2058:"Records show that until the Gaza raid, the Egyptian military authorities had a consistent and firm policy of curbing infiltration...into Israel...and that it was only following the raid that a new policy was put in place, that of organizing the fedayeen units and turning them into an official instrument of warfare against Israel." ā Shlaim, pp. 128ā129. However, official policy and actual actions were not always consistent ā whether due to incompetence or deliberately turning a blind eye to Palestinian actions, both in Jordan and in Egypt. In fact, during this period there were some 7,850 infiltrations and border incidents on the Jordanian border (including incidents in which Jordanian troops sniped into Israeli areas, conducted intelligence forays or, in one case tried to block the Israeli road leading to the southern Israeli town of Eilat) ā how many of these actions by Jordanian troops were local initiatives and how many were officially sanctioned is not clear. On the Egyptian border there were in this period approximately 3,000 infiltrations and incidents, the vast majority along the Gaza section of that border. These too were virtually all Palestinian in origin, but also included an undetermined number of shooting incidents initiated by Egyptian troops ā usually against Israeli border patrols.
1334:, one of the two fedayeen to hijack the plane proclaimed that, "this hijacking is one of the operational aspects of our war against Zionism and all who support it, including the United States ... it was a perfectly normal thing to do, the sort of thing all freedom fighters must tackle." Most of the passengers and crew were released immediately after the plane landed. Six Israeli passengers were taken hostage and held for questioning by Syria. Four women among them were released after two days, and the two men were released after a week of intensive negotiations between all the parties involved. Of this PFLP hijacking and those that followed at Dawson's field, Kumamoto writes: "The PFLP hijackers had seized no armies, mountaintops, or cities. Theirs was not necessarily a war of arms; it was a war of words ā a war of propaganda, the exploitation of violence to attract world attention. In that regard, the Dawson's Field episode was a publicity goldmine."
2009:
Legion's complicity ...no clear answer came from the army. Finally Fati told Leo and myself, on two separate occasions, that no proof could be given because no proof existed. Furthermore, Fati told me that having personally made a detail study of infiltration, he had arrived at the conclusion that
Jordanians and especially the Legion were doing their best to prevent infiltration, which was a natural decentralised and sporadic movement. In fact, listening to Fati or his colleagues these days, one could almost mistake them for British Foreign Office ." Benny Morris (1993) Israel's Border Wars, 1949ā1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War Oxford University Press,
1988:"There is strong evidence from Arab, British, American, UN and even Israeli sources to suggest that for the first six years after the war, the Arab governments were opposed to infiltration and tried to curb it...The Lebanese...effectively sealed the border with Israel. The Syrian authorities also exercised strict control over their border with Israel, and infiltration was rarer. The Egyptian authorities...pursued a consistent policy of curbing infiltration until 1955...Secret Jordanian documents captured by the Israeli army during the June 1967 war...reveal strenuous efforts on the part of the Jordanian military and civilian authorities...to keep from crossing ." ā Shlaim,
1719:
Israeli war plan was the elimination of the terrorist bases in the Gaza Strip, from which daily fedayeen incursions into Israel made life unbearable for its southern population. And last but not least, the concentration of the
Egyptian forces in the Sinai Peninsula, armed with the newly acquired weapons from the Soviet bloc, prepared for an attack on Israel. Here, Ben-Gurion believed, was a time bomb that had to be defused before it was too late. Reaching the Suez Canal did not figure at all in Israel's war objectives.
379:, a former Egyptian air brigade commander, member of the Muslim Brotherhood and member of the Revolutionary Council. 250 Palestinian volunteers started training in March 1953, with further volunteers coming forward for training in May and December 1953. Some Border police personnel were attached to the Military Governor's office, under 'Abd-al-'Azim al-Saharti, to guard public installations in the Gaza strip. After an Israeli raid on an
728:, led by Yasser Arafat. Warned of large-scale Israeli military preparations, many fedayeen groups, including the PFLP and the DFLP, withdraw their forces from the town. Advised by a pro-Fatah Jordanian divisional commander to withdraw his men and headquarters to nearby hills, Arafat refused, stating "We want to convince the world that there are those in the Arab world who will not withdraw or flee." Fatah remained, and the
1368:
battles, the basic fedayeen intention was achieved since, "The West was appalled and wanted to know the rationale of the terrorists, the
Israelis were outraged and punished, many of the Palestinians were encouraged by the visibility and ignored the killings, and the rebels felt that they had acted, helped history along." He notes the opposite was true for the 1976 hijacking of an Air France flight redirected to
207:
752:
605:
512:
40:
394:), these early infiltrations were limited "incursions", initially motivated by economic reasons, such as Palestinians crossing the border into Israel to harvest crops in their former villages. Gradually, they developed into violent robbery and deliberate 'terrorist' attacks as fedayeen replaced the 'innocent' refugees as the perpetrators.
1041:. Salah Zeidan, head of the DFLP in Gaza, stated of the operation that, "It's a classic modelāsoldier to soldier, gun to gun, face to face Our technical expertise has increased in recent days. So has our courage, and people are going to see that this is a better way to resist the occupation than suicide bombs inside the Jewish state."
736:
full-scale war. By the battle's end, 100 Fatah militants had been killed, 100 wounded and 120-150 captured; Jordanian fatalities were 61 soldiers and civilians, 108 wounded; and
Israeli casualties were 28 soldiers killed and 69 wounded. 13 Jordanian tanks were destroyed in the battle; while the Israelis lost 4 tanks, 3 half tracks, 2
965:, in which two fedayeen infiltrated northern Israel from an undisclosed Syrian-controlled area in southern Lebanon with hang gliders. One of them was killed at the border, while the other proceeded to land at an army camp, initially killing a soldier in a passing vehicle, then five more in the camp, before being shot dead.
1029:, killing an Israeli major and two soldiers and wounding seven others. One of the commandos was killed in the firefight. Another was tracked for hours and later shot in head, while the rest escaped. In Gaza, the attack produced "a sense of euphoriaāand nostalgia for the Palestinian fedayeen raids in the early days of the
794:(the King's army) was an insult to both the King and the regime. Further, many Palestinian fedayeen groups of the radical left, such as the PFLP, "called for the overthrow of the Arab monarchies, including the Hashemite regime in Jordan, arguing that this was an essential first step toward the liberation of Palestine."
1100:
The objectives of the fedayeen were articulated in the statements and literature they produced, which were consistent with reference to the aim of destroying
Zionism. In 1970, the stated aim of the fedayeen was establishing Palestine as "a secular, democratic, nonsectarian state." Bard O'Neill writes
735:
On the night of 21 March 1968, Israel attacked
Karameh with heavy weaponry, armored vehicles and fighter jets. Fatah held its ground, surprising the Israeli military. As Israel's forces intensified their campaign, the Jordanian Army became involved, causing the Israelis to retreat in order to avoid a
374:
from the
Israeli-held Negev area proved vexing, largely due to the presence of over 200,000 Palestinian Arab refugees in this Gaza area. The terms of the Armistice Agreement restricted Egypt's use and deployment of regular armed forces in the Gaza strip. In keeping with this restriction, the Egyptian
1313:
Boeing 747 en route from Rome to Tel Aviv to land in
Algiers, renaming the flight "Palestinian Liberation 007". While publicly proclaiming that it would not negotiate with terrorists, the Israelis did negotiate. The passengers were released unharmed in exchange for the release of sixteen Palestinian
2008:
As an Israel
Foreign Ministry official stated: For years the army has been informing the Ministry and the outside world that infiltration is being sponsored, inspired, guided, or at least utilised by the Legion or other powers that be. However...when asked ...some clear documentary proof of the
932:
Israeli armoured artillery and infantry forces, supported by air force and naval units again entered
Lebanon on 6 June 1982 in an operation code-named "Peace for Galilee", encountering "fierce resistance" from the Palestinian fedayeen there. Israel's occupation of southern Lebanon and its siege and
1367:
contends that "armed struggle" is a message to the enemy that they are "doomed by history" and that operations are "violent message units" designed to "accelerate history" to this end. Bell argues that despite the apparent failure of the Munich operation which collapsed into chaos, murder, and gun
1346:
The tactics employed by the Black September group in subsequent operations differed sharply from the other "run-of-the-mill PLO attacks of the day". The unprecedented level of violence evident in multiple international attacks between 1971 and 1972 included the Sabena airliner hijacking (mentioned
988:, such as rebels within Fatah and the PFLP-GC, used the lack of fedayeen operations as their main weapon of criticism against the PLO leadership at the time. The PFLP and DFLP even made a few abortive attempts at fedayeen operations inside Israel. According to Jamal Raji Nassar and Roger Heacock,
440:
According to Martin Gilbert, between 1951 and 1955, 967 Israelis were killed in what he claims as "Arab terrorist attacks", a figure Benny Morris characterizes as "pure nonsense". Morris explains that Gilbert's fatality figures are "3-5 times higher than the figures given in contemporary Israeli
1718:
the removal of the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran at the entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba. The blockade closed Israel's sea lane to East Africa and the Far East, hindering the development of Israel's southern port of Eilat and its hinterland, the Nege. Another important objective of the
1337:
George Habash, leader of the PFLP, explained his view of the efficacy of hijacking as a tactic in a 1970 interview, stating, "When we hijack a plane it has more effect than if we killed a hundred Israelis in battle." Habash also stated that after decades of being ignored, "At least the world is
1248:
Until 1968, fedayeen tactics consisted largely of hit-and-run raids on Israeli military targets. A commitment to "armed struggle" was incorporated into PLO Charter in clauses that stated: "Armed struggle is the only way to liberate Palestine" and "Commando action constitutes the nucleus of the
1261:. Other acts of sabotage involved bombing bridges, mining roads, ambushing cars and vandalizing (sometimes destroying) houses. After the Six-Day War, these incidents steadily decreased with the exception of the bombing of a complex of oil pipelines sourcing from the Haifa refinery in 1969.
