:
1485:
1170:"Palestinians in Syria Are Reluctantly Drawn Into Vortex of Uprising"
559:
508:
under al-Assad had refused to enter the fighting in the first place.
496:
which would contribute greatly to the overthrow of the government of
445:
413:
215:
99:
27:
Semi-independent military branch of Palestine Liberation Organization
616:, the PLA sided with the government and began to fight against the
584:
Many PLA soldiers in Egypt and Jordan later became the core of the
555:
492:
398:
361:
349:
316:
312:
235:
168:
88:
372:
under the control of the host countries, who would perform their
476:
409:
103:
1261:
364:
faction wrested it from Nasser-backed Palestinians in 1968–69.
1353:"Syrian Army advances inside strategic town east of Damascus"
356:
would not gain independent control of the organization until
1124:
1122:
487:, probably with the ultimate aim to overthrow the Jordanian
1384:"Virtual map of East Ghouta battle: September 2015-Present"
941:"The Deal in Yarmouk: End of the Tragedy or Empty Words?"
1109:
1107:
1105:
1076:. Columbia University Press (published February 2014).
1041:
1039:
464:
Black September, Yom Kippur War, and Lebanese Civil War
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
1197:"Hamas slams killing of Palestinian troops in Syria"
1073:
Shifting Sands: The United States in the Middle East
845:"Hamas slams killing of Palestinian troops in Syria"
522:, Syria likewise made extensive use of the PLA as a
294:
600:to take up positions in the PNA security services.
191:
136:
125:
109:
84:
74:
66:
34:
1448:"PLA Fighter Pronounced Dead in Daraa Hostilities"
1631:Military units and formations established in 1964
1616:Pro-government factions of the Syrian civil war
416:in 1967; it passed under Syrian control in 1971
1576:Palestine Liberation Army leader Yasser ARAFAT
839:
837:
835:
624:, the PLA has taken part in campaigns in the
8:
1555:International Journal of Middle East Studies
794:List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
746:Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)
380:The PLA was originally organized into three
41:
1503:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 1948–73
885:Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (1 September 2015).
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
741:Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)
340:) was effectively under the control of the
1168:Rod Nordland; Dalal Mawad (30 June 2012).
908:
906:
904:
31:
1530:Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition
1163:
1161:
1159:
731:Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)
299:) is ostensibly the military wing of the
726:Rif Dimashq offensive (June–August 2016)
820:
1452:Action Group for Palestinians of Syria
1240:Action Group for Palestinians in Syria
1057:
1045:
1030:
1009:
721:Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)
716:Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)
596:, when they were allowed to enter the
456:actions against Israeli forces in the
1128:
1113:
986:
939:Racha Abi Haidar (12 February 2014).
887:"Overview of some pro-Assad Militias"
7:
264:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1557:, Vol. 30, Issue 1, 1998, pp97–116.
554:. Its fighters in Lebanon left for
536:1976 Lebanese presidential election
284:
42:
1596:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
70:Brig. Gen. Akram Muhammad al-Salti
25:
1143:"Palestine Liberation Army (PLA)"
758:Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
301:Palestine Liberation Organization
1382:Leith Aboufadel (9 March 2018).
696:Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign
592:, after the signing of the 1993
511:PLA units saw action during the
384:, named after historic battles:
257:
246:
234:
221:
208:
196:
178:
167:
152:
141:
55:
701:Siege of Darayya and Muadamiyat
332:Foundation and early operations
851:. 16 July 2012. Archived from
450:quwwat at-tahrir ash-sha'biyya
1:
1318:Fadel, Leith (21 June 2016).
763:2018 Southern Syria offensive
706:Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)
562:that year, in a US-sponsored
1351:Leith Fadel (3 April 2017).
1287:Leith Fadel (6 April 2015).
784:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
570:had approached the Egyptian
532:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
296:Jaysh at-Taḥrīr al-Filasṭīnī
48:Jaysh at-Tahrir al-Filastini
1606:Palestinian militant groups
1532:. Oxford University Press.
