303:
463:
356:
number of languages. Most of the Pama–Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups of hundreds of speakers or fewer. Many languages, either due to disease or elimination of their speakers, have become extinct, and almost all remaining ones are endangered in some way. Only in the central inland portions of the continent do Pama–Nyungan languages remain spoken vigorously by the entire community.
1389:, Bowern proposed that the non-binary-branching characteristics of Pama–Nyungan languages are precisely what we would expect to see from a language continuum in which dialects are diverging linguistically but remaining in close geographic and social contact. Bowern offered three main advantages of this geographical-continuum model over the punctuated equilibrium model:
363:, in his work on the classification of Native Australian languages. Hale's research led him to the conclusion that of the Aboriginal Australian languages, one relatively closely interrelated family had spread and proliferated over most of the continent, while approximately a dozen other families were concentrated along the North coast.
1393:
First, there is a place for both divergence and convergence as processes of language change; punctuated equilibrium stresses convergence as the main mechanism of language change in
Australia. Second, it makes Pama-Nyungan look much more similar to other areas of the world. We no longer have to assume
1418:
Our work puts to rest once and for all the claim that
Australian languages are so exceptional that methods used elsewhere in the world do not work on this continent . The methods presented here have been used with Bantu, Austronesian, Indo-European, and Japonic languages (among others). Pama-Nyungan
355:
The other language families indigenous to the continent of
Australia are occasionally referred to, by exclusion, as non-Pama–Nyungan languages, though this is not a taxonomic term. The Pama–Nyungan family accounts for most of the geographic spread, most of the Aboriginal population, and the greatest
1363:
describes Dixon's scepticism as an erroneous phylogenetic assessment which is "so bizarrely faulted, and such an insult to the eminently successful practitioners of
Comparative Method Linguistics in Australia, that it positively demands a decisive riposte." In the same work Hale provides unique
1413:
Additional methods of computational phylogenetics employed by Bowern and
Atkinson uncovered that there were more binary-branching characteristics than initially thought. Instead of acceding to the notion that Pama–Nyungan languages do not share the characteristics of a binary-branching language
1414:
family, the computational methods revealed that inter-language loan rates were not as atypically high as previously imagined and do not obscure the features that would allow for a phylogenetic approach. This finding functioned as a kind of rejoinder to Dixon's scepticism.
1394:
that
Australia is a special case. Third, and related to this, we do not have to assume in this model that there has been intensive diffusion of many linguistic elements that in other parts of the world are resistant to borrowing (such as shared irregularities).
1234:
reported that he was unable to find anything that reliably set Pama–Nyungan apart as a valid genetic group. Fifteen years later, he had abandoned the idea that
Australian or Pama–Nyungan were families. He now sees Australian as a
566:; numbers in parentheses are the numbers of languages in each branch. These vary from languages so distinct they are difficult to demonstrate as being in the same branch, to near-dialects on par with the differences between the
447:. How the Pama–Nyungan languages spread over most of the continent and displaced any pre-Pama–Nyungan languages is uncertain; one possibility is that language could have been transferred from one group to another alongside
1368:
on the
Australian northeast coast and Proto-Ngayarta of the Australian west coast, some 3,000 km apart (as well as from many other languages), to support the Pama–Nyungan grouping, whose age he compares to that of
1364:
pronominal and grammatical evidence (with suppletion) as well as more than fifty basic-vocabulary cognates (showing regular sound correspondences) between the Proto-Northern-and-Middle Pamic (pNMP) family of the
459:, indicating the antiquity of multiple waves of culture contact between groups. Dixon in particular has argued that the genealogical trees found with many language families do not fit in the Pama–Nyungan family.
838:
Some of inclusions in each branch are only provisional, as many languages became extinct before they could be adequately documented. Not included are dozens of poorly attested and extinct languages such as
8349:
8359:
8344:
4075:
8354:
1981:
2117:
1340:. Part of Dixon's objections to the Pama–Nyungan family classification is the lack of obvious binary branching points which are implicitly or explicitly entailed by his model.
1385:. Rather than discarding the notion that multiple subgroups of languages are genetically related due to the presence of multiple dialectal epicentres arranged around stark
558:
At the time of the
European arrival in Australia, there were some 300 Pama–Nyungan languages divided across three dozen branches. What follows are the languages listed in
1702:
1727:
1332:) wherein he believes Australian languages to be ancient and to have—for the most part—remained in unchanging equilibrium with the exception of sporadic branching or
8211:
4068:
6313:
1916:"Review of The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region, by N. Evans"
498:
Pama–Nyungan languages generally share several broad phonotactic constraints: single-consonant onsets, a lack of fricatives, and a prohibition against
2110:
4061:
2086:
1629:
Bouckaert, Remco R.; Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin D. (12 March 2018). "The origin and expansion of Pama–Nyungan languages across
Australia".