1338:
talking about us now." The hijacking attempts did indeed continue. On 8 May 1972, a Sabena Airlines 707 was forced to land in Tel Aviv after it was commandeered by four Black September commandos who demanded the release of 317 fedayeen fighters being held in Israeli jails. While the
820:
ordered his troops to strike and eliminate the fedayeen network in Jordan. Syrian troops intervened to support the fedayeen, but were turned back by Jordanian armour and Israeli army overflights. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the initial battle ā which came to be known as
1105:
who renounced Zionism could remain in the Palestinian state to be created. After 1974, the issue became less clear and there were suggestions that only those Jews who were in Palestine prior to "the Zionist invasion", alternatively placed at 1947 or 1917, would be able to remain.
624:(PLO) in 1968. While the PLO was the "unifying framework" under which these groups operated, each fedayeen organization had its own leader and armed forces and retained autonomy in operations. Of the dozen or so fedayeen groups under the PLO framework, the most important were the
1068:
by lobbing rockets into southern Israel in concert with rivals Hamas and the Islamic Jihad. According to researcher Maha Azzam, this symbolized the disintegration of Fatah and the division between the grassroots organization and the current leadership. The PFLP and the
892:
by Israeli forces, rendering hundreds of people homeless. According to Milton-Edwards, "This security policy successfully instilled terror in the camps and wiped out the fedayeen bases." The destruction of the secular infrastructure, paved the way for the rise of the
743:
The Battle of Karameh raised the profile of the fedayeen, as they were regarded the "daring heroes of the Arab world". Despite the higher Arab death toll, Fatah considered the battle a victory because of the Israeli army's rapid withdrawal. Such developments prompted
552:, dozens of fedayeen were summarily executed, mostly in two separate incidents. Sixty-six were killed in screening operations in the area; while a US diplomat estimated that of the 500 fedayeen captured by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), "about 30" were killed.
871:
population who had come of age during Egyptian President Nasser's rule of Gaza. The emergence of armed struggle as the liberation strategy for the Gaza Strip reflected larger ideological changes within the Palestinian national movement toward political violence.
992:
at least parts of the Palestinian left sacrificed all to the golden calf of armed struggle when measuring the degree of revolutionary commitment by the number of fedayeen operations, instead of focusing on the positions of power they doubtless held inside the
1228:. This new alliance failed to act as a cohesive unit, but revealed the sharp divisions among the PLO, with the fedayeen finding themselves aligning with Palestinian Islamists for the first time. Disintegration within the PLO's main body Fatah increased as
917:. After the expulsion of the Palestinian fedayeen from Jordan and a series of Israeli raids on Lebanon, the Lebanese government granted the PLO the right to defend Palestinian refugee camps there and to possess heavy weaponry. After the outbreak of 1975
1157:(drawn up by Arafat and his advisers), and proposed a compromise with the Israelis. The Program called for a Palestinian national authority over every part of "liberated Palestinian territory", which referred to areas captured by Arab forces in the
1420:
of Uruguay. These groups, especially the Japanese Red Army participated in many of the PFLP's operations including hijackings and the Lod Airport massacre. The Red Army Faction joined the PFLP in the hijackings of two airplanes that landed in
575:
through a Palestinian armed struggle." The first incursion by these fedayeen may have been the 1 January 1965 commando infiltration into Israel, to plant explosives that destroyed a section of pipeline designed to divert water from the
825:ā and thousands more in the security crackdown that followed. By the summer of 1971, the Palestinian fedayeen network in Jordan had been effectively dismantled, with most of the fighters setting up base in southern Lebanon instead.
474:
Egypt has decided to dispatch her heroes, the disciples of Pharaoh and the sons of Islam and they will cleanse the land of Palestine....There will be no peace on Israel's border because we demand vengeance, and vengeance is Israel's
952:
During a September 2, 1982 press conference at the United Nations, Yasser Arafat stated that, "Jesus Christ was the first Palestinian fedayeen who carried his sword along the path on which the Palestinians today carry their cross."
487:. Others argue that Israel "engineered eve-of-war lies and deceptions.... to give Israel the excuse needed to launch its strike", such as presenting a group of "captured fedayeen" to journalists, who were in fact Israeli soldiers.
1388:
for example had long held ties with Palestinians, and volunteers trained at fedayeen bases in Lebanon. In 1977, Palestinian fedayeen from Fatah helped arrange for the delivery of a sizable arms shipment to the Provos by way of
887:
During Israel's 1971 military campaign to contain or control the fedayeen, an estimated 15,000 suspected fighters were rounded up and deported to detention camps in Abu Zneima and Abu Rudeis in the Sinai. Dozens of homes were
233:
In his essay, "The Palestinian Leadership and the American Media: Changing Images, Conflicting Results" (1995), R.S. Zaharna comments on the perceptions and use of the terms "Palestinian" and "fedayeen" in the 1970s, writing:
1101:
that for some fedayeen groups, the secular aspect of the struggle was "merely a slogan for assuaging world opinion," while others strove "to give the concept meaningful content." Prior to 1974, the fedayeen position was that
675:
In the late 1960s, attempts were made to organize fedayeen resistance cells among the refugee population in the West Bank. The stony and empty terrain of the West Bank mountains made the fedayeen easy to spot; and Israeli
469:
intelligence, is said to have founded Palestinian fedayeen units "to launch terrorist raids across Israel's southern border," nearly always against civilians. In a speech on 31 August 1955, Egyptian President Nasser said:
369:
Between 1948 and 1955, immigration by Palestinians into Israel was opposed by Arab governments, in order to prevent escalation into another war. The problem of establishing and guarding the demarcation line separating the
4647:
498:
in the Egyptian controlled Gaza Strip, conducting house-to-house searches for Palestinian fedayeen and weaponry. During this operation, 275 Palestinians were killed, with an additional 111 killed in Israeli raids on the
941:, eventually forced the Palestinian fedayeen to accept an internationally brokered agreement that moved them out of Lebanon to different places in the Arab world. The headquarters of the PLO was moved out of Lebanon to
449:
between 1951 and 1956, 400 Israelis were killed and 900 wounded in fedayeen attacks. Dozens of these attacks are today cited by the Israeli government as "Major Arab Terrorist Attacks against Israelis prior to the 1967
1252:
Preceding the Six-Day War in 1967, the fedayeen carried out several campaigns of sabotage against Israeli infrastructure. Common acts of this included the consistent mining of water and irrigation pipelines along the
1219:
The PLO and other Palestinian armed movements became increasingly divided after the Oslo Accords in 1993. They were rejected by the PFLP, DFLP, Hamas, and twenty other factions, as well as Palestinian intellectuals,
704:
from the 1967 war, fedayeen bases in Jordan began to proliferate, and there were increased fedayeen attacks on Israel. Fedayeen fighters launched ineffective bazooka-shelling attacks on Israeli targets across the
3939:
1342:
was negotiating, Israeli paratroopers disguised as mechanics stormed the plane, shot and killed two of hijackers and captured the remaining two after a gunfight that injured five passengers and two paratroopers.
568:, Israeli civilian and military casualties on all Arab fronts, inflicted by regular and irregular forces (including those of Palestinian fedayeen), averaged one per month ā an estimated total of 132 fatalities.
531:, and began a campaign of mining in the area which lasted throughout November. In the first week of November, similar attacks occurred along the Syrian and Jordanian borders, the Jerusalem corridor and in the
1308:
of the PFLP who, unconvinced with the effectiveness of raids on military targets, masterminded the first hijacking of a civilian passenger plane by Palestinian fedayeen in July 1968. Two commandos forced an
3729:
436:
that, for the safety of their own citizens, they should work to stop fedayeen infiltrations. Dayan stated, "We are not able to protect every man, but we can prove that the price for Jewish blood is high."
460:
From late 1954 onwards, larger scale Fedayeen operations were mounted from Egyptian territory. The Egyptian government supervised the establishment of formal fedayeen groups in Gaza and the northeastern
1193:
801:
in Jordan. To secure the release of the passengers, the demand to free PFLP militants held in European jails was met. After everyone had disembarked, the fedayeen destroyed the airplanes on the tarmac.
641:
1005:, the fedayeen steadily lost ground to the emerging forces of the mujaheddin, represented initially and most prominently by Hamas. The fedayeen lost their position as a political force and the secular
535:
regionāalthough the state armies of both those countries are suspected as the saboteurs. On 9 November, four Israeli soldiers were injured after their vehicle was ambushed by fedayeen near the city of
1314:
prisoners in Israeli jails. The first hijacking of an American airliner was conducted by the PFLP on 29 August 1969. Robert D. Kumamoto describes the hijacking as a response to an American veto of a
717:
eastward. The increasing ferocity of those Israeli reprisals directed at Jordanians (not Palestinians) for fedayeen raids into Israel became a growing cause of concern for the Jordanian authorities.
