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100:
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17:
611:. They are social structures which commemorates and reveres heroes of the society. They are also important historical documents as well as a document of iconography which survived over centuries. It provide information about customs, cultures and beliefs of erstwhile societies. They also provides information of economic, religious or political events. These memorials are associated with
244:
619:. The types of clothes, weapons and vehicles of the time period can be also identified. As the memorial inscriptions has place and year, the evolution of language and method of recording time can also be documented. Rarely they are used to mark burial place of wealth as people would not desecrate the place of worship.
255:
They are erected outskirt of villages and town mostly. They are also erected near battlefield or place of death if they are dedicated to a warrior. Sometimes they are erected near temples or places of worship. Though they are found across India in various forms, they are commonly found in
Saurashtra
283:
These memorials have three parts; the head with various types of symbols, middle has a person dedicated to whom the stone is erected and bottom having inscription which include name, place, event and time with some more information sometimes. The symbols in head always include sun and moon which
544:
or
Khetarpal, the protector deity of lands. They are not memorials but has similar ethos. They are generally placed in or near farms or outskirt of villages. The ancestors are worshiped as Kshetrapal in some communities. They are believed to protect land and crops. The stones depicted snakes as
444:
The memorials mostly depicts a warrior with weapons such as sword, mace, lance, bow and arrow and even guns in recent memorials. The warrior is mounted on variety of transport such as horses, camels, elephants and chariots. Sometimes they are infantry. Sometimes people carrying royal emblem or
220:. The earliest memorials are found in Andhau village in Khavda, Kutch which dates back to the 2nd century. The tradition became popular after the 15th century and the large number of stones are erected after that. Some tribal societies still erects stone memorials in the region.
267:
The visible part of memorial stones are around two feet wide and three feet in height. The lower part is buried up to ten feet in ground. The top border are half-circle in early stones which are triangular in later stones. They are mostly of
527:
The memorials depicting animals such as horses, dogs and camels were also erected. Gauchar paliya has figures of cow which were installed on communal pastures to mark boundaries between villages. Memorials depicting cows are also erected by
171:
when the dead bodies were not cremated but either buried or floated in the river. The spot of burial were initially marked with single stone and later stone circle which are found during excavations. Later the practice evolved into
441:. They are erected near the battleground or at the place where the warrior died. Initially they were erected to honor the deeds such as saving tribe, women or cattle which later became tradition associated with battles.
659:
Numerous scattered memorial stones and paliyas suggest that the
Charans preferred death to dishonour, and that even women did not hesitate to kill themselves when the honour of the family or the community was at
514:
Several memorials marks the people associated with folklore about religious devotees, love stories, sacrifices, friendship, suicides to protest. The example is a memorial of Veer
Mangaro at Bhutvad near
292:
and detailed decoration in backgrounds. The middle part includes human figure with variety of weapons, mounts, clothes and items. The lower part has inscription in language and style of the time.
300:
These memorials are worshiped by people of associated community or decedents of a person on special days such as death day of person, event anniversaries, festivals, auspicious days in
Kartika,
437:
This type of memorials are the most common which are mostly associated hero worship thus with martial communities and tribes. They are found in large numbers in limited area and known as
506:
Gujarat has a long maritime history. The memorials of sailors commemorates people died during their voyage in sea. Their memorials are depicted with a contingent on ship sometimes.
72:. They mostly commemorate the death of a person. These stone monuments have symbols and inscriptions. There are several types of memorials including dedicated to warriors (mostly
155:
which means iron-smith which were commissioned in past to engrave memorial stones instead of stone-engravers. The term may also refer to tablet or stone engraved with hammer.
491:. Sometimes the memorials are depicted with hands and other symbols such as peacock and lotus. They are also depicted as the full figure of a woman giving blessings or in
159:
is derived from
Sanskrit term Stambha which means a column. It is mostly used to refer memorial stone dedicated to people who end their lives or commit self-immolation.
449:
marks the land which are granted to brave person for his act of bravery specifically found in Sindh. These lands are not cultivated and only used for cattle gazing.
638:
THAKURIA, T. (2008). MEMORIAL STONES FROM GUJARAT: STUDY OF PĀLIYAS AT KANMER. Bulletin of the Deccan
College Research Institute, 68/69, 179-190. Retrieved from
1066:
495:
position. The woman entering into the flames and having the body of his husband in her lap, the ritual of Sati practice, are depicted in some memorials.
584:
498:
The example include the memorial of
Surajkunwarba of Bhuchar Mori. They are found in Sindh region of Pakistan and Rajasthan state of India also.
1039:
1013:
986:
959:
692:
615:
so the local folklore associated with it can be identified and documented. They also give information about cultural traditions such as
839:
228:
103:
Three portions; head with Sun and moon, middle with warrior mounted on horse, bottom with inscription with time, place, name.
1061:
561:
359:
237:
332:
99:
872:
484:
are commemorated with it. They are also associated with folklore and sometimes are worshiped as demigoddess.
596:
569:
138:
557:
Memorials depicting warrior on horse (left) and sitting persons (centre and right). Chhatardi, Bhuj.