472:of 1970, hastily repainted
295:
18:Palestinian Liberation Army
1647:
753:Daraa Governorate campaign
711:Battle of Zabadani (2015)
612:With the outbreak of the
432:mostly originated in the
273:Palestine Liberation Army
54:
39:
35:Palestine Liberation Army
645:died in Damascus due to
643:Muhammad Tariq al-Khadra
622:Muhammad Tariq al-Khadra
1528:Pipes, Daniel (1992) .
1266:Syrian Arab News Agency
799:Similar Organizations:
736:Qaboun offensive (2017)
620:. Led by Major General
598:Palestinian Territories
558:when the PLO evacuated
397:, then administered by
305:1964 Arab League summit
116:Palestinian nationalism
1571:PLA at Global Security
1501:Laffin, John (2005) .
542:in getting elected as
485:Jordanian Armed Forces
408:, originally based in
1611:Palestinians in Syria
789:Military of Palestine
779:Arab–Israeli conflict
634:Quneitra Governorates
586:Palestinian Authority
412:, but transferred to
303:(PLO), set up at the
285:جيش التحرير الفلسطيني
203:Israel Defense Forces
43:جيش التحرير الفلسطيني
1131:, pp. 122, 133.
1060:, pp. 326, 333.
809:Army of the Holy War
804:Arab Liberation Army
544:President of Lebanon
321:Palestinian refugees
85:Active regions
1626:Axis of Resistance
1428:on 3 February 2016
1175:The New York Times
1090:on 9 December 2014
920:. 4 September 2017
686:Lebanese Civil War
520:Lebanese Civil War
76:Dates of operation
1539:978-0-195-36304-3
1511:Osprey Publishing
669:Battle of Karameh
618:Syrian opposition
550:that started the
293:
269:
268:
163:Fatah al-Intifada
16:(Redirected from
1638:
1601:Military in Asia
1543:
1524:
1505:(9th ed.).
1497:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1424:. Archived from
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1392:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1359:. Archived from
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1328:. Archived from
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1299:on 14 March 2018
1295:. Archived from
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1086:. Archived from
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1013:
1007:
990:
984:
961:
960:
958:
956:
947:. Archived from
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
910:
899:
898:
896:
894:
882:
865:
864:
862:
860:
841:
830:
825:
691:Syrian Civil War
664:War of Attrition
614:Syrian Civil War
604:Syrian Civil War
552:1982 Lebanon War
506:Syrian Air Force
424:, based in Syria
374:military service
298:
288:
286:
262:
261:
260:
251:
250:
249:
241:Free Syrian Army
239:
238:
227:
225:
224:
214:
212:
211:
201:
200:
199:
184:
182:
181:
172:
171:
157:
156:
155:
146:
145:
144:
132:
77:
59:
50:
45:
44:
32:
21:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1621:Black September
1591:Armies in exile
1581:
1580:
1567:
1550:
1548:Further reading
1540:
1527:
1521:
1500:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1363:on 4 April 2019
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1332:on 8 March 2019
1317:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1268:. 7 August 2020
1260:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1224:. 2 March 2015.
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1016:
1008:
993:
985:
964:
954:
952:
951:on 12 June 2018
938:
937:
933:
923:
921:
912:
911:
902:
892:
890:
889:. Syria Comment
884:
883:
868:
858:
856:
843:
842:
833:
826:
822:
817:
775:
676:Black September
655:
606:
579:Wajih Al Madani
470:Black September
466:
334:
329:
258:
256:
255:
247:
245:
244:
233:
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197:
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179:
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153:
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142:
140:
130:
118:
91:
75:
62:
46:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
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1613:
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1603:
1598:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1565:External links
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1525:
1520:978-0415609425
1519:
1498:
1482:Lion of Jordan
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1439:
1421:Al-Masdar News
1407:
1396:on 13 May 2019
1389:al-Masdar News
1374:
1357:Al Masdar News
1343:
1325:al-Masdar News
1310:
1293:Al-Masdar News
1279:
1253:
1242:. 1 March 2015
1227:
1209:
1188:
1155:
1133:
1118:
1116:, p. 121.