386:
The first struggle by Palestinian fedayeen may have been launched from Syrian territory in 1951, though most counterattacks between 1951 and 1953 were launched from Jordanian territory. According to
1109:
Bard O'Neill also wrote that the fedayeen attempted to study and borrow from all of the revolutionary models available, but that their publications and statements show a particular affinity for the
1224:
outside of the Palestinian territories, and the local leadership of the territories. The Rejectionist fedayeen factions formed a common front with the Islamists, culminating in the creation of the
4157:
424:
on the night of 14ā15 October 1953, in the Jordanian village of the same name. Cross-border operations by Israel were conducted in both Egypt and Jordan "to 'teach' the Arab leaders that the
663:
The most severe act of sabotage of the fedayeen occurred on 4 July 1969, when a single militant placed three pounds of explosives under the manifold of eight pipelines carrying oil from the
1133:
During the post-Six-Day War era, individual fedayeen movements quarreled over issues about the recognition of Israel, alliances with various Arab states, and ideologies. A faction led by
925:
infiltrated Israel from the sea and hijacked a bus along the coastal highway, killing 38 civilians in the ensuing gunfight between them and police. Israel invaded southern Lebanon in the
375:
Government's solution was to form a Palestinian para-military police force. The Palestinian Border police was created in December 1952. The Border police were placed under the command of
420:
refugee camp, opened fire to rescue itself and left behind about 30 killed Arabs and dozens of wounded." In its five-month existence, Unit 101 was also responsible for carrying out the
5185:
160:
4756:
3722:
969:
said that judging by commentary in the Arab world, the raid was seen as a boost to the Palestinian national movement, just as it had seemed to be almost totally eclipsed by the
1319:
1269:
889:
3691:
748:
to dub the Battle of Karameh the "foundation myth" of the Palestinian commando movement, whereby "failure against overwhelming odds brilliantly narrated as heroic triumph."
159:, targeting the fedayeen that also often targeted the citizens of their host countries, which in turn provoked more attacks. The earliest infiltrations were primarily against
4934:
4305:
2245:
1284:, effectively precluded the ability of the Palestinian fedayeen to create internal bases from which to wage "a people's war". The tendency among many captured guerrillas to
457:
United Nations reports indicate that between 1949 and 1956, Israel launched more than seventeen raids on Egyptian territory and 31 attacks on Arab towns or military forces.
5148:
5142:
841:. Palestinian fedayeen from Gaza "waged a mini-war" against Israel for three years before the movement was crushed by the Israeli military in 1971 under the orders of then
366:), and Syria. Initially, most infiltrations were economic in nature, with Palestinians crossing the border seeking food or the recovery of property lost in the 1948 war.
1288:
with the Israeli authorities, providing information that led to the destruction of numerous "terrorist cells", also contributed to the failure to establish bases in the
4150:
1009:
that had represented the first generation of the Palestinian resistance became instead a symbolic, cultural force that was seen by some as having failed in its duties.
3869:
1150:
1022:
767:
633:
218:
The words "Palestinian" and "fedayeen" have had different meanings to different people at various points in history. According to the Sakhr Arabic-English dictionary,
211:
109:, the Palestinian fedayeen drew inspiration from guerrilla movements in Vietnam, China, Algeria and Latin America. The ideology of the Palestinian fedayeen was mainly
3715:
1439:
1304:
The tactic of exporting their struggle against Israel beyond the Middle East was first adopted by the Palestinian fedayeen in 1968. According to John Follain, it was
2319:
527:, Israeli forces attacked "fedayeen units" in the towns of Ras al-Naqb and Kuntilla. Two days later, fedayeen destroyed water pipelines in Kibbutz Ma'ayan along the
5130:
5120:
5102:
5096:
5092:
1212:
in 1983. Instead, al-Muragha's forces overran Arafat loyalists from both camps after bitter fighting in which Fatah al-Intifada received backing from the Lebanese
929:, occupying a 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide area there to put an end to Palestinian attacks on Israel, but fedayeen rocket strikes on northern Israel continued.
884:
The "radical left" dominated the political scene, and the overarching slogan of the time was, "We will liberate Palestine first, then the rest of the Arab world."
4979:
4973:
4967:
4954:
4944:
4938:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4892:
320:(i.e. "martyrs") by Palestinians, Milton nevertheless contends that it would be political and religious blasphemy to call the "leftist fighters" of the fedayeen.
3934:
625:
609:
5208:
383:
outpost in Gaza in February 1955, during which 37 Egyptian soldiers were killed, the Egyptian government began to actively sponsor fedayeen raids into Israel.
984:. However, the issue of the role of armed struggle did not die out altogether. Those Palestinian groups affiliated with the PLO and based outside of historic
2718:
782:
Financial donations and recruitment increased as many young Arabs, including thousands of non-Palestinians, joined the ranks of the organization. The ruling
4143:
3242:
4875:
4869:
479:
In 1955, it is reported that 260 Israeli citizens were killed or wounded by the fedayeen. Some believe fedayeen attacks contributed to the outbreak of the
5200:
5190:
5238:
3119:
391:
667:
to the dockside. As a result of the explosion, three pipelines were temporarily out of commission and a fire destroyed over 1,500 tons of refined oil.
4611:
4454:
1169:
and concessions to Israel, the program fostered internal discontent, and prompted several of the PLO factions, such as the PFLP, DFLP, as-Sa'iqa, the
5195:
4749:
4166:
790:
and social welfare services to the Palestinian population, bypassing the Jordanian authorities. Palestinian criticism of the poor performance of the
4629:
3684:
4255:
2026:
1060:, fedayeen groups fought alongside and in coordination with Hamas even though a number of the factions were previously sworn enemies of them. The
1057:
542:
During the invasion of Sinai, Israeli forces killed fifty defenseless fedayeen on a lorry in Ras Sudar. (Reserve Lieutenant Colonel Saul Ziv told
4412:
2154:
155:
into Israel from Syria, Egypt and Jordan. Fedayeen attacks were directed on the Gaza and Sinai borders with Israel. As a result Israel undertook
2086:
692:
came in the front door. Without a base in the West Bank, and prevented from operating in Syria and Egypt, the fedayeen concentrated in Jordan.
4679:
4663:
1449:
503:
refugee camp. Israel claimed these killings resulted from "refugee resistance", a claim denied by refugees; there were no Israeli casualties.
5243:
4559:
3660:
3639:
3609:
3581:
3547:
3513:
3475:
3447:
3413:
3371:
3343:
3312:
3193:
3153:
3103:
3075:
3047:
3014:
2983:
2943:
2899:
2874:
2839:
2793:
2761:
2699:
2661:
2632:
2600:
2565:
2528:
2492:
2460:
2352:
2302:
2272:
2189:
2136:
2100:
2046:
2014:
1997:
1973:
1941:
1908:
1874:
1849:
1824:
1768:
1699:
1669:
1630:
1582:
1557:
1507:
1454:
359:
1376:. While their death as martyrs had been foreseen, the fedayeen had not expected to die as villains, "bested by a display of Zionist skill."
1292:. The fedayeen were compelled to establish external bases, resulting in frictions with their host countries which led to conflicts (such as
4523:
3265:
1705:
4742:
1033:." Israel responded by launching airstrikes at the police headquarters in Gaza City, an intelligence building in the central Gaza town of
1196:
fought against Arafat's Fatah-led PLO. In 1988, after Arafat and al-Assad partially reconciled, Arafat loyalists in the refugee camps of
1192:, when he switched sides in the conflict, the smaller pro-Syrian factions within the Palestinian fedayeen camp, namely as-Sa'iqa and the
980:
During the First Intifada, armed violence on the part of Palestinians was kept to a minimum, in favor of mass demonstrations and acts of
4603:
4476:
2249:
2231:
4863:
4787:
4655:
4619:
3677:
876:
The ideology of armed struggle was, by this time, broadly secular in content; Palestinians were asked to take up arms not as part of a
416:). After one month of training, "a patrol of the unit that infiltrated into the Gaza Strip as an exercise, encountered Palestinians in
4015:
3929:
1081:
1322:
for its March 1969 aerial attacks on Jordanian villages suspected of harbouring fedayeen, and for the impending delivery of American
4539:
3924:
2415:
1385:
1154:
880:
against the infidel but to free the oppressed from the Zionist colonial regime. The vocabulary of liberation was distinctly secular.
621:
191:
4707:
4689:
4671:
571:
During the mid and late 1960s, there emerged a number of independent Palestinian fedayeen groups who sought "the liberation of all
376:
2227:
2041:
Yezid Sayigh (1999) Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement 1949ā1993. Oxford University Press
5233:
1464:
786:
authorities in Jordan grew increasingly alarmed by the PLO's activities, as they established a "state within a state", providing
2327:
2205:
1784:
5110:
4315:
4196:
3954:
1315:
973:. Palestinians in Gaza began taunting Israeli soldiers, chanting "six to one" and the raid has been noted as a catalyst to the
787:
334:
265:
was often used but rarely translated. This added to the mysteriousness of Palestinian groups. Fedayeen means "freedom fighter."
152:
5036:
5030:
4766:
1232:āin charge of foreign affairsāvoiced his opposition to negotiations with Israel. Members of the PLO-Executive Committee, poet
5106:
4908:
2590:
2484:
2450:
2421:
1469:
1225:
1045:
852:
Palestinians in Gaza were proud of their role in establishing a fedayeen movement there when no such movement existed in the
680:
against the families of fighters resulted in the fedayeen being pushed out of the West Bank altogether, within a few months.
4958:
4815:
4549:
1434:
230:, Tony Rea and John Wright have adopted this more literal translation, translating the term fedayeen as "self-sacrificers".
3944:
1459:
1070:
4697:
4263:
3980:
3919:
3849:
2935:
2389:
1474:
1405:
1289:
994:
926:
798:
343:
338:
179:
163:, however, some infiltrations were against agricultural and military targets. The Gaza Strip, the sole territory of the
3282:
4902:
4472:
4357:
2030:
1618:
714:
305:
5026:
921:, the PLO increasingly began to act once again as a "state within a state". On 11 March 1978, twelve fedayeen led by
3650:
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5048:
4962:
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2292:
1931:
1185:
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412:
371:
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2726:
1158:
351:
148:
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864:
822:
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355:
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which granted Palestinians the right to launch attacks on Israel from southern Lebanon in coordination with the
4809:
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4378:
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2209:
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1061:
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147:
Emerging from among the Palestinian refugees who fled or were expelled from their villages as a result of the
5076:
3879:
2181:
1812:
1293:
1162:
701:
144:". The meaning of secular, democratic and non-sectarian, however, greatly diverged among fedayeen factions.