217:
53:
750:
336:
Sati memorial between two warrior memorials. Sati memorial depicts bent right hand. Nirona, Kutch
49:
378:
476:
These memorials are associated with the royal families mostly. The females who died practicing
1035:
1009:
1003:
982:
976:
955:
788:
742:
688:
682:
612:
120:
949:
212:
of South India. Thousands of stone memorials are found across villages in
Gujarat especially
937:. Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. p. 187.
734:
417:(erected for accidental deaths such as murder, suicide, accidents). Some of them are called
196:
in South India. They often carry inscriptions displaying a variety of adornments, including
192:, cenotaphs, memorial temples. The types of such memorials are found all over India such as
176:
or a stone column with inscriptions which had names of persons, place and dates. Four such
616:
477:
457:
309:
181:
312:. These memorials are washed with milk and water on these days. They are smeared with
76:), sailors, sati, animals and figures associated with folklore. They are important in
1055:
754:
353:
553:
340:
16:
453:
367:
185:
168:
1029:
932:
915:
898:
652:
769:
657:. Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State.
604:
541:
488:
465:
383:
371:
77:
200:
panels, frieze, and figures on carved stone. In western India, it evolved into
305:
209:
197:
193:
88:
746:
272:
as they are easy to carve. Sometimes they are erected on pavilion and rarely
776:
608:
592:
349:
301:
269:
81:
978:
Tribal
Culture, Faith, History And Literature: Tangsas Of Arunachal Pradesh
951:
Dancing the Self: Personhood and Performance in the Pāṇḍava Līlā of Garhwal
127:
means "a group of soldiers in skirmish" or "army". The other forms include
188:. The practice evolved in various types of memorials across India such as
738:
492:
345:
324:
is lighted near it with sesame oil. Sometimes a flag is erected over it.
285:
284:
symbolizes eternal glory. The stones erected after 17th century includes
261:
233:
69:
45:
639:
487:
The memorials mostly depicts the right hand bent at 45 or 90 degrees in
573:
529:
516:
313:
257:
61:
920:. Institute of Indian Art History, Karnataka University. p. 170.
481:
413:(erected for warriors died saving others as fulfillment of life) and
321:
317:
289:
73:
280:, a cenotaph is built over them when they belong to royal families.
243:
917:
Memorial stones: a study of their origin, significance, and variety
374:. It has only inscription and some symbols without any human figure
722:
583:
577:
560:
552:
377:
358:
339:
331:
242:
227:
213:
189:
151:
98:
65:
57:
29:
15:
25:
681:
Adalbert J. Gail; Gerd J. R. Mevissen; Richard Salomon (2006).
723:"Memorial Stones of Sindh, Pakistan: Typology and Iconography"
1031:
Encyclopaedia of Indian Folk Literature: Folk lore of Gujarat
397:(column without carving erected as memorial to deceased),
24:
s, one dedicated to man and three to women at Chhatardi,
595:
of Kutch and his queens. The cenotaph over it fell in
903:. Nayan Suryanand Loka-Pratishthan. pp. 144–145.
445:
playing a war drum who died during war are depicted.
456:and the memorials of Hamirji Gohil and others near
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
107:dedicated to warrior died in war, Chhatardi, Bhuj
87:Those dedicated to warriors fall under the term
1034:. Cosmo Publications. 2000. pp. 138, 143.
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
771:The Archaeology of Gujarat: Including Kathiawar
184:period (1st century) found in Kutch are now at
914:Settar, S.; Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1982).
866:
864:
862:
860:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
128:
91:, of which examples are found all over India.
684:Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy
8:
545:symbol of protector or sometimes just eyes.
344:Memorial depict full female figure holding
1008:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 109–.
687:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 187–190.
115:is may be derived from the Sanskrit root
954:. Oxford University Press. p. 86.
900:A Study in Tribal Literature of Gujarat
628:
320:and flowers are scattered over it. The
774:. Natwarlal & Company. p. 46.
389:Traditionally, they are classified as
871:Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (8 July 2011).
7:
981:. Mittal Publications. p. 309.
975:Narayan Singh Rao (1 January 2006).
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
634:
632:
130:palia, pavaliyo, pario, palaa, paliu
48:found in the western regions of the
838:Shastri, Parth (10 February 2014).
768:Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia (1941).
540:Kshetrapal stones are dedicated to
1067:Monuments and memorials in Gujarat
1002:K. S. Dilipsinh (1 January 2004).
654:Gujarat State Gazetteers: Junagadh
452:The examples are the memorials at
14:
260:. They are also found in Sindh,
934:Gujarat State Gazetteers: Dangs
789:"Hero-stone Memorials of India"
145:in Dahatki languages of Sindh.
721:Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (2015).
1:
1005:Kutch in Festival and Custom
948:William Sturman Sax (2002).
208:which has similarities with
167:The tradition originated in
1083:
840:"History etched in stones"
133:. They are also known as
401:(small crude stones near
149:may be derived from term
931:Gujarat (India) (1971).
651:Gujarat (India) (1975).