1313:
He believes that Lower Murray (five families and isolates), Arandic (2 families, Kaytetye and Arrernte), and Kalkatungic (2 isolates) are small
5983:
2016:
1970:
1904:
1864:
1843:
1822:
1691:
1521:
7836:
1014:
868:
856:
7726:
7307:
8334:
2103:
1992:
6808:
2946:
6095:
7993:
4224:
2818:
4182:
960:
862:
7969:
3792:
1442:
1214:
66:
1674:
Bowern, Claire (2006). "Another Look at Australia as a Linguistic Area". In Matras, Yaron; McMahon, April; Vincent, Nigel (eds.).
7208:
5963:
439:
Proto-Pama–Nyungan may have been spoken as recently as about 5,000 years ago, much more recently than the 40,000 to 60,000 years
5003:
4959:
3206:
1756:
1155:
726:
207:
7127:
7063:
6306:
6179:
6023:
4285:
4084:
1876:
The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region
325:
7740:
7491:
6982:
6135:
6088:
6050:
4258:
1433:
Bowern and Atkinson's computational model is currently the definitive model of Pama–Nyungan intra-relatedness and diachrony.
7853:
6988:
1710:
1719:
8206:
6813:
6599:
6593:
6517:
6174:
6161:
6041:
975:
7900:
7188:
5411:
8216:
8201:
7201:
6959:
6920:
5939:
4764:
4342:
2323:
1370:
1083:
260:
7975:
6833:
8196:
8190:
7248:
7166:
7139:
6843:
6169:
6075:
5998:
5914:
5088:
3804:
2518:
884:
475:
7762:
6878:
6838:
6828:
5633:
4966:
4910:
3353:
2029:; Vigfússon, Sigurður; Rayner, Manny; Ní Chiaráin, Neasa; Ivanova, Nedelina; Habibi, Hanieh; Bédi, Branislav (2021).
1162:
1125:
749:
455:. Given the relationship of cognates between groups, it seems that Pama–Nyungan has many of the characteristics of a
219:
8339:
7423:
7018:
6848:
6534:
6299:
6140:
5977:
2490:
372:
7981:
7957:
7932:
7905:
7888:
6796:
6367:
1352:
demonstrate about ten traditional groups, including Pama–Nyungan, and its sub-branches such as Arandic, using the
8174:
6898:
6853:
6823:
6322:
5988:
2969:
2797:
2408:
2031:"LARA in the Service of Revivalistics and Documentary Linguistics: Community Engagement and Endangered Languages"
2030:
1198:
926:
502:(laterals and rhotics) beginning words. Voiced fricatives have developed in several scattered languages, such as
375:
and exclusively suffixing languages which lack gender, while noting that some non-Pama–Nyungan languages such as
7653:
7485:
6540:
6356:
4644:
4234:
4159:
2726:
2599:
985:
955:
662:
624:
167:
141:
8221:
8028:
7665:
6547:
6012:
5827:
4544:
4524:
4484:
4371:
4356:
3764:
2475:
2313:
2172:
2157:
2005:"The coherence and distinctiveness of the Pama-Nyungan language family within the Australian linguistic phylum"
1915:
847:
275:
1275:
7226:
7151:
6554:
6504:
6260:
5620:
5435:
5210:
4823:
4229:
3555:
3527:
2675:
2351:
2308:
2241:
980:
642:
153:
392:
89:
8240:
8088:
7883:
7878:
7659:
7612:
7242:
7159:
6818:
6802:
6610:
6511:
6374:
6350:
5628:
5597:
5564:
5531:
5259:
4795:
4664:
4348:
4121:
3728:
3718:
3049:
3034:
2988:
2916:
2874:
1736:
1325:
1321:
905:
691:
636:
591:
567:
543:
539:
535:
527:
511:
507:
440:
185:
149:
122:
6576:
2053:
Bowern, Claire; Rzymski, Christoph; Forkel, Robert; Tresoldi, Tiago; List, Johann-Mattis (21 July 2021),
8286:
8184:
7873:
7676:
7466:
7455:
7417:
7024:
6998:
6903:
6893:
6492:
6343:
6272:
4739:
4732:
4720:
4575:
4551:
3938:
3631:
3618:
3430:
3247:
3006:
2423:
2303:
1296:
1210:
1002:
769:
109:
7987:
7712:
5116:
3826:
2251:
2083:
2026:
518:, which acquired both fricatives and a voicing contrast in them and in its plosives from contact with
8261:
8146:
8018:
7826:
7799:
7782:
7750:
7648:
7362:
7287:
7214:
6993:
6970:
6942:
6873:
6784:
6565:
6254:
6129:
6006:
5953:
5797:
5733:
5587:
5582:
5554:
5549:
5541:
5308:
5098:
4689:
4193:
4187:
3959:
3867:
3813:
3667:
3603:
3466:
3315:
3287:
3282:
3097:
3026:
3011:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2879:
2792:
2698:
2683:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2444:
2413:
2261:
2256:
2011:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 69–92.