106:
1089:
297:(1972). Fedayeen can also be used to refer to militant or guerrilla groups which are not Palestinian. (See
167:āa Palestinian state declared in October 1948ābecame the focal point of the Palestinian fedayeen activity.
5058:
5054:
4531:
4462:
4438:
3812:
2393:
2375:
910:
737:
274:
72:
30:
This article is about Palestinian guerrilla movements. For other similarly named guerrilla movements, see
797:
In the first week of September 1970, PFLP forces hijacked three airplanes (British, Swiss and German) at
5154:
4827:
4349:
4005:
3970:
3859:
3802:
1281:
1170:
1053:
1048:(PNA), which consists of the major factions of the PLO, and militarily by Islamist groups, particularly
677:
653:
491:
110:
99:
4717:
2371:
445:
to refer to "casualties" in the broad sense of the term (i.e. both dead and wounded). According to the
441:
reports" and that they seem to be based on a 1956 speech by David Ben-Gurion in which he uses the word
2151:
5248:
5136:
5042:
4585:
4420:
4289:
4122:
4065:
3990:
3975:
3864:
1352:
1201:
1006:
962:
946:
4914:
4839:
4821:
4799:
4323:
3145:
1900:
1384:
Several fedayeen groups maintained contacts with a number of other guerrilla groups worldwide. The
1221:
1184:
During the Lebanese Civil War (1975ā1990), the PLO aligned itself with the Communist and Nasserist
898:
710:
528:
347:
156:
95:
860:
groves of wealthy Gazan landowners, carrying out raids against Israeli soldiers from these sites.
304:
Beverly Milton-Edwards describes the Palestinian fedayeen as "modern revolutionaries fighting for
5124:
5080:
4948:
4331:
4181:
4020:
3909:
3250:
2616:
2323:
1178:
1017:
After being dormant for many years, Palestinian fedayeen reactivated their operations during the
985:
981:
918:
572:
425:
387:
247:
126:
87:
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3329:
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2128:
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1760:
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1689:
970:
3006:
3000:
2975:
2691:
1816:
1806:
1659:
1622:
1610:
1080:-based coalition composed of representatives of Hamas, Islamic Jihad, the PFLP, as-Sa'iqa, the
5086:
4991:
4781:
4281:
4247:
4000:
3787:
3656:
3635:
3605:
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3443:
3409:
3401:
3367:
3339:
3308:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3149:
3099:
3071:
3043:
3010:
2979:
2939:
2895:
2870:
2835:
2789:
2757:
2753:
2695:
2657:
2628:
2596:
2561:
2524:
2520:
2488:
2456:
2348:
2298:
2268:
2185:
2132:
2096:
2042:
2010:
1993:
1969:
1937:
1904:
1870:
1845:
1820:
1764:
1695:
1665:
1626:
1578:
1553:
1503:
1413:
1373:
1265:
1205:
1197:
1138:
1085:
817:
721:
380:
141:
3405:
3395:
2342:
1549:
1543:
428:
saw them as responsible for these activities, even if they had not directly conducted them."
5174:
4997:
4569:
4396:
4239:
3769:
3137:
2963:
2741:
2411:
1401:
1285:
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and its tributaries, as well as the Lebanese-Israeli border and in various locations in the
938:
842:
398:
183:
3573:
3567:
3285:. Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. 1974-06-08. Archived from
2265:
Native Vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa
1881:
Mohammed al-Nawaway uses Zaharna translation of fedayeen as "freedom fighters" in his book
226:āmeans "one who risks his life voluntarily" or "one who sacrifices himself". In their book
5180:
4833:
4515:
4446:
4386:
4297:
3899:
3783:
3597:
3439:
3359:
3300:
3269:
3246:
3035:
2862:
2557:
2158:
1957:
1422:
1233:
1229:
1209:
1052:. Already strained relations between Hamas and the PNA collapsed entirely when the former
1018:
966:
713:
destroyed Jordanian villages, farms and installations, causing 100,000 people to flee the
462:
286:
63:
3138:
2425:
2417:
Sacred Landscape, The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948: Ghosts and Infiltrators
1084:, the Revolutionary Communist Party, and other anti-PNA factions within the PLO, such as
4430:
4404:
4273:
4101:
4096:
4070:
3904:
3502:
3210:
2684:
2288:
1927:
1364:
1323:
1237:
1189:
1134:
1064:, an armed faction loyal to the Fatah-controlled PNA, undermined Palestinian president
974:
922:
763:
745:
664:
637:
421:
278:
405:, then security chief of the Northern Region, with setting up of a new commando unit,
5227:
4639:
4223:
4075:
3844:
2964:
2892:
Armed Struggle and the Search for State, the Palestinian National Movement, 1949ā1993
2742:
2722:
2513:
2213:
1213:
1166:
1065:
1034:
914:
755:
689:
681:
629:
581:
466:
170:
Fedayeen actions were cited by Israel as one of the reasons for its launching of the
1400:
The PFLP and the DFLP established connections with revolutionary groups such as the
17:
5020:
4339:
4117:
3894:
3807:
3215:
2586:
2549:
2446:
2344:
Arab and Israeli Terrorism: The Causes and Effects of Political Violence, 1936ā1993
2173:
1661:
Arab and Israeli Terrorism: The Causes and Effects of Political Violence, 1936ā1993
1409:
1331:
1305:
1254:
1030:
1002:
846:
706:
645:
577:
402:
138:
3949:
3091:
1326:
jets to Israel. The flight, en route to Tel Aviv from Rome, was forced to land in
649:
3283:"Political Program Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council"
1732:
5070:
4231:
4204:
4060:
3854:
2476:
1277:
863:
The most active of the fedayeen groups in Gaza was the PFLP, an offshoot of the
838:
791:
593:
565:
561:
524:
484:
480:
451:
429:
290:
206:
195:
175:
171:
1240:
resigned from their posts in response to the PLO's acceptance of Oslo's terms.
751:
4857:
3778:
3286:
834:
604:
549:
495:
433:
309:
2786:
The Jordanian-Palestinian Relationship: The Bankruptcy of the Confederal Idea
2397:
4985:
3889:
3839:
3539:
2971:
2831:
2749:
2653:
2452:
Israel's Border Wars, 1949ā1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and
2092:
1965:
1417:
1339:
1146:
868:
853:
783:
516:
134:
118:
114:
83:
1177:, among others, to form a breakaway movement which came to be known as the
511:
2966:
The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland
2744:
The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland
1883:
The Israeli-Egyptian Peace Process in the Reporting of Western Journalists
1867:
The Israeli-Egyptian Peace Process in the Reporting of Western Journalists
997:
and which were major assets in struggles over a particular political line.
592:
raids against Israel's eastern border, increasing tensions leading to the
548:
in 1995 he was haunted by this killing.) After Israel took control of the
198:, though each group retained its own leader and independent armed forces.
39:
1327:
1077:
894:
685:
532:
406:
316:"). While the fallen soldiers of both mujahaddin and fedayeen are called
298:
253:
91:
31:
3669:
3397:
Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal
5064:
4055:
4010:
3985:
2592:
Border Wars, 1949ā1956: The Sinai-Suez Wars and the end of the Fedayeen
1615:
The Intifada: Its Impact on Israel, the Arab World, and the Superpowers
1394:
1258:
1118:
1114:
1026:
945:
at this time. The new PLO headquarters was destroyed during an Israeli
585:
539:; and several water pipelines and bridges were sabotaged in the Negev.
187:
130:
122:
52:
4045:
4040:
3797:
3792:
2554:
The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians
1962:
Britain, Nasser and the Balance of Power in the Middle East 1952ā1967
1390:
1369:
1296:), diverting them from their primary objective of "bleeding Israel".
1273:
1142:
1038:
1001:
During the First Intifada, but particularly after the signing of the
934:
857:
856:
at the time. The fighters were housed in refugee camps or hid in the
775:
613:
544:
417:
317:
48:
3140:
Righteous Victims: A History of the ZionistāArab Conflict, 1881ā1999
1025:(DFLP) penetrated the electric fences of the fortified army base of
867:(ANM)āwho enjoyed instant popularity among the already secularized,
432:
felt that retaliatory action by Israel was the only way to convince
3504:
International Terrorism & American Foreign Relations, 1945ā1976
3002:
The Palestinian Liberation Organization, Power, People and Politics
2686:
Globalization and Terrorism: The Migration of Dreams and Nightmares
1056:
in 2007. Although the fedayeen are leftist and secular, during the
774:
press conference discussing the situation between the fedayeen and
483:; they were cited by Israel as the reason for undertaking the 1956
4080:
4050:
3995:
3884:
3874:
3816:
3773:
2624:
2515:
How Israel Was Won: A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
1348:
1310:
1122:
1076:
To rival the PNA and increase Palestinian fedayeen cooperation, a
1049:
942:
877:
771:
759:
750:
725:
603:
589:
536:
515:
Israeli policemen inspecting the bodies of 5 fedayeen killed near
510:
500:
313:
205:
44:
38:
837:
was catalyzed by Israel's occupation of the territory during the
190:. Palestinian fedayeen groups were united under the umbrella the
1110:
1102:
724:, home to the headquarters of an emerging fedayeen group called
657:
4738:
4139:
3711:
3673:
1897:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements
1268:
tactics, which from 1967 onwards regularly included the use of
1194:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command
271:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements
2088:
Britain, Israel, and the United States, 1955ā1958: Beyond Suez
3631:
Britain, Israel and the United States, 1955ā1958: Beyond Suez
1347:
above), the assassination of the Jordanian Prime Minister in
1372:
where the Israelis scored an "enormous tactical victory" in
1165:
Strip). Perceived by some Palestinians as overtures to the
285:(2005) defines fedayeen as "Palestinian terrorist groups".
