188:
30:
217:. Lions were depicted to represent the power of God. Aside from remains found in-situ, architectural elements of the synagogues are often found to have been reused in the houses of adjacent villages. Sometimes dressed stones were transferred further afield and lintels from the doorways of ancient Palestinian synagogues are also to be found in contemporary homes in Syria.
198:
A survey conducted in the 1970s found that of the known synagogue inscriptions, 67 were in Greek and found in the coastal and major inland cities. Another 54 were in
Aramaic, and 14 in Hebrew. The vast majority of inscriptions are dedicatory, while the remainder feature literary sources or are short
278:. A significant portion of the scientific community agrees that some of these are synagogues, while some are debated. They all share only a certain number of architectural characteristics with the better-accepted post-destruction synagogues.
1497:
Kohl and
Watzinger, the first scholars to embark upon serious research of Palestinian synagogue architecture and decoration, held the view that the lion was possibly the only genuine symbolic motif representing the power of
526:
near
Jerusalem โ structure excavated in 1991 by the late Alexander Onn, who dated it to early 1st century-31 BCE; insufficiently published, some claim the "case evaporated" and the "claim should be withdrawn"
1689:
1306:
The majority of the inscriptions revealed in synagogues in the Land of Israel are in
Aramaic (about 140). There are, in addition , a few Hebrew inscriptions and about fifty Greek inscriptions...
2075:
1625:...one of the earliest of a growing number of Jewish architects, made direct reference to the archaeological remains of ancient synagogues in Palestine, only recently excavated.
234:
Some modern-day synagogue architects have relied upon synagogue architecture in ancient Judea in an attempt to create an "identifiably Jewish style" of synagogue design. The
2115:
172:. The oldest remains of a synagogue date from the 1st century CE. After the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, the local synagogue became its substitute and from
2095:
176:
onward, the number of synagogues discovered rise significantly, with over one hundred being unearthed in
Palestine alone. More than fifty of these are situated in
224:; it is in Greek and dates to the first century BCE or the first century CE. It was discovered in the City of David, just south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
2110:
1643:
1686:
698:
1513:
520:, where the two gathering rooms might be defined as a synagogue โ around 100 BCE (?) โ highly contested; if indeed a synagogue: of a sectarian type
373:(?) โ "first rural synagogue" of the period discovered as of 2016; at a Jewish farmstead from the Second Temple Period, 8 km SE of Mount Tabor
1819:
The synagogue building in Gamla, which was constructed in the early first century CE, is the oldest positively identified synagogue in
Palestine.
2080:
514:โ described in detail in 1926 by Jacob Ory, who found it 200 metres west of 3rd-century CE synagogue; exact location not rediscovered until now
1842:
1812:
1782:
1618:
1589:
1555:
1525:
1473:
1443:
1416:
1389:
1362:
1332:
1299:
1268:
2100:
1660:
235:
2090:
199:
labels for images. Decorations used on mosaic floors, capitals and lintels were symbolic of the Temple service and included the
2105:
1669:
535:
The same sites listed in a tentatively chronological order according to the excavators' estimate of the time of construction.
231:
onwards had annexes attached to the main structure, indicating that synagogues additionally functioned as a communal centres.
156:
date from the Roman and
Byzantine periods, from the third to seventh centuries. Synagogues from before the destruction of the
1849:
I estimate that it had the largest seating capacity of the
Palestinian synagogue buildings and could have accommodated 360.
1789:
The synagogue of
Capernaum is the best preserved Palestinian synagogue; like the others, it comes from the 3rd century AD.
1738:
Qadmoniot: A Journal for the
Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands / ืงืืืื ืืืช: ืืชื-ืขืช ืืขืชืืงืืช ืืจืฅ-ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืงืจื
1239:
350:) โ between 50 BCE โ 100 CE โ discovered 2009; another synagogue from the same period was discovered at Magdala in 2021.
1734:"ืืืช ืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืขืจื ืื ืืืื - A Second Temple Period Synagogue at แธคorvat Diab in Western Benjamin"
2085:
2030:
1993:
1938:
1262:
2053:
1640:
969:
259:
1256:
822:
703:
911:
569:
398:
678:
475:(aka Qiryat Sefer) โ 1st century BCE โ less published than Umm el-Umdan (Modi'in) site; near modern Modi'in,
2070:
1510:
75:
915:
406:
340:, the basalt structure underneath the later "white synagogue" โ 1st century CE โ not excavated, contested
1245:
221:
137:
262:
than they did afterwards. Several examples of such early synagogues from the time and territory of the
1052:
286:
1223:
837:
742:
1036:
902:
683:
545:
493:
420:
776:
1753:
1152:
1142:
955:
945:
935:
781:
766:
599:
563:
362:
282:
40:
1547:
664:
468:โ end 2ndโbeginning 1st century BCE (Hasmonean); till 132 CE โ 1st century CE mikveh next to it
1838:
1808:
1778:
1772:
1745:
1614:
1585:
1579:
1551:
1521:
1469:
1463:
1439:
1412:
1406:
1385:
1358:
1352:
1328:
1322:
1295:
1289:
1204:
1091:
893:
424:
383:
370:
91:
1802:
1606:
1120:
747:
2048:
1071:
1016:
996:
843:
723:
575:
557:
472:
429:
343:
267:
201:
67:
34:
1693:
1673:
1647:
1517:
317:
634:
New locations are being added here, without pretending to maintain a fully updated list.
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1950:
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1540:
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1166:
975:
795:
649:
387:
357:
353:
243:
173:
121:
106:
63:
17:
2064:
1462:
John S. Kloppenborg; Stephen G. Wilson; Canadian Society of Biblical Studies (1996).
1001:
950:
860:
752:
306:
275:
255:
181:
157:
153:
79:
1664:
1975:
1834:
Reconstructing the first-century synagogue: a critical analysis of current research
1171:
1115:
1010:
854:
461:
239:
1710:
803:โ oldest identified synagogue in Palestine and largest estimated seating capacity.
1832:
1490:
1433:
1379:
227:
All of the early synagogues were purpose-built and many synagogues dating to the
1607:"Modern Architecture and the Jewish Problem: "Jewish Architecture" Reconsidered"
827:
622:
523:
505:
366:
187:
95:
405:โ 1st century BCE or 1st century CE โ "Theodotus synagogue", based only on the
29:
2016:
Heaven on Earth: Helios and the Zodiac Cycle in Ancient Palestinian Synagogues
1291:
Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research
1006:
981:
940:
806:
693:
539:
465:
416:
149:
1749:
1687:
Archaeologists in Israel Find Ancient Synagogue Predating Second Temple Ruin
1147:
907:
717:
593:
501:
454:
394:
337:
271:
263:
145:
99:
87:
59:
48:
884:
848:
481:
356:(Nahal Arbel) โ 1st half of the 1st century CE โ excavated 2007โ2012; near
1489:
Gail Saul (1984). "The Lion in Ancient Jewish Art: Symbol or Decoration".
832:
771:
728:
659:
610:
587:
511:
476:
412:
169:
1757:
1733:
1511:
Israeli Archaeological Activity in the West Bank 1967โ2007: A Sourcebook
1209:
898:
889:
870:
688:
497:
442:
438:
347:
330:
228:
177:
117:
105:
Numerous inscriptions have been found in the ancient synagogues of the
44:
1939:
Ancient Mosaic Pavements: Themes, Issues, and Trends: Selected Studies
1804:
Ancient Synagogue Seating Capacities: Methodology, Analysis and Limits
292:
Location โ Built; in use till โ Discovered by โ Comments/reservations
2044:
1250:
1101:
1076:
1066:
1031:
991:
986:
918:(1st century BCE or 1st century CE) mentions a synagogue and a hostel
616:
581:
517:
434:
402:
165:
141:
125:
83:
71:
2031:
Ancient synagogues: historical analysis and archaeological discovery
1542:
Population matters: people, resources, environment, and immigration
1641:"Synagogues: Before and After the Roman Destruction of the Temple"
1128:
1096:
930:
865:
800:
654:
551:
313:
213:
207:
191:
186:
161:
2002:
Nouvelles decouvertes archeologiques de synagogues en Palestine
1432:
Eric M. Meyers; American Schools of Oriental Research (1997).