1419:
languages, like all languages, show a mixture of histories that reflect both contact and inheritance.
1329:
1270:
1060:
916:
841:
763:
697:
656:
523:
189:
163:
8038:
7942:
7842:
7831:
7793:
7772:
7670:
7629:
7404:
7386:
7380:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7254:
7237:
6976:
6642:
6629:
6523:
6473:
6330:
5971:
5947:
5903:
5832:
5766:
5756:
5572:
5518:
5495:
5381:
5253:
5238:
5216:
5159:
5142:
4853:
4830:
4581:
4495:
4321:
4219:
4142:
4131:
4126:
4088:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3857:
3743:
3608:
3461:
3438:
3415:
3272:
2964:
2866:
2779:
2739:
2706:
2642:
2622:
2533:
2361:
2287:
2167:
2162:
1381:
Bowern offered an alternative to Dixon's binary phylogenetic-tree model based in the principles of
1365:
1130:
1036:
970:
941:
679:
668:
630:
612:
579:
547:
503:
177:
173:
145:
133:
1243:). Some of the small traditionally Pama–Nyungan families which have been demonstrated through the
7952:
7947:
7937:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7894:
7863:
7858:
7811:
7805:
7756:
7701:
7624:
7508:
7472:
7433:
7375:
7182:
7177:
6888:
6647:
6616:
6582:
6570:
6529:
6404:
5922:
5780:
5728:
5715:
5678:
5526:
5485:
5464:
5328:
5243:
5111:
5077:
5046:
5035:
4972:
4954:
4926:
4802:
4588:
4511:
4467:
4327:
4314:
4165:
4029:
4001:
3991:
3918:
3831:
3647:
3443:
3384:
3376:
3361:
3338:
3305:
3229:
3219:
3196:
3125:
3120:
3039:
3001:
2931:
2851:
2787:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2716:
2711:
2607:
2551:
2495:
2454:
2382:
2336:
2331:
2266:
2192:
1940:
1794:
1662:
1353:
1288:
1244:
1177:
1150:
819:
756:
732:
224:
211:
50:
8049:
8012:
4786:
4053:
3710:
1102:
831:
101:
1720:"AustLangs-MasterLanguageList-Dec2011.xlsx [Master List of Australian Languages, v1.0]"
302:
8054:
8043:
8023:
7963:
7868:
7848:
7787:
7767:
7478:
7439:
7410:
7398:
7335:
7281:
7259:
7232:
7172:
7145:
6964:
6925:
6915:
6883:
6756:
6682:
6664:
6658:
6560:
6478:
6392:
6361:
6184:
6104:
6017:
5888:
5868:
5812:
5786:
5774:
5743:
5688:
5605:
5490:
5448:
5314:
5287:
5274:
5194:
5057:
5017:
4986:
4981:
4915:
4905:
4636:
4629:
4623:
4596:
4518:
4460:
4394:
4362:
4334:
4200:
4016:
3983:
3964:
3954:
3903:
3893:
3662:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3494:
3453:
3366:
3310:
3297:
3277:
3257:
3214:
3176:
3153:
3107:
3084:
3064:
3054:
2996:
2895:
2889:
2734:
2589:
2584:
2546:
2470:
2449:
2418:
2356:
2282:
2236:
2177:
2055:
CLDF dataset derived from Bowern and Atkinson's "Internal Structure of Pama-Nyungan" from 2012
2012:
1966:
1900:
1884:
1860:
1839:
1818:
1786:
1687:
1654:
1646:
1491:
1382:
1337:
1258:
1206:
1202:
1172:
1167:
1120:
1055:
1007:
811:
792:
738:
709:
703:
685:
376:
343:
254:
233:
215:
197:
193:
181:
54:
2038:
ComputEL-4: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Methods for Endangered Languages
2004:
8271:
8131:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8070:
8064:
8059:
8033:
7926:
7821:
7745:
7683:
7635:
7570:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7531:
7515:
7450:
7445:
7428:
7369:
7263:
7195:
7106:
7073:
7051:
7041:
6937:
6909:
6858:
6779:
6763:
6749:
6731:
6724:
6710:
6670:
6652:
6636:
6622:
6444:
6427:
6082:
6059:
5863:
5701:
5696:
5673:
5665:
5655:
5647:
5577:
5420:
5397:
5343:
5292:
5278:
5221:
5121:
5106:
5040:
4881:
4875:
4866:
4839:
4701:
4677:
4650:
4504:
4425:
4418:
4006:
3969:
3908:
3836:
3821:
3738:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3565:
3522:
3420:
3394:
3262:
3242:
3237:
3191:
3181:
3130:
3115:
3092:
3074:
2754:
2665:
2660:
2574:
2556:
2541:
2485:
2403:
2398:
2377:
2246:
2187:
2182:
2058:
1930:
1892:
1776:
1768:
1679:
1638:
1300:
1284:
1280:
1217:. However, this has yet to be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the linguistic community.
1107:
1070:
804:
798:
519:
499:
380:
328:, containing 306 out of 400 Aboriginal languages in Australia. The name "Pama–Nyungan" is a
249:
245:
158:
105:
383:, a head-marking and prefixing language with a complicated gender system, diverge from it.
8266:
8141:
8126:
8095:
7816:
7777:
7642:
7588:
7460:
7322:
7088:
7083:
6948:
6863:
6744:
6737:
6717:
6699:
6604:
6587:
6386:
6194:
5928:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5751:
5425:
5248:
5189:
5183:
5071:
5065:
5025:
4846:
4816:
4809:
4713:
4657:
4558:
4475:
4434:
4382:
4309:
4304:
4291:
4277:
4173:
4136:
4034:
4024:
3996:
3928:
3898:
3888:
3769:
3748:
3733:
3723:
3652:
3598:
3578:
3517:
3471:
3402:
3267:
3252:
3186:
3168:
3069:
3044:
2956:
2903:
2828:
2813:
2769:
2744:
2688:
2655:
2566:
2480:
2341:
2218:
2202:
2197:
2139:
2090:
1360:
1292:
1264:
1252:
1030:
1020:
936:
720:
649:
618:
605:
598:
360:
321:
240:
201:
137:
128:
117:
61:
8276:
8136:
8105:
8076:
7707:
7593:
7576:
7526:
7521:
7392:
7329:
7099:
7093:
7013:
7008:
6954:
6931:
6676:
6498:
6455:
6438:
6432:
6410:
6398:
6207:
6202:
5817:
5509:
5469:
5376:
5348:
5153:
5147:
5137:
4935:
4920:
4757:
4452:
4264:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3674:
3509:
2823:
2650:
2612:
2439:
1307:
1231:
1137:
1078:
1025:
921:
786:
775:
531:
333:
229:
113:
293:
8328:
8160:
8100:
8082:
7598:
7582:
7536:
7293:
7113:
7078:
7068:
7046:
7003:
6868:
6449:
6381:
6249:
6221:
6212:
5893:
5723:
5610:
5358:
5353:
4445:
4406:
4297:
3059:
3016:
2579:
2228:
1666:
515:
17:
1471:
1469:
1247:, or which in Dixon's opinion are likely to be demonstrable, include the following:
745:
Cutting inland back to Paman, south of the northern non-Pama–Nyungan languages, are
462:
7057:
5822:
1798:
1854:
1833:
1812:
6244:
583:
487:
467:
416:
371:
Evans and McConvell describe typical Pama–Nyungan languages such as Warlpiri as
6704:
6266:
1642:
1333:
1236:
456:
1790:
1683:
1650:
6291:
6217:
6110:
444:
287:
46:
2062:
1658:
1896:
1889:
Archaeology and language II: Archaeological data and linguistic hypotheses
1817:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
1772:
6227:
6146:
2095:
1386:
483:
2066:
1944:
1935:
1757:"Computational phylogenetics and the internal structure of Pama-Nyungan"
6068:
1963:
Archaeology and Linguistics: Aboriginal Australia in global perspective
1676:
Linguistic areas: Convergence in Historical and Typological Perspective
448:
2078:
1781:
8281:
8179:
1804:
452:
329:
1982:"Modeling Ancient Population Structures and Movement in Linguistics"
1891:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 29. Routledge. pp. 174–191.
1475:
1251:
North Cape York (Northern Paman, Umpila, Wik/Middle Paman: part of
5029:
461:
8300:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
6295:
4057:
3790:
3695:
3492:
3336:
3151:
2849:
2516:
2137:
2099:
2009:
Australian Languages: Classification and the comparative method
1814:
Australian languages: Classification and the comparative method
1209:
family. He then proposes a more distant relationship with the
872:, appear to be geographical rather than genealogical groups.
854:
A few more inclusive groups that have been proposed, such as
1572:
1570:
675:
Continuing along the south coast, from Melbourne to Perth:
1859:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press.
332:: it is derived from the two end-points of the range, the
379:
share this typology and some Pama–Nyungan languages like
479:
1359:
In his last published paper from the same collection,
827:
Separated to the north of the rest of Pama–Nyungan is
1557:
1555:
1230:
In his 1980 attempt to reconstruct Proto-Australian,
359:
The Pama–Nyungan family was identified and named by
346:
of southwest Australia (where the word for "man" is
336:
of northeast Australia (where the word for "man" is
8350:
Indigenous Australian languages in Victoria (state)
8254:
8231:
8159:
8003:
7725:
7693:
7611:
7500:
7306:
7273:
7126:
7034:
6778:
6692:
6469:
6420:
6329:
6237:
6193:
6160:
6120:
6058:
6049:
6036:
5997:
5962:
5938:
5913:
5902:
5881:
5841:
5805:
5796:
5765:
5742:
5714:
5687:
5664:
5646:
5619:
5596:
5563:
5540:
5517:
5508:
5478:
5457:
5434:
5410:
5390:
5369:
5336:
5327:
5301:
5273:
5231:
5203:
5176:
5169:
5130:
5097:
5087:
5056:
5016:
4944:
4898:
4865:
4785:
4778:
4676:
4616:
4609:
4568:
4536:
4494:
4381:
4276:
4247:
4212:
4152:
4114:
4107:
4096:
4015:
3982:
3947:
3881:
3845:
3812:
3803:
3757:
3709:
3640:
3564:
3536:
3508:
3452:
3429:
3393:
3375:
3352:
3296:
3228:
3205:
3167:
3106:
3083:
3025:
2987:
2955:
2902:
2888:
2865:
2806:
2778:
2725:
2697:
2674:
2641:
2598:
2565:
2532:
2463:
2432:
2391:
2370:
2322:
2296:
2275:
2227:
2211:
2150:
1885:"The enigma of Pama-Nyungan expansion in Australia"
1678:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 244–265.
423:
412:
404:
399:
286:
274:
95:
85:
60:
39:
34:
8360:Indigenous Australian languages in South Australia
8345:Indigenous Australian languages in New South Wales
1961:McConvell, Patrick; Evans, Nicholas, eds. (1997).
1856:Australian languages: Their nature and development
1991:, vol. 26, pp. 359–384, archived from
1965:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia.
1600:
1503:
1416:
1391:
1703:"How many languages were spoken in Australia?"
1588:
1576:
1487:
1425:
1201:, the closest relative of Pama–Nyungan is the
880:
8355:Indigenous Australian languages in Queensland
6307:
4069:
2111:
1887:. In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
506:, though often the sole alleged fricative is
347:
337:
8:
8310:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2003:O'Grady, Geoffrey; Hale, Kenneth L. (2004).
1724:Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web
1707:Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web
1811:Bowern, Claire; Koch, Harold, eds. (2004).
1737:"Master List of Australian Languages, v1.2"
887:to calculate the following classification:
309:Other Macro-Pama–Nyungan (green and orange)
8167:
7733:
7617:
7314:
7132:
6789:
6484:
6335:
6314:
6300:
6292:
6055:
6046:
5910:
5802:
5661:
5514:
5441:
5333:
5173:
5094:
4782:
4613:
4251:
4111:
4104:
4076:
4062:
4054:
3809:
3800:
3787:
3706:
3692:
3505:
3489:
3349:
3333:
3164:
3148:
2899:
2862:
2846:
2529:
2513:
2147:
2134:
2118:
2104:
2096:
2007:. In Bowern, Claire; Koch, Harold (eds.).
1755:Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin (2012).
1349:
1261:(Dyaabugai and Yidiny: rejected by Bowern)
789:(15), the large inland expanse in the west
49:, with the exception of northern parts of
1954:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1934:
1780:
1883:Evans, Nick; McConvell, Patrick (1998).
1878:(Thesis). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
1520:sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvansRhys (
1320:Dixon's theories of Australian language
1561:
1534:
1453:
659:(Central NSW; inland of Yuin–Kuric) (5)
574:Traditional conservative classification
559:
480:Bouckaert, Bowern & Atkinson (2018)
1612:
1400:
563:
396:
31:
1546:
1515:
1328:(adapted from the eponymous model in
1240:
823:(Darling; inland of Lower Murray) (2)
443:are believed to have been inhabiting
94:
27:Aboriginal Australian language family
7:
1718:Bowern, Claire (23 December 2011b).
1701:Bowern, Claire (23 December 2011a).
514:by other linguists. An exception is
2084:AIATSIS map of Australian languages
1460:
486:expansion of Pama–Nyungan from the
1735:Bowern, Claire (6 February 2012).
1730:from the original on 18 June 2014.
546:, a trait shared with the extinct
510:and is analysed as an approximant
25:
961:Central New South Wales languages
782:Encircled by these branches are:
470:, the Proto-Pama–Nyungan homeland
301:
6180:South Australian Pidgin English
2079:Chirila – Yale Pama-Nyungan Lab
1741:Historical and Pama-Nyungan Lab
326:Australian Aboriginal languages
307:Pama–Nyungan languages (yellow)
1838:. Cambridge University Press.
1835:The rise and fall of languages
1631:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1324:have been based on a model of
522:. Several of the languages of
1:
6175:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1989:Annual Review of Anthropology
1283:, a clear connection between
1267:(extinct languages uncertain)
976:Yugambeh-Bundjalung languages
428:
5550:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
1443:Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages
1409:Bowern & Atkinson (2012)
1099:Yolŋu-Ngarna (weak support)
881:Bowern & Atkinson (2012)
6170:Port Jackson Pidgin English
5532:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
1952:Frawley, William J. (ed.).
1213:in a macro-family he calls
1156:Kanyara-Mantharta languages
885:computational phylogenetics
490:of northeastern Australia.
476:computational phylogenetics
268:plus unclassified languages
8376:
5309:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)
1589:McConvell & Evans 1997
1577:Bowern & Atkinson 2012
1488:Evans & McConvell 1998
1426:Bowern & Atkinson 2012
1225:
578:Down the east coast, from
390:
281:29-A to 29-X (provisional)
8295:
8170:
7736:
7620:
7317:
7135:
6792:
6487:
6338:
6323:Primary language families
5444:
5370:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
4999:
4752:
4733:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
4537:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
4254:
3799:
3786:
3705:
3691:
3504:
3488:
3348:
3332:
3163:
3147:
2861:
2845:
2528:
2512:
2146:
2133:
1980:Nichols, Johanna (1997),
1643:10.1038/s41559-018-0489-3
300:
62:Linguistic classification
7140:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
5606:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
5080:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
1874:Evans, Nicholas (2003).
1853:Dixon, R. M. W. (2002).
1832:Dixon, R. M. W. (1997).
1684:10.1057/9780230287617_10
1350:Bowern & Koch (2004)
1205:, followed by the small
848:Lower Burdekin languages
807:(Yarli) (3), in the west
795:(9), in the north centre
550:across the Bass Strait.
320:are the most widespread
8307:have no living members.
5449:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
4183:Central New South Wales
1601:O'Grady & Hale 2004
1504:O'Grady & Hale 2004
1348:However, the papers in
1203:Garawan language family
981:Gumbaynggiric languages
863:Central New South Wales
538:and consonant clusters
348:
338:
8335:Pama–Nyungan languages
8287:Unclassified languages
8241:list of sign languages
7209:Northeastern Tasmanian
5929:Southwestern Tasmanian
5923:Northwestern Tasmanian
5213:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
5043:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
3657:old Wangkumara/Garlali
3626:new Wangkumara/Garlali
2127:Pama–Nyungan languages
2063:10.5281/zenodo.1312841
1476:Zuckermann et al. 2021
1431:
1406:
1326:punctuated equilibrium
1163:Kartu–Nhanda languages
1126:Ngumpin–Yapa languages
906:Lower Murray languages
869:Southwest Pama–Nyungan
857:Northeast Pama–Nyungan
568:Scandinavian languages
534:—also allowed initial
471:
441:indigenous Australians
405:Reconstruction of
318:Pama–Nyungan languages
8262:Constructed languages
5527:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
5519:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
5510:Daly River Sprachbund
4740:Bulloo River (Galali)
4259:Western Torres Strait
4085:Australian Aboriginal
2947:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
1897:10.4324/9780203202913
1773:10.1353/lan.2012.0081
1344:Mainstream rejoinders
1211:Gunwinyguan languages
1067:Southwest Queensland
1003:Kalkatungic languages
876:Bowern & Atkinson
682:(somewhat inland) (2)
465:
18:Pama-Nyungan language
6809:Binanderean–Goilalan
6130:Torres Strait Creole
6042:Aboriginal Englishes
5806:Western (Nyulnyulic)
4702:Arabana–Wangkangurru
4174:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
4007:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
1914:Black, Paul (2007).
1330:evolutionary biology
1061:Thura-Yura languages
986:Waka-Kabic languages
956:Yuin-Kuric languages
72:Greater Pama–Nyungan
8091:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
7994:Tequiraca–Canichana
7837:Harákmbut–Katukinan
6600:Northwest Caucasian
6594:Northeast Caucasian
6518:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
6067:Roper River Kriol (
6018:Southeast Tasmanian
5907:family-level groups
4153:New South Wales P–N
3793:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
2027:Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
1998:on 12 February 2017
1936:10.22459/AH.31.2011
1713:on 12 January 2012.
1371:Proto-Indo-European
1366:Cape York Peninsula
1131:Warumungu languages
1052:Arandic–Thura-Yura
1037:Dyirbalic languages
971:Durubalic languages
716:Up the west coast:
548:Tasmanian languages
7713:Tarascan/Purépecha
7202:Northern Tasmanian
6960:South Bougainville
6921:North Bougainville
5984:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
5948:Northern Tasmanian
5170:Gunwinyguan proper
5004:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
4867:Ngarna/Warluwarric
4617:Arandic–Thura–Yura
4441:Guwa–Yanda ?
3258:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
2089:1 May 2013 at the
1923:Aboriginal History
1354:comparative method
1245:comparative method
1226:Dixon's scepticism
1215:Macro-Pama–Nyungan
1193:External relations
1178:Yinggarda language
1151:Ngayarda languages
1147:Pilbara languages
1144:Southwest Nyungic
1114:Nyungic languages
472:
400:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
393:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
90:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
67:Macro-Pama–Nyungan
51:Northern Territory
8340:Language families
8322:
8321:
8272:Language isolates
8250:
8249:
8155:
8154:
7721:
7720:
7607:
7606:
7302:
7301:
7249:Western Tasmanian
7167:Eastern Tasmanian
7122:
7121:
6844:East Geelvink Bay
6774:
6773:
6465:
6464:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6156:
6155:
6105:Mornington Island
6081:Kimberley Kriol (
6032:
6031:
5978:Tyerrernotepanner
5877:
5876:
5710:
5709:
5642:
5641:
5504:
5503:
5406:
5405:
5337:Central (Warrkbi)
5323:
5322:
5269:
5268:
5089:Macro-Gunwinyguan
5012:
5011:
4995:
4994:
4960:Kanyara–Mantharta
4774:
4773:
4685:Northern (Palku)
4605:
4604:
4419:Bidyara–Gungabula
4243:
4242:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
3978:
3977:
3846:Mangarrayi-Marran
3805:Macro-Gunwinyguan
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3207:Kanyara–Mantharta
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
2983:
2982:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2491:Mbariman-Gudhinma
2067:GitHub repository
2018:978-90-272-9511-8
1972:978-0-19-553728-4
1906:978-0-415-11761-6
1866:978-0-521-47378-1
1845:978-0-521-62654-5
1824:978-90-272-9511-8
1693:978-1-349-54544-5
1506:, pp. 91–92.
1383:dialect geography
1338:phylogenetic tree
1334:speciation events
1168:Mirning languages
1121:Marrngu languages
1056:Arandic languages
1008:Mayabic languages
913:Eastern Victoria
801:(18), in the west
727:Kanyara–Mantharta
653:(Nganyaywana) (1)
437:
436:
373:dependent-marking
344:Nyungan languages
314:
313:
208:Kanyara–Mantharta
55:Western Australia
45:Most of mainland
16:(Redirected from
8367:
8168:
8122:Huaorani/Waorani
8006:(extant in 2000)
7970:Esmeralda–Yaruro
7741:Andoque–Urequena
7734:
7618:
7424:Plateau Penutian
7315:
7290:(Northern Daly?)
7133:
7019:Northwest Papuan
6983:Trans–New Guinea
6849:East New Britain
6824:Central Solomons
6790:
6535:Great Andamanese
6485:
6336:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6293:
6136:Cape York Creole
6094:Westside Kriol (
6060:Australian Kriol
6056:
6047:
5911:
5842:Eastern (Dyukun)
5803:
5662:
5515:
5458:Limilngan–Wulna?
5442:
5334:
5174:
5095:
4783:
4614:
4545:Guugu Yimidihirr
4252:
4112:
4105:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4055:
3810:
3801:
3788:
3707:
3693:
3506:
3490:
3350:
3334:
3165:
3149:
2974:Kuurn Kopan Noot
2970:Dhauwurd Wurrung
2900:
2863:
2847:
2798:Pallanganmiddang
2530:
2514:
2409:Aghu Tharrnggala
2148:
2135:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2065:
2041:
2035:
2022:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1976:
1957:
1948:
1938:
1920:
1910:
1879:
1870:
1849:
1828:
1802:
1784:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1731:
1714:
1709:. Archived from
1697:
1670:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1516:Evans & Rhys
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1429:
1404:
1173:Nyunga languages
1108:Ngarna languages
1071:Karnic languages
952:New South Wales
927:Pallanganmiddang
545:
541:
537:
529:
526:allowed initial
520:Papuan languages
513:
509:
433:
430:
397:
351:
341:
305:
296:
282:
32:
21:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8317:
8291:
8277:Mixed languages
8246:
8227:
8162:
8151:
8005:
7999:
7854:Katembri–Taruma
7728:
7717:
7689:
7603:
7496:
7309:
7298:
7269:
7118:
7030:
6989:Turama–Kikorian
6899:Lower Mamberamo
6854:East Strickland
6782:
6770:
6688:
6476:
6471:
6461:
6416:
6325:
6320:
6290:
6281:
6233:
6195:Mixed languages
6189:
6185:Pidgin Ngarluma
6152:
6122:
6116:
6074:Bamyili Kriol (
6040:
6038:
6037:New Indigenous
6028:
6013:Little Swanport
5993:
5980:(North Midland)
5958:
5934:
5931:(Toogee) ?
5906:
5898:
5873:
5837:
5828:Djabirr-Djabirr
5792:
5761:
5738:
5706:
5683:
5660:
5638:
5634:Ngan’gityemerri
5615:
5592:
5559:
5536:
5500:
5474:
5453:
5430:
5402:
5386:
5365:
5319:
5297:
5265:
5262:(Enindhilyagwa)
5227:
5199:
5165:
5126:
5083:
5068:(Garrwa, north)
5052:
5008:
4991:
4940:
4894:
4861:
4770:
4748:
4672:
4601:
4564:
4532:
4490:
4377:
4372:Flinders Island
4343:Southwest Paman
4272:
4239:
4208:
4148:
4100:
4092:
4082:
4052:
4039:
4011:
3974:
3943:
3877:
3841:
3795:
3774:
3753:
3701:
3679:
3636:
3613:Wangka-Yutjurru
3560:
3532:
3500:
3476:
3448:
3425:
3389:
3371:
3344:
3320:
3292:
3224:
3201:
3159:
3135:
3102:
3079:
3021:
2979:
2951:
2917:Dja Dja Wurrung
2898:
2884:
2857:
2833:
2802:
2774:
2721:
2693:
2670:
2637:
2594:
2561:
2524:
2500:
2476:Flinders Island
2459:
2428:
2387:
2366:
2318:
2314:Guugu Yimidhirr
2292:
2271:
2223:
2207:
2173:Arritinngithigh
2158:Adithinngithigh
2142:
2140:Paman languages
2129:
2124:
2091:Wayback Machine
2075:
2052:
2044:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2002:
1995:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1960:
1951:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1852:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1810:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1717:
1700:
1694:
1673:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1379:
1346:
1228:
1223:
1195:
1190:
1117:Desert Nyungic
1103:Yolŋu languages
1031:Maric languages
1021:Paman languages
1017:(weak support)
937:Kulin languages
878:
576:
556:
496:
432: 3000 BCE
431:
395:
389:
369:
361:Kenneth L. Hale
310:
308:
292:
280:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8373:
8371:
8363:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8327:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8258:
8256:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8202:Indo-