1188:. Although they were initially backed by Syrian president
1044:
Today, the fedayeen have been eclipsed politically by the
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
1733:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
3436:
The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas
1842:
The U.S. Media and the Middle East: Image and Perception
1691:
Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.-Israeli Relations, 1953ā1960
212:
Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
909:
On 3 November 1969, the Lebanese government signed the
897:, which began organizing as early as 1969ā1970, led by
720:
One such Israeli reprisal was in the Jordanian town of
2826:
Beverley Milton-Edwards and Peter Hinchcliffe (2001).
3604:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 101ā102.
3098:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 145.
3042:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 140ā142.
1021:. In August 2001, ten Palestinian commandos from the
308:, not religious salvation," distinguishing them from
289:
refers to the fedayeen simply as "guerrillas", as do
2359:
Fedayeen to attack...almost always against civilians
1676:
Fedayeen to attack...almost always against civilians
77:
5163:
5006:
4884:
4773:
4507:
4370:
4215:
4173:
4110:
4089:
4033:
3963:
3832:
3825:
3755:
2869:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 69ā98.
3501:
2962:Helena Lindholm Schulz and Juliane Hammer (2003).
2740:Helena Lindholm Schulz and Juliane Hammer (2003).
2683:
2621:Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict
2512:
1141:split from PFLP in 1974, because they preferred a
1208:āa pro-Syrian Fatah breakaway movement formed by
740:, and an airplane shot down by Jordanian forces.
409:, designed to respond to fedayeen infiltrations (
3263:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
2294:The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
1933:The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
1151:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
1149:approach. This new movement became known as the
1023:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
634:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
283:The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
194:after the defeat of the Arab armies in the 1967
3328:Taylor and Francis Group and Lucy Dean (2004).
3211:"Israeli jets avenge raid on army by commandos"
3068:Foreign Armed Intervention in Internal Conflict
2932:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948ā1991
1611:"The Intifada in the Context of Armed Struggle"
1037:and a police building in the West Bank town of
151:, in the mid-1950s the fedayeen began mounting
3030:
3028:
3026:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
1694:. University Press of Florida. pp. 192ā.
732:agreed to back them if heavy fighting ensued.
584:the Jordanian-controlled West Bank village of
4750:
4151:
3723:
3685:
2595:. Oxford University Press. pp. 419ā425.
1922:
1920:
626:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
610:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
121:, and their proclaimed purpose was to defeat
8:
3468:The New Dimension of International Terrorism
3178:Jamal Raji Nassar and Roger Heacock (1990).
3120:Syria-Based Group Says It Staged Israel Raid
3070:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 178.
2481:Traditions and Transitions in Israel Studies
833:The emergence of a fedayeen movement in the
86:of a nationalist orientation from among the
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3366:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 256ā265.
3307:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 150ā175.
3096:The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam
1440:History of the IsraeliāPalestinian conflict
580:into Israel. In 1966, the Israeli military
5209:IsraeliāLebanese maritime border agreement
4757:
4743:
4735:
4158:
4144:
4136:
3829:
3730:
3716:
3708:
3692:
3678:
3670:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3272:Arab Gateway to Palestinian Organizations.
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2168:
2166:
1644:
1642:
362:), Lebanon, Egypt (including the Egyptian
98:, while most Israelis consider them to be
4919:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242
4893:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194
3461:
3459:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
2957:
2955:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2506:
2504:
2152:Yoav Gelber, 2006, "Sharon's Inheritance"
961:On 25 November 1987, PFLP-GC launched an
3561:
3559:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3234:
3232:
3061:
3059:
2650:The Communist Movement in the Arab World
2455:. Oxford University Press. p. 149.
2116:
2114:
2112:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
1753:Alain Gresh and Dominique Vidal (2004).
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1380:Affiliations with other guerrilla groups
525:Israel's invasion of the Sinai Peninsula
4256:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
3005:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
2788:. British Academic Press. p. 138.
2713:
2711:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1485:
5201:IsraelāMorocco normalization agreement
5191:BahraināIsrael normalization agreement
3652:People and Politics in the Middle East
3209:Suzanne Goldenberg (August 27, 2001).
1153:(DFLP). In 1974, the PNC approved the
1096:Philosophical grounding and objectives
465:. General Mustafa Hafez, commander of
3331:The Middle East and North Africa 2004
3181:Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads
2121:Alain Gresh; Dominique Vidal (2004).
1708:from the original on 19 December 2023
1573:Milton Glaser and Mirko Ilic (2005).
1455:Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt
1249:Palestinian popular liberation war."
1013:Second Intifada and current situation
700:After the influx of a second wave of
523:On 29 October 1956, the first day of
7:
5196:IsraelāSudan normalization agreement
4935:IsraelāSyria disengagement agreement
4612:Southern Israel cross-border attacks
4524:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
4455:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel
2690:. Rowman & Littlefield. p.
2267:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 133.
346:into Israel first emerged among the
293:and Raphael Rothstein in their work
3572:. Transaction Publishers. pp.
2250:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2232:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
709:, while "brisk and indiscriminate"
295:Fedayeen: Guerrillas Against Israel
67:
5186:IsraelāUAE normalization agreement
5077:Beirut Summit and peace initiative
3930:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
3536:The Dynamics of the Armed Struggle
3240:Palestinian factions united by war
2341:Kameel B. Nasr (1 December 1996).
2029:a report on the activities of the
1129:Infighting and breakaway movements
1082:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
620:Fedayeen groups began joining the
25:
5239:Palestine Liberation Organization
2027:UN Doc S/1459 of 20 February 1950
1805:Tony Rea and John Wright (1993).
1613:. In Robert Owen Freedman (ed.).
1500:Face to Face With Political Islam
1450:IsraeliāPalestinian peace process
933:constant shelling of the capital
652:(affiliated with Syria), and the
622:Palestine Liberation Organization
222:āthe singular form of the plural
192:Palestine Liberation Organization
90:. Most Palestinians consider the
5115:Agreement on Movement and Access
3144:(1st ed.). Knopf. pp.
2919:. Faber Publishing. p. 165.
1542:Beverley Milton-Edwards (1996).
1465:Palestinian immigration (Israel)
1393:, but it was intercepted by the
397:In 1953, Israeli Prime Minister
5149:IsraeliāPalestinian peace talks
5143:IsraeliāPalestinian peace talks
5111:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
4316:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114
4197:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency
3955:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
3470:. Hochschulverlag. p. 34.
3434:Ruth Margolies Beitler (2004).
2178:Israel's Border Wars, 1949ā1956
1844:. Greenwood Press. p. 43.
1316:United Nations Security Council
335:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency
4788:McMahonāHussein Correspondence
4604:Palestinian militancy campaign
3184:. Praeger/Greenwood. pp.
2725:. July 4, 1969. Archived from
2485:Association for Israel Studies
2422:University of California Press
2124:The New A-Z of the Middle East
1869:. Inc NetLibrary. p. 49.
1756:The New A-Z of the Middle East
1470:Palestinian political violence
1361:The Dynamics of Armed Struggle
1290:territories occupied by Israel
1226:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
1058:2008ā2009 IsraelāGaza conflict
1046:Palestinian National Authority
1:
4876:American trusteeship proposal
3945:Popular Resistance Committees
1895:Edmund Jan Osmanczyk (2002).
1730:Facts On File, Incorporated.
1545:Islamic Politics in Palestine
1460:Palestinian casualties of war
1088:, was established during the
1073:also joined in the fighting.
1071:Popular Resistance Committees
684:reportedly escaped arrest in
392:Israeli military intelligence
377:'Abd-al-Man'imi 'Abd-al-Ra'uf
107:Palestinian national movement
5244:Reprisal operations (Israel)
2936:University of Nebraska Press
1840:Yahya R. Kamalipour (1995).
1475:Reprisal operations (Israel)
927:1978 Israel-Lebanon conflict
688:by jumping out a window, as
360:Jordanian-occupied West Bank
339:Palestinian return to Israel
273:(2002) defines fedayeen as "
4473:Palestinian suicide attacks
3500:Robert D. Kumamoto (1999).
2930:Kenneth M. Pollack (2004).
2894:. Oxford University Press.
2519:. Lexington Books. p.
2347:. McFarland. pp. 40ā.
2318:Lela Gilbert (2007-10-23).
2263:Thomas G. Mitchell (2000).
2031:Mixed Armistice Commissions
1865:Mohammed El-Nawawy (2002).
1664:. McFarland. pp. 40ā.
1619:University Press of Florida
1502:. I.B.Tauris. p. 117.
78:
5265:
5049:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum
5037:BeilināAbu Mazen agreement
5031:IsraelāJordan peace treaty
4963:Palestinian autonomy talks
3655:. Transaction Publishers.
3268:November 21, 2008, at the
2828:Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy
1186:Lebanese National Movement
1175:Palestine Liberation Front
809:
332:
165:All-Palestine Protectorate
105:Considered symbols of the
29:
4959:EgyptāIsrael peace treaty
4816:FaisalāWeizmann agreement
4734:
4135:
3850:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
3707:
3602:From Defender to Dictator
3466:Stefan M. Aubrey (2004).