1101:
1082:
1062:
1050:
1048:, p. 326.
1035:
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991:
989:, p. 133.
962:
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866:
855:on 8 July 2017
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681:Yom Kippur War
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590:National Guard
513:Yom Kippur War
502:Hafez al-Assad
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338:Ahmad Shukeiri
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1516:
1512:
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1504:
1499:
1495:
1494:Penguin Books
1491:
1490:New York City
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1454:. 6 July 2018
1453:
1449:
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1222:Zaman al-Wasl
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1108:
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1102:
1089:
1085:
1083:9780231166720
1079:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:, p. 38.
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:, p. 29.
1011:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
963:
950:
946:
942:
935:
932:
919:
915:
909:
907:
905:
901:
888:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
867:
854:
850:
846:
840:
838:
836:
832:
829:
824:
821:
814:
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807:
805:
802:
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800:
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790:
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772:
764:
761:
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755:
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751:
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734:
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582:
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576:
573:
569:
568:Yassir Arafat
565:
561:
557:
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541:
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205:(1967, 1982)
120:Anti-Zionism
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80:1964–present
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1478:Shlaim, Avi
1471:Works cited
1181:4 September
1141:John Pike.
1094:20 December
1058:Shlaim 2008
1046:Shlaim 2008
1031:Laffin 2005
1010:Laffin 2005
955:14 February
924:4 September
859:21 December
659:Six-Day War
626:Rif Dimashq
575:Anwar Sadat
524:proxy force
518:During the
498:Salah Jadid
474:Syrian Army
442:Six-Day War
393:, based in
342:Arab states
174:Syrian Army
1585:Categories
1272:3 December
1202:8 February
1148:8 February
1129:Pipes 1992
1114:Pipes 1992
987:Pipes 1992
815:References
653:Operations
564:cease fire
538:, helping
481:guerrillas
458:Gaza Strip
405:Qadisiyyah
309:Alexandria
96:Gaza Strip
61:PLA Emblem
1507:Cambridge
1432:8 January
945:Al Akhbar
849:Al Akhbar
588:'s (PNA)
572:president
528:as-Sa'iqa
438:auxiliary
390:Ayn Jalut
290:romanized
218:(1970–71)
192:Opponents
186:Hezbollah
148:As-Sa'iqa
1492:, etc.:
1480:(2008).
1400:16 March
773:See also
647:COVID-19
638:executed
489:monarchy
454:commando
430:materiel
382:brigades
370:refugees
307:held in
111:Ideology
1458:17 July
1367:4 April
1303:6 April
1246:24 July
548:Lebanon
377:Syria.
327:History
292::
159:PFLP-GC
1536:
1517:
1486:London
1336:7 July
1080:
632:, and
581:died.
560:Beirut
446:Arabic
421:Hattin
414:Jordan
352:. The
346:Nasser
281:Arabic
243:(2011)
231:(1976)
226:
216:Jordan
213:
183:
137:Allies
131:(2017)
129:6,000
100:Jordan
67:Leader
918:Nedaa
630:Daraa
556:Tunis
493:Irbid
477:tanks
399:Egypt
362:Fatah
350:Egypt
317:Syria
313:Egypt
89:Syria
1534:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1460:2018
1434:2016
1402:2018
1369:2017
1338:2016
1305:2015
1274:2023
1248:2022
1204:2015
1183:2017
1150:2015
1096:2014
1078:ISBN
957:2014
926:2017
895:2016
861:2013
410:Iraq
395:Gaza
271:The
126:Size
104:Iraq
500:by
360:'s
348:'s
277:PLA
229:PLO
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