220:
The earliest synagogue inscription uncovered to date is the
1578:
Ben Tsiyon Rozenfeld; Joseph Menirav; Chava Cassel (2005).
1324:
Judaism and Hellenism in antiquity: conflict or confluence
270:
dynasties until 70 CE have been excavated in Israel, the
2018:, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 59, (2005), pp. 1โ52.
1435:
The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East
1495:. South African Jewish Board of Deputies. p. 53.
285:
discovered as of July 2018 and interpreted by some as
1079:-the gathering hall might be defined as a synagogue
901:, Tulul Abu el-Alayiq site in Wadi Qelt: so-called
1650:, Biblical Archaeology Review 41:03, May/June 2015
1539:
2009:The Nature and Origins of Palestinian Synagogues,
1354:History of Syria: Including Lebanon And Palestine
254:Synagogues had a different function prior to the
1994:Synagogues in Pre-70 Palestine: A Re- Assessment
1465:Voluntary associations in the Graeco-Roman world
242:was inspired by the remains of the synagogue at
1978:at The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues Website
1327:. University of Washington Press. p. 139.
2076:Archaeological sites in the State of Palestine
1635:
1633:
1189:(Khirbet Wadi Hamam/Kh. el-Wereidat/H. Vradim)
289:synagogues. The list includes following data:
281:Here is a list of all the structures from the
8:
2045:The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website
1955:The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website
1918:The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website
1892:The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website
1866:The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website
1316:
1314:
1346:
1344:
51:, dating from around the 4thโ5th century CE
2028:Dan Urman, Paul Virgil McCracken Flesher.
2023:Ancient Synagogues of Palestine and Greece
1384:. Israel Exploration Society. p. 12.
1659:Uzi Leibner, Institute of Archaeology at
2116:Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel
1957:. Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee
1920:. Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee
1894:. Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee
1868:. Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee
1581:Markets and marketing in Roman Palestine
1457:
1455:
1438:. Oxford University Press. p. 114.
1253:, ancient region with own synagogue type
1242:, dealing only with synagogues in Israel
699:Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village)
28:
1613:. Purdue University Press. p. 78.
1538:Julian Lincoln Simon (1 January 1990).
1280:
2096:Jews and Judaism in Palestine (region)
572:"Theodotus synagogue" (1st century CE)
1732:ืืจโืืื, ืื ืืืื; Har-Even, B. (2016).
1019:/Qiryat Sefer: Khirbet Badd 'Isa site
419:; theories: built either by Zealots,
7:
2111:Synagogues in the State of Palestine
1269:Zodiac mosaics in ancient synagogues
136:Most of the synagogues unearthed in
1777:. Simon and Schuster. p. 855.
1771:John L. Mckenzie (1 October 1995).
625:(early 1st century/31 BCE โ ?)
542:(end 2nd-beginning 1st century BCE)
409:mentioning a synagogue and a hostel
1661:The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1546:. Transaction Publishers. p.
1357:. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 365.
1288:Rachel Hachlili (4 October 2013).
25:
1468:. Psychology Press. p. 102.
1265:mentioned in Acts of the Apostles
236:Henry S. Frank Memorial Synagogue
90:communities from the time of the
566:(1st half of the 1st century CE)
194:, dating from the 4th century CE
1837:. T & T Clark. p. 96.
1509:Raphael Greenberg, Adi Keinan.
720:โ the best preserved synagogue.
250:Second Temple period synagogues
56:Ancient synagogues in Palestine
1666:Khirbet Wadi Hamam Excavations
1411:. Brill Archive. p. 198.
441:(1st century CE), including a
109:; the vast majority of these,
1:
2081:History of Palestine (region)
2047:, created by scholars of the
636:
415:โ contested; inside Herodian
110:
1807:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 75.
1240:Ancient synagogues in Israel
504:); destroyed by earthquake-
498:Tulul Abu el-Alayiq, Jericho
1774:The Dictionary of the Bible
1611:Jewish Cultural Aspirations
1381:Ancient synagogues revealed
1351:Philip Khuri Hitti (2004).
1263:Synagogue of the Libertines
978:/Ma'on in the western Negev
2132:
2054:Synagogues Interactive Map
1609:. In Ruth Weisberg (ed.).
1520:, Ostracon 2009. pg. 136.
1378:Lee I. Levine (May 1982).
638:
138:archaeological excavations
2101:Lists of pilgrimage sites
1831:Stephen K. Catto (2007).
1605:David E. Kaufman (2012).
1516:29 September 2012 at the
1408:Caesarea under Roman rule
1257:List of oldest synagogues
1042:
972:in the South Hebron Hills
849:Horvat 'Ethri/Hurvat Itri
812:
639:
613:(1st century CE โ ?)
578:(between 50 BCE โ 100 CE)
482:Horvat 'Ethri/Hurvat Itri
62:and their remains in the
1294:. BRILL. pp. 517โ.
564:Wadi Hamam (Nahal Arbel)
378:Judaean hills and desert
365:/Tell el-Mukharkhash in
120:, with another c. 50 in
2091:Jewish pilgrimage sites
1801:Chad S. Spigel (2012).
857:, Southern Hebron Hills
630:Ancient synagogue sites
76:Palestinian territories
2106:Synagogue architecture
1584:. BRILL. p. 223.
1405:Lee I. Levine (1975).
1321:Lee I. Levine (1998).
195:
52:
18:Palestinian synagogues
1246:Archaeology of Israel
916:Theodotos Inscription
471:Khirbet Badd 'Isa at
457:(Judaean foothills):
407:Theodotos Inscription
222:Theodotus inscription
190:
32:
1174:(also under Modi'in)
606:Very controversial:
508:โ strongly contested
477:Ascent of Beth-Horon
287:Second Temple period
260:destruction in 70 CE
98:period, to the Late
33:Capital depicting a
1692:4 July 2018 at the
1672:4 July 2018 at the
1646:4 July 2018 at the
903:Wadi Qelt Synagogue
546:Wadi Qelt Synagogue
494:Wadi Qelt Synagogue
421:First Jewish Revolt
316:โ 1st century BCE (
2086:Jewish holy places
1991:Lester L. Grabbe.
956:Khirbet Wadi Hamam
531:Chronological list
354:Khirbet Wadi Hamam
196:
124:and only a few in
53:
41:Eshtemoa synagogue
2025:, (London, 1934).
1844:978-0-567-04561-4
1814:978-3-16-151879-9
1784:978-0-684-81913-6
1711:"Rekhesh Project"
1639:Rachel Hachlili,
1620:978-1-55753-635-8
1591:978-90-04-14049-3
1557:978-1-56000-895-8
1526:978-965-91468-0-2
1475:978-0-415-13593-1
1445:978-0-19-511219-1
1418:978-90-04-04013-7
1391:978-0-8143-1706-8
1364:978-1-59333-119-1
1334:978-0-295-97682-2
1301:978-90-04-25772-6
1231:
1230:
894:Jericho synagogue
767:Ed-Dikke, Khirbet
584:(1st century BCE)
560:(1st century BCE)
554:(1st century BCE)
425:Bar Kokhba Revolt
371:Bar Kochba revolt
274:, and one on the
160:in 70 CE include
92:Hasmonean dynasty
16:(Redirected from
2123:
2049:Kinneret College
2004:, REJ 89 (1930).
1997:, JTS 39 (1988).
1979:
1973:
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1700:, 15 August 2016
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1308:
1285:
1201:Yafa: see Japhia
637:
602:(1st century CE)
596:(1st century CE)
590:(1st century CE)
576:Migdal Synagogue
344:Migdal Synagogue
283:Palestine region
115:
112:
94:during the Late
82:), built by the
68:Palestine region
21:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2061:
2060:
2041:
2011:JBL 115 (1996).
1988:
1983:
1982:
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1694:Wayback Machine
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1674:Wayback Machine
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1518:Wayback Machine
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823:Hammat Tiberias
817:
790:
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712:
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644:
632:
533:
490:
451:
380:
369:โ destroyed in
327:
303:
298:
296:Widely accepted
252:
192:Arbel Synagogue
134:
113:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2129:
2127:
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2071:Ancient Levant
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2040:
2039:External links
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:, BRILL, 1998.
2026:
2019:
2014:Jodi Magness.
2012:
2005:
1998:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1942:
1931:
1905:
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1813:
1793:
1783:
1763:
1744:(151): 49โ53.
1724:
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1597:
1590:
1570:
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1530:
1502:
1492:Jewish Affairs
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1205:Yesud HaMa'ala
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1190:
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1167:Umm el-Qanatir
1159:
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1126:
1125:Shura, Khirbet
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838:Horvat Ammudim
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488:Also suggested
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358:Hamaam, Israel
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174:Late Antiquity
133:
130:
107:Land of Israel
64:Land of Israel
24:
14:
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1713:. Rekhesh.com
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1685:Nir Hasson, "
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1017:Modi'in Illit
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951:Khirbet Shema
949:
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934:
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869:
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861:Horvat Sumaqa
859:
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845:
842:
840:/Umm el-'Amed
839:
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570:City of David
568:
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558:Modi'in Illit
556:
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541:
538:
537:
536:
530:
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522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:โ 70โ50 BCE (
499:
495:
492:
491:
487:
483:
480:
478:
474:
473:Modi'in Illit
470:
467:
463:
460:
459:
458:
456:
448:
444:
440:
437:โ contested;
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
408:
404:
400:
399:City of David
396:
393:
392:
391:
389:
385:
384:Judaean hills
377:
372:
368:
364:
361:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
334:
332:
324:
320:) โ contested
319:
315:
312:
311:
310:
308:
307:Golan Heights
301:Golan Heights
300:
295:
293:
290:
288:
284:
279:
277:
276:Golan Heights
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:Second Temple
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
218:
216:
215:
210:
209:
204:
203:
193:
189:
185:
183:
182:Golan Heights
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:Second Temple
155:
154:Golan Heights
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:Golan Heights
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:
31:
27:
19:
2029:
2022:
2021:EL Sukenik.
2015:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1986:Bibliography
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1917:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1891:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1848:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1773:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1705:
1697:
1681:
1665:
1655:
1624:
1610:
1600:
1580:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1541:
1533:
1505:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1464:
1434:
1427:
1407:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1353:
1323:
1305:
1290:
1283:
1259:in the world
1215:
1214:
1193:
1192:
1178:
1177:
1172:Umm el-Umdan
1158:
1157:
1134:
1133:
1107:
1106:
1083:
1082:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1023:
1022:
1011:Umm el-Umdan
961:
960:
922:
921:
885:Japhia/Japha
876:
875:
814:
813:
787:
786:
777:Ein ha-Naziv
758:
757:
734:
733:
709:
708:
670:
669:
641:
640:
633:
605:
534:
462:Umm el-Umdan
452:
423:, or during
381:
367:Tabor Valley
328:
304:
291:
280:
253:
240:Philadelphia
233:
229:talmudic era
226:
219:
212:
206:
200:
197:
135:
104:
55:
54:
35:
26:
2007:LI Levine.
2000:S. Krauss.
1143:Tel Rekhesh
946:Khirbet Rib
936:Kefar Fahma
844:Horvat Diab
828:Hamat Gader
689:Beit Guvrin
600:Tel Rekhesh
548:(50โ70 BCE)
506:Ehud Netzer
430:Horvat Diab
363:Tel Rekhesh
244:Kfar Bar'am
180:and on the
96:Hellenistic
2065:Categories
1275:References
1187:Wadi Hamam
982:Maoz Chaim
970:Maon/Ma'on
941:Kafr Kanna
807:Gush Halav
694:Beit Shean
417:triclinium
150:Gaza Strip
114: 140
60:synagogues
58:refers to
1862:"Ammudim"
1750:0033-4839
1224:Zumeimira
1148:Tirat Zvi
1037:Nabratein
908:Jerusalem
718:Capernaum
684:Beit Alfa
665:Assaliyye
594:Capernaum
502:Hasmonean
455:Shephelah
449:Shephelah
395:Jerusalem
338:Capernaum
272:West Bank
264:Hasmonean
146:West Bank
116:, are in
100:Byzantine
88:Samaritan
70:(today's
49:West Bank
39:from the
1951:"Japhia"
1914:"Sumaqa"
1888:"Kishor"
1758:26749325
1690:Archived
1670:Archived
1644:Archived
1514:Archived
1234:See also
1153:Tzippori
833:Herodium
782:Eshtemoa
772:Ein Gedi
729:Chorazin
660:Ashkelon
623:Shu'afat
611:Chorazin
588:Herodium
524:Shu'afat
512:Chorazin
413:Herodium
318:Herodian
268:Herodian
170:Herodium
152:and the
102:period.
1698:Haaretz
1676:website
1563:24 June
1210:Yodefat
1121:Sifsula
1053:Peki'in
1007:Modi'in
899:Jericho
890:Jericho
871:Huseifa
853:Horvat
748:Dabiyye
704:Belvoir
540:Modi'in
466:Modi'in
453:In the
443:genizah
439:Sicarii
382:In the
348:Magdala
331:Galilee
325:Galilee
305:On the
202:menorah
178:Galilee
132:History
118:Aramaic
45:as-Samu
36:menorah
1961:4 June
1924:4 June
1898:4 June
1872:4 June
1841:
1811:
1781:
1756:
1748:
1717:4 July
1617:
1588:
1554:
1524:
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1442:
1415:
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1361:
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1298:
1251:Daroma
1102:Rimmon
1077:Qumran
1072:Qiyuma
1067:Qision
1032:Naaran
997:Migdal
992:Meroth
987:Masada
914:: the
855:Kishor
743:Dabura
724:Caphra
679:Bar'am
617:Qumran
582:Masada
518:Qumran
435:Masada
403:Silwan
388:desert
166:Masada
144:, the
142:Israel
126:Hebrew
84:Jewish
78:, and
72:Israel
1754:JSTOR
1129:Susya
1097:Rehob
1092:Ramah
1002:Meron
931:Kanaf
866:Huqoq
801:Gamla
753:Danna
655:Arbel
552:Gamla
314:Gamla
214:etrog
208:lulav
162:Gamla
122:Greek
1976:Maon
1963:2024
1926:2024
1900:2024
1874:2024
1839:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1746:ISSN
1719:2018
1615:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1565:2011
1552:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1498:G-d.
1470:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1116:Sasa
1013:site
976:Maon
796:Gaza
650:Anim
386:and
266:and
211:and
168:and
148:and
86:and
1742:ื"ื
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619:(?)
496:at
464:at
329:In
258:'s
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140:in
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1632:^
1623:.
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1217:Z
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1046:P
1025:N
963:M
924:K
878:J
816:H
789:G
760:E
736:D
711:C
672:B
643:A
401:/
346:(
66:/
20:)
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