3364:From Defender to Dictator
3305:From Defender to Dictator
3245:January 22, 2009, at the
3040:From Defender to Dictator
2867:From Defender to Dictator
2487::SUNY Press. p. 23.
2064:The First Years 1948ā1961
1936:. Routledge. p. 58.
1808:The Arab-Israeli Conflict
1445:Israeli casualties of war
1435:EgyptāIsrael peace treaty
865:Arab Nationalist Movement
812:Black September in Jordan
806:Black September in Jordan
358:in Jordan (including the
228:The Arab-Israeli Conflict
4998:IsraelāLebanon agreement
4810:Anglo-French Declaration
4806:Declaration to the Seven
4379:Misgav Am hostage crisis
3569:The Secret Army: The IRA
2784:Musa S. Braizat (1998).
2682:Jamal R. Nassar (2005).
2648:Tareq Y. Ismael (2005).
2320:"An 'infidel' in Israel"
2210:Jewish Agency for Israel
2127:. I.B. Tauris. pp.
1609:Bard E. O'Neill (1991).
1498:FranƧois Burgat (2003).
1357:Munich Olympics massacre
1062:al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades
1054:took over the Gaza Strip
447:Jewish Agency for Israel
5234:Guerrilla organizations
4690:IsraelāPalestine crisis
4541:Bringing Home the Goods
3880:Guardians of the Cedars
3649:Michael Curtis (1971).
3566:J. Bowyer Bell (1997).
3534:J. Bowyer Bell (1998).
2999:Cobban, Helena (1984).
2182:Oxford University Press
2060:Carta's Atlas of Israel
1813:Oxford University Press
1658:Kameel B. Nasr (1996).
1577:. Rockport Publishers.
1548:. I.B.Tauris. pp.
1353:Massacre at Lod airport
1204:attempted to force out
344:Palestinian immigration
312:(i.e. "fighters of the
269:Edmund Jan OsmaÅczyk's
241:became synonymous with
202:Definitions of the term
153:cross-border operations
129:and establish it as "a
5107:Sharm El Sheikh Summit
5027:GazaāJericho Agreement
4909:Tripartite Declaration
4532:Ain es Saheb airstrike
4413:South Lebanon conflict
3334:. Routlegde. pp.
3136:Morris, Benny (1999).
3066:Antonio Tanca (1993).
2915:Bulloch, John (1983).
2890:Sayigh, Yezid (1997).
2511:Baylis Thomas (1999).
2394:Anti-Defamation League
2376:Jewish Virtual Library
2228:"Major terror attacks"
1759:. I.B.Tauris. p.
1688:Isaac Alteras (1993).
999:
882:
816:On 16 September 1970,
779:
617:
520:
413:retribution operations
275:Palestinian resistance
267:
215:
56:
5155:John Kerry Parameters
4828:Churchill White Paper
4794:SykesāPicot Agreement
4350:Coastal Road massacre
3971:Arab Higher Committee
3860:Arab Liberation Front
3803:Palestinian Authority
3701:ArabāIsraeli conflict
3394:John Follain (1998).
3118:Friedman, Thomas L. "
2157:June 5, 2013, at the
1575:The Design of Dissent
1404:of West Germany, the
1282:collective punishment
1280:, and other forms of
1171:Arab Liberation Front
1159:1948 ArabāIsraeli War
990:
874:
754:
678:collective punishment
654:Arab Liberation Front
607:
514:
352:1948 ArabāIsraeli War
236:
209:
149:1948 ArabāIsraeli War
111:left-wing nationalist
42:
27:Palestinian militants
5137:Annapolis Conference
5131:UNSC Resolution 1701
5121:UNSC Resolution 1850
5103:UNSC Resolution 1583
5097:UNSC Resolution 1566
5093:UNSC Resolution 1559
5043:Wye River Memorandum
4899:Armistice agreements
4656:Gaza border protests
4578:GazaāIsrael conflict
4290:Lod Airport massacre
4123:United Arab Republic
4066:United Arab Emirates
3976:Arab Liberation Army
3542:. pp. 168ā169.
2729:on October 22, 2012.
2246:"Palestinian Terror"
1901:Taylor & Francis
1007:nationalist movement
995:Occupied Territories
711:Israeli retaliations
702:Palestinian refugees
642:PFLP-General Command
364:protectorate in Gaza
348:Palestinian refugees
60:Palestinian fedayeen
18:Palestinian militant
4980:UNSC Resolution 497
4974:UNSC Resolution 478
4968:UNSC Resolution 452
4955:UNSC Resolution 446
4945:UNSC Resolution 425
4939:UNSC Resolution 350
4929:UNSC Resolution 339
4925:UNSC Resolution 338
4915:Khartoum Resolution
4903:Lausanne Conference
4852:MorrisonāGrady Plan
4822:San Remo conference
4800:Balfour Declaration
4672:GazaāIsrael clashes
4664:GazaāIsrael clashes
4439:Mothers' Bus attack
4016:Revolutionary Cells
3628:Orna Almog (2003).
2085:Orna Almog (2003).
1648:Almog, 2003, p. 20.
1300:Airplane hijackings
1236:and refugee leader
899:Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
306:national liberation
277:fighters", whereas
157:retaliatory actions
82:) are militants or
5125:Quartet Principles
5059:Clinton Parameters
4949:Camp David Accords
4332:Savoy Hotel attack
4182:1948 Palestine war
4021:South Lebanon Army
3910:Muslim Brotherhood
3442:. pp. 56ā57.
3251:Al-Jazeera English
2834:. pp. 46ā48.
2719:"Commando Riposte"
2617:Norman Finkelstein
2324:The Jerusalem Post
1179:Rejectionist Front
1163:West Bank and Gaza
982:civil disobedience
919:Lebanese Civil War
780:
618:
521:
426:Israeli government
388:Yeshoshfat Harkabi
216:
214:(PDFLP) in Lebanon
88:Palestinian people
57:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5087:Geneva Initiative
5055:Camp David Summit
5015:Madrid Conference
4992:Reagan peace plan
4965:
4870:UN Partition Plan
4864:London Conference
4846:London Conference
4782:Damascus Protocol
4730:
4729:
4631:Pillar of Defense
4282:Sabena Flight 571
4248:Battle of Karameh
4167:Armed engagements
4131:
4130:
4029:
4028:
4001:Japanese Red Army
3756:Primary countries
3662:978-0-87855-500-0
3641:978-0-7146-5246-7
3611:978-1-58234-049-4
3583:978-1-56000-901-6
3549:978-0-7146-4865-1
3515:978-1-55553-389-2
3477:978-3-7281-2949-9
3449:978-0-7391-0709-6
3415:978-1-55970-466-3
3402:Arcade Publishing
3373:978-1-58234-049-4
3345:978-1-85743-184-1
3314:978-1-58234-049-4
3195:978-0-275-93411-8
3155:978-0-679-42120-7
3105:978-0-8386-3262-8
3077:978-0-7923-2426-3
3049:978-1-58234-049-4
3016:978-0-521-27216-2
2985:978-0-415-26820-2
2945:978-0-8032-8783-9
2901:978-0-19-829643-0
2876:978-1-58234-049-4
2841:978-0-415-26726-7
2795:978-1-86064-291-3
2763:978-0-415-26820-2
2701:978-0-7425-2504-7
2663:978-0-415-34851-5
2634:978-1-85984-442-7
2602:978-0-19-829262-3
2567:978-0-89608-601-2
2530:978-0-7391-0064-6
2494:978-0-7914-5585-2
2462:978-0-19-829262-3
2354:978-0-7864-3105-2
2304:978-0-415-35901-6
2274:978-0-313-31357-8
2191:978-0-19-829262-3
2138:978-1-86064-326-2
2102:978-0-7146-5246-7
2047:978-0-19-829643-0
2015:978-0-19-829262-3
1998:978-0-14-028870-4
1975:978-0-7146-5397-6
1943:978-0-415-35901-6
1910:978-0-415-93921-8
1876:978-1-56750-545-0
1851:978-0-313-29279-8
1826:978-0-19-917170-5
1770:978-1-86064-326-2
1701:978-0-8130-1205-6
1671:978-0-7864-3105-2
1632:978-0-8130-1040-3
1584:978-1-59253-117-2
1559:978-1-86064-475-7
1509:978-1-86064-213-5
1414:Japanese Red Army
1374:Operation Entebbe
1266:counterinsurgency
1206:Fatah al-Intifada
1198:Bourj al-Barajneh
1155:Ten Point Program
1139:Yasser Abed Rabbo
1086:Fatah al-Intifada
788:military training
778:authorities, 1970
636:(DFLP) headed by
628:(PFLP) headed by
588:, in response to
381:Egyptian military
76:
16:(Redirected from
5256:
5175:Trump peace plan
5167:
4961:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4736:
4721:
4718:IsraelāHamas war
4713:
4709:Shield and Arrow
4703:
4693:
4685:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4648:Wave of violence
4643:
4635:
4625:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4555:
4545:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4468:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4382:
4363:
4353:
4345:
4335:
4327:
4324:Ma'alot massacre
4319:
4311:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4240:War of Attrition
4235:
4227:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4189:ArabāIsraeli War
4184:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4034:Other countries
3830:
3770:Egyptian Kingdom
3732:
3725:
3718:
3709:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3671:
3666:
3645:
3616:
3615:
3598:Aburish, Said K.
3594:
3588:
3587:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3531:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3497:
3482:
3481:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3431:
3420:
3419:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3360:Aburish, Said K.
3356:
3350:
3349:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3301:Aburish, Said K.
3297:
3291:
3290:
3279:
3273:
3260:
3254:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3175:
3160:
3159:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3036:Aburish, Said K.
3032:
3021:
3020:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2969:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2863:Aburish, Said K.
2859:
2846:
2845:
2823:
2800:
2799:
2781:
2768:
2767:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2689:
2679:
2668:
2667:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2546:
2535:
2534:
2518:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2424:. Archived from
2412:Meron Benvenisti
2408:
2402:
2401:
2396:. Archived from
2386:
2380:
2379:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2326:. Archived from
2315:
2309:
2308:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2212:. Archived from
2202:
2196:
2195:
2170:
2161:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2082:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2006:
2000:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1750:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1606:
1589:
1588:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1539:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1402:Red Army Faction
1320:censuring Israel
1270:home demolitions
939:1982 Lebanon War
895:Islamic movement
843:Defense Minister
399:David Ben-Gurion
390:(former head of
210:Fedayeen of the
161:civilian targets
96:freedom fighters
81:
71:
69:
21:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5213:
5181:Abraham Accords
5165:
5159:
5002:
4984:1981ā1982
4880:
4834:Peel Commission
4769:
4767:peace proposals
4763:
4726:
4716:
4706:
4696:
4688:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4516:Second Intifada
4514:
4503:
4496:Grapes of Wrath
4493:
4483:
4471:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4385:
4377:
4366:
4356:
4348:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4304:
4298:Munich massacre
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4180:
4169:
4164:
4127:
4106:
4085:
4025:
3981:Black September
3959:
3900:Lebanese Forces
3821:
3817:Ba'athist Syria
3813:Syrian Republic
3758:and authorities
3757:
3751:
3750:
3736:
3703:
3698:
3663:
3648:
3642:
3627:
3624:
3622:Further reading
3619:
3612:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3533:
3532:
3523:
3516:
3499:
3498:
3485:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3440:Lexington Books
3433:
3432:
3423:
3416:
3393:
3392:
3381:
3374:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3270:Wayback Machine
3261:
3257:
3247:Wayback Machine
3237:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3177:
3176:
3163:
3156:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3017:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2938:. p. 334.
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2861:
2860:
2849:
2842:
2825:
2824:
2803:
2796:
2783:
2782:
2771:
2764:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2664:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:. p. 253.
2615:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2560:. p. 102.
2558:South End Press
2548:
2547:
2538:
2531:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:. p. 101.
2172:
2171:
2164:
2159:Wayback Machine
2150:
2146:
2139:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2084:
2083:
2070:
2057:
2053:
2040:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2007:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1958:Robert McNamara
1956:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1903:. p. 702.
1894:
1893:
1889:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1752:
1751:
1740:
1729:
1725:
1711:
1709:
1702:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1608:
1607:
1592:
1585:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1541:
1540:
1517:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1431:
1423:Entebbe Airport
1408:of France, the
1382:
1302:
1294:Black September
1246:
1234:Mahmoud Darwish
1230:Farouk Qaddoumi
1210:Said al-Muragha
1131:
1098:
1019:Second Intifada
1015:
967:Thomas Friedman
959:
911:Cairo Agreement
907:
831:
823:Black September
814:
808:
698:
673:
612:patrol unit in
602:
558:
529:Lebanese border
509:
341:
333:Main articles:
331:
326:
287:Robert McNamara
204:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5262:
5260:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5177:
5170:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5117:
5099:
5089:
5083:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5023:
5017:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4951:
4941:
4931:
4921:
4911:
4905:
4895:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4765:Diplomacy and
4764:
4762:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4704:
4694:
4686:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4626:
4621:Returning Echo
4616:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4574:
4566:
4556:
4546:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4491:
4486:Accountability
4481:
4469:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4431:First Intifada
4427:
4417:
4409:
4405:Bus 300 affair
4401:
4393:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4346:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4274:Yom Kippur War
4270:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4228:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4102:United Nations
4099:
4097:European Union
4093:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:United Kingdom
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:al-Mourabitoun
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Ba'athist Iraq
3781:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3737:
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3727:
3720:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3699:
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3689:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3646:
3640:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3589:
3582:
3555:
3548:
3521:
3514:
3483:
3476:
3455:
3448:
3421:
3414:
3379:
3372:
3351:
3344:
3320:
3313:
3292:
3289:on 2008-01-18.
3274:
3255:
3228:
3201:
3194:
3161:
3154:
3128:
3124:New York Times
3111:
3104:
3083:
3076:
3055:
3048:
3022:
3015:
2991:
2984:
2951:
2944:
2922:
2917:Final Conflict
2907:
2900:
2882:
2875:
2847:
2840:
2801:
2794:
2769:
2762:
2732:
2707:
2700:
2669:
2662:
2656:. p. 76.
2640:
2633:
2608:
2601:
2573:
2566:
2536:
2529:
2500:
2493:
2468:
2461:
2438:
2403:
2400:on 2007-10-16.
2381:
2363:
2353:
2333:
2330:on 2013-07-06.
2310:
2303:
2289:Martin Gilbert
2280:
2273:
2255:
2237:
2219:
2216:on 2009-06-23.
2197:
2190:
2162:
2144:
2137:
2108:
2101:
2095:. p. 20.
2068:
2051:
2034:
2019:
2001:
1981:
1974:
1968:. p. 74.
1949:
1942:
1928:Martin Gilbert
1916:
1909:
1887:
1875:
1857:
1850:
1832:
1825:
1797:
1785:"Dictionaries"
1776:
1769:
1738:
1723:
1700:
1680:
1670:
1650:
1638:
1631:
1590:
1583:
1565:
1558:
1515:
1508:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1412:of Italy, the
1406:Action Directe
1381:
1378:
1365:J. Bowyer Bell
1301:
1298:
1245:
1242:
1238:Shafiq al-Hout
1190:Hafez al-Assad
1135:Nayef Hawatmeh
1130:
1127:
1097:
1094:
1014:
1011:
975:First Intifada
958:
957:First Intifada
955:
923:Dalal Mughrabi
906:
903:
830:
827:
810:Main article:
807:
804:
799:Dawson's field
764:Nayef Hawatmeh
746:Rashid Khalidi
730:Jordanian Army
697:
694:
690:Israeli police
672:
669:
665:Haifa refinery
638:Nayef Hawatmeh
601:
598:
557:
554:
508:
505:
492:Israeli troops
485:Sinai Campaign
477:
476:
434:Arab countries
422:Qibya massacre
330:
327:
325:
322:
279:Martin Gilbert
203:
200:
184:1982 invasions
172:Sinai Campaign
43:Fedayeen from
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5261:
5250:
5247:
5245:
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5232:
5231:
5229:
5210:
5206:
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5140:
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5134:
5132:
5128:
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5112:
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4877:
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4862:1946ā47
4861:
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4803:
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4779:
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4776:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4699:Breaking Dawn
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4673:
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4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
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4597:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4561:Autumn Clouds
4557:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
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4452:
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4428:
4424:
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4410:
4406:
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4394:
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4389:
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4380:
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4373:
4369:
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4347:
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4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4224:Samu incident
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4178:
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4149:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:Former states
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:Transnational
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:United States
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
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4038:
4036:
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4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Holy War Army
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
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3903:
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3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:Army of Islam
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:Organizations
3824:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:Iraqi Kingdom
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:All-Palestine
3763:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3747:Organizations
3746:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:. Routledge.
3633:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3579:
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3403:
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3390:
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3384:
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3361:
3355:
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3347:
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3337:
3333:
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3324:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3253:. 2009-01-20.
3252:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3238:Bauer, Shane
3235:
3233:
3229:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3132:
3129:
3126:, 1987-11-27.
3125:
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3115:
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3107:
3101:
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3087:
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3073:
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2770:
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2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
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2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2723:Time Magazine
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2693:
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2670:
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2598:
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2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2428:on 2006-09-04
2427:
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2346:
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2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2297:. Routledge.
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
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2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:The Iron Wall
1985:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1939:
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1398:
1397:authorities.
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1199:
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1187:
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1168:
1167:United States
1164:
1161:(present-day
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1125:experiences.
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:Mahmoud Abbas
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:Deir al-Balah
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
989:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
971:IranāIraq War
968:
964:
956:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:Lebanese Army
912:
904:
902:
900:
896:
891:
885:
881:
879:
873:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
850:
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840:
836:
828:
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819:
813:
805:
803:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Yasser Arafat
753:
749:
747:
741:
739:
738:armoured cars
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
715:Jordan Valley
712:
708:
703:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:Yasser Arafat
679:
670:
668:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:George Habash
627:
623:
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611:
606:
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587:
583:
579:
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569:
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502:
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493:
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486:
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473:
472:
471:
468:
467:Egyptian army
464:
458:
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453:
448:
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438:
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177:
174:of 1956, the
173:
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50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5123: /
5113: /
5109: /
5105: /
5095: /
5079: /
5057: /
5029: /
5021:Oslo Accords
4966: /
4957: /
4947: /
4937: /
4927: /
4917: /
4901: /
4808: /
4708:
4698:
4680:
4630:
4620:
4586:
4560:
4551:Summer Rains
4550:
4540:
4495:
4485:
4475:(1993ā2008;
4464:Bramble Bush
4463:
4421:
4387:
4358:
4340:
4306:
4264:
4118:Soviet Union
3808:Saudi Arabia
3651:
3630:
3601:
3592:
3568:
3535:
3503:
3467:
3435:
3396:
3363:
3354:
3330:
3323:
3304:
3295:
3287:the original
3277:
3258:
3220:. Retrieved
3216:The Guardian
3214:
3204:
3180:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3114:
3095:
3086:
3067:
3039:
3001:
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2916:
2910:
2891:
2885:
2866:
2827:
2785:
2743:
2735:
2727:the original
2685:
2649:
2643:
2620:
2611:
2591:
2587:Benny Morris
2553:
2550:Noam Chomsky
2514:
2480:
2471:
2451:
2447:Benny Morris
2441:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:the original
2416:
2406:
2398:the original
2384:
2366:
2358:
2343:
2336:
2328:the original
2313:
2293:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2240:
2222:
2214:the original
2200:
2177:
2174:Benny Morris
2147:
2123:
2087:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2037:
2022:
2004:
1989:
1984:
1961:
1952:
1932:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1866:
1860:
1841:
1835:
1807:
1800:
1789:. Retrieved
1779:
1755:
1731:
1726:
1717:
1710:. Retrieved
1690:
1683:
1675:
1660:
1653:
1614:
1574:
1568:
1544:
1499:
1410:Red Brigades
1399:
1383:
1360:
1345:
1336:
1332:Leila Khaled
1306:Wadie Haddad
1303:
1278:deportations
1263:
1255:Jordan River
1251:
1247:
1218:
1183:
1132:
1108:
1099:
1075:
1043:
1031:Jewish state
1016:
1003:Oslo Accords
1000:
991:
979:
960:
951:
931:
908:
886:
883:
875:
862:
851:
847:Ariel Sharon
832:
818:King Hussein
815:
796:
781:
742:
734:
719:
707:Jordan River
699:
674:
662:
646:Ahmed Jibril
619:
600:1967 to 1987
578:Jordan River
570:
560:Between the
559:
556:1956 to 1967
543:
541:
522:
489:
478:
459:
456:
442:
439:
410:
403:Ariel Sharon
396:
385:
368:
354:, living in
342:
329:1948 to 1956
303:
294:
282:
270:
268:
262:
258:
252:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
227:
223:
219:
217:
169:
146:
139:nonsectarian
104:
59:
58:
36:
5249:Suez Crisis
5071:Taba Summit
4840:White Paper
4720:(2023ā2024)
4650:(2015ā2016)
4598:(2008ā2009)
4590:(2007ā2008)
4570:Lebanon War
4518:(2000ā2005)
4433:(1987ā1993)
4397:Lebanon War
4310:(1972ā1979)
4258:(1968ā1982)
4242:(1967ā1970)
4232:Six-Day War
4205:Suez Crisis
4199:(1949ā1956)
4191:(1948ā1949)
4061:North Korea
3855:Arab League
3744:Authorities
3404:. pp.
2477:Ian Lustick
1992:pp. 84ā85,
1621:. pp.
1318:resolution
1286:collaborate
792:Arab Legion
766:(leader of
758:(leader of
656:(backed by
594:Six-Day War
507:Suez Crisis
481:Suez Crisis
452:Six-Day War
430:Moshe Dayan
301:for more.)
291:Zeev Schiff
261:. The term
239:Palestinian
196:Six-Day War
5228:Categories
5207:2022
5179:2020
5173:2019
5153:2016
5147:2013
5141:2010
5135:2007
5129:2006
5119:2006
5101:2005
5091:2004
5085:2003
5075:2002
5069:2001
5063:2000
5053:2000
5047:1999
5041:1998
5035:1995
5025:1994
5019:1993
5013:1991
4996:1983
4990:1982
4978:1981
4972:1980
4953:1979
4943:1978
4933:1974
4923:1973
4913:1967
4907:1950
4897:1949
4891:1948
4874:1948
4868:1947
4858:Bevin Plan
4856:1947
4850:1946
4844:1939
4838:1939
4832:1937
4826:1922
4820:1920
4814:1919
4804:1918
4798:1917
4792:1916
4786:1915
4780:1914
4774:Background
4681:Black Belt
4587:Hot Winter
4447:Tunis raid
4422:Wooden Leg
3779:Hamas Gaza
3222:2008-02-04
2974:. p.
2752:. p.
2432:2008-01-16
2372:"Fedayeen"
2062:Volume 2:
1815:. p.
1791:2008-01-06
1712:1 December
1481:References
1355:, and the
1119:Vietnamese
890:demolished
835:Gaza Strip
829:Gaza Strip
644:headed by
550:Gaza Strip
496:Khan Yunis
372:Gaza Strip
310:mujahaddin
259:guerrillas
248:skyjackers
243:terrorists
178:, and the
135:democratic
100:terrorists
84:guerrillas
5007:1991ā2016
4986:Fahd Plan
4885:1948ā1983
4508:2000ā2021
4371:1980ā1999
4216:1960ā1979
4174:1947ā1959
3950:as-Sa'iqa
3890:Hezbollah
3840:Abu Nidal
3741:Countries
3540:Routledge
3092:Bat Ye'or
2972:Routledge
2832:Routledge
2750:Routledge
2654:Routledge
2093:Routledge
1966:Routledge
1418:Tupamaros
1340:Red Cross
1264:The IDFs
1216:militia.
1147:Nasserist
1092:in 2009.
986:Palestine
949:in 1985.
947:airstrike
869:socialist
854:West Bank
784:Hashemite
776:Jordanian
671:West Bank
650:as-Sa'iqa
573:Palestine
517:Nir Galim
490:In 1956,
418:al-Bureij
254:commandos
127:Palestine
119:communist
115:socialist
79:fidÄ'iyÅ«n
73:romanized
5081:Road map
4640:Gaza War
4596:Gaza War
3774:Republic
3600:(1998).
3508:. UPNE.
3362:(1998).
3303:(1998).
3266:Archived
3243:Archived
3094:(1985).
3038:(1998).
2865:(1998).
2619:(2003).
2589:(1993).
2552:(1999).
2479:(2003).
2449:(1993).
2390:"Record"
2291:(2005).
2176:(1993).
2155:Archived
2066:(Hebrew)
1960:(2003).
1930:(2005).
1706:Archived
1429:See also
1416:and the
1328:Damascus
1222:refugees
1173:and the
1145:and non-
1115:Algerian
1090:Gaza War
1078:Damascus
839:1967 war
770:) at an
686:Ramallah
582:attacked
566:1967 war
564:and the
562:1956 war
533:Wadi Ara
494:entered
443:nifga'im
407:Unit 101
299:Fedayeen
263:fedayeen
224:fedayeen
176:1967 War
125:, claim
92:fedayeen
32:Fedayeen
5166:present
5065:Isratin
4580:(2006ā)
4526:(2001ā)
4341:Entebbe
4307:Bayonet
4056:Morocco
4011:Palmach
3986:Haganah
3940:PFLP-GC
3574:437ā438
3186:221ā222
2129:282ā283
1885:(2002).
1787:. Sakhr
1395:Belgian
1330:where,
1324:Phantom
1274:curfews
1259:Galilee
1244:Tactics
1202:Shatila
1123:Chinese
1027:Bedolah
937:in the
905:Lebanon
722:Karameh
616:, 1969
401:tasked
350:of the
324:History
188:Lebanon
131:secular
123:Zionism
75::
68:ŁŲÆŲ§Ų¦ŁŁŁ
53:Lebanon
4712:(2023)
4702:(2022)
4692:(2021)
4684:(2019)
4674:(2019)
4666:(2018)
4658:(2018)
4642:(2014)
4634:(2012)
4624:(2012)
4614:(2011)
4606:(2010)
4572:(2006)
4564:(2006)
4554:(2006)
4544:(2006)
4534:(2003)
4499:(1996)
4489:(1993)
4467:(1992)
4457:(1991)
4449:(1988)
4441:(1988)
4425:(1985)
4415:(1985)
4407:(1984)
4399:(1982)
4391:(1981)
4381:(1980)
4362:(1978)
4359:Litani
4352:(1978)
4344:(1976)
4334:(1975)
4326:(1974)
4318:(1973)
4300:(1972)
4292:(1972)
4284:(1972)
4276:(1973)
4268:(1968)
4250:(1968)
4234:(1967)
4226:(1966)
4207:(1956)
4046:Kuwait
4041:France
3964:Former
3895:Kataeb
3833:Active
3798:Jordan
3793:Israel
3659:
3638:
3608:
3580:
3546:
3512:
3474:
3446:
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2135:
2099:
2045:
2013:
1996:
1972:
1940:
1907:
1873:
1848:
1823:
1767:
1698:
1668:
1629:
1581:
1556:
1506:
1391:Cyprus
1370:Uganda
1351:, the
1143:Maoist
1121:, and
1039:Salfit
963:attack
935:Beirut
858:citrus
762:) and
696:Jordan
640:, the
632:, the
614:Jordan
545:Maariv
519:, 1956
475:death.
318:shahid
257:, and
220:fida'i
94:to be
64:Arabic
55:, 1979
49:Beirut
5164:2019ā
4388:Opera
4081:Yemen
4051:Libya
3996:Irgun
3885:Hamas
3875:Fatah
3406:20ā21
2625:Verso
2206:"Map"
1623:64ā66
1550:94ā95
1359:. In
1349:Cairo
1311:El Al
1111:Cuban
1050:Hamas
943:Tunis
878:jihad
772:Amman
760:Fatah
726:Fatah
590:Fatah
537:Ramla
501:Rafah
463:Sinai
356:camps
314:jihad
142:state
45:Fatah
4477:list
4265:Gift
4006:Lehi
3935:PFLP
3870:DFLP
3845:Amal
3815:and
3786:and
3772:and
3657:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3578:ISBN
3544:ISBN
3510:ISBN
3472:ISBN
3444:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3044:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2980:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2049:p 61
2043:ISBN
2017:P 67
2011:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1714:2018
1696:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1214:Amal
1200:and
1137:and
1103:Jews
768:DFLP
658:Iraq
586:Samu
411:see
337:and
182:and
180:1978
3925:PLO
3920:PLF
3915:PIJ
3336:720
3146:561
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