580:, dating back to 1178 AD
393:(flat stone memorials),
328:Types of memorial stones
236:photographed in 1874 by
607:information as well as
603:The memorials provides
232:Chhatri and Paliyas at
600:
581:
570:Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya
558:
386:
382:Paliya depicting cow,
375:
356:
337:
252:
240:
129:
108:
33:
897:Hasu Yājñika (2004).
587:
564:
556:
464:in Dongri village of
381:
362:
343:
335:
246:
231:
139:Parkari Koli language
102:
19:
1062:Inscriptions by type
739:10.5281/zenodo.35541
256:and Kutch region of
757:– via Zenodo.
433:Warriors' memorials
119:, "to protect". In
873:"The stone people"
844:The Times of India
601:
582:
559:
510:Folklore memorials
502:Sailors' memorials
409:(heap of stones),
387:
376:
357:
338:
253:
241:
109:
50:India subcontinent
34:
1041:978-81-7755-062-7
1015:978-81-241-0998-4
988:978-81-8324-104-5
961:978-0-19-513915-0
791:. Kamat Potpourri
694:978-81-208-2944-2
613:ancestral worship
536:Kshetrapal stones
462:Vir-jo-jod paliya
447:Vir-jo-jod paliya
429:(headless hero).
224:Place and symbols
121:Gujarati language
1074:
1046:
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877:The Friday Times
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523:Animal memorials
489:blessing gesture
132:
32:, Gujarat, India
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568:s belonging to
551:
330:
298:
226:
165:
97:
44:is a type of a
12:
11:
5:
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621:
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538:
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524:
512:
511:
504:
503:
474:
473:
472:Sati memorials
458:Somnath temple
435:
434:
329:
326:
310:Hindu calendar
297:
294:
276:, a shrine or
247:Memorial with
225:
222:
164:
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96:
93:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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483:
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463:
460:. There is a
459:
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432:
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408:
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354:Brahmacharini
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238:James Burgess
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52:, especially
51:
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39:
31:
27:
23:
18:
1030:
1024:
1004:
997:
977:
970:
950:
943:
933:
926:
916:
909:
899:
892:
880:. Retrieved
876:
847:. Retrieved
843:
793:. Retrieved
783:
770:
763:
730:
727:Puralokbarta
726:
683:
658:
653:
646:
605:ethnographic
602:
588:
565:
539:
526:
513:
505:
497:
486:
475:
461:
454:Bhuchar Mori
451:
446:
443:
439:Rann Khambhi
438:
436:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
388:
368:Pragmalji II
363:
322:earthen lamp
299:
282:
277:
273:
266:
254:
251:, a cenotaph
248:
205:
201:
186:Kutch Museum
177:
173:
169:Vedic period
166:
156:
150:
146:
142:
134:
124:
116:
112:
110:
104:
86:
64:and also in
41:
37:
35:
21:
733:: 285–298.
542:Kshetrapala
532:community.
466:Nagarparkar
384:Kumbhalgarh
372:Cutch State
352:similar to
210:hero stones
194:hero stones
78:ethnography
60:regions of
1056:Categories
795:2007-03-15
623:References
597:earthquake
549:Importance
308:months of
306:Bhadrapada
218:Saurashtra
198:bas relief
89:hero stone
68:region of
54:Saurashtra
755:194171412
747:2319-7641
609:epigraphy
593:Lakhpatji
468:, Sindh.
415:suradhana
350:Japa mala
302:Shraavana
270:sandstone
182:Kshatrapa
111:The word
95:Etymology
82:epigraphy
493:Namaskar
419:Satimata
411:surapura
346:kamandal
286:swastika
262:Pakistan
234:Thangadh
74:Charanas
70:Pakistan
46:memorial
777:Alt URL
591:of Rao
574:Dhaneti
530:Vanjara
517:Bhanvad
427:Jhujhar
395:khambhi
314:sindoor
296:Worship
278:Chhatri
258:Gujarat
249:Chhatri
206:Khambhi
163:History
157:Khambhi
147:Loharti
143:loharti
62:Gujarat
42:Khambhi
1038:
1012:
985:
958:
882:5 June
849:5 June
753:
745:
691:
660:stake.
589:Paliya
566:Paliya
482:Jauhar
407:chagio
403:paliya
391:paliya
364:Paliya
318:kumkum
290:deepak
202:paliya
178:Lashti
174:Lashti
135:pariya
113:Paliya
105:Paliya
38:Paliya
22:Paliya
751:S2CID
640:JSTOR
578:Kutch
399:thesa
214:Kutch
190:stupa
180:s of
152:Lohar
66:Sindh
58:Kutch
30:Kutch
20:Four
1036:ISBN
1010:ISBN
983:ISBN
956:ISBN
884:2016
851:2016
743:ISSN
689:ISBN
617:Sati
478:Sati
348:and
288:and
274:deri
216:and
141:and
125:Pala
80:and
56:and
36:The
26:Bhuj
735:doi
576:in
572:at
480:or
425:or
423:Vir
421:or
405:),
370:of
366:of
316:or
304:or
204:or
137:in
117:Pal
40:or
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859:^
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741:.
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725:.
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991:.
964:.
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853:.
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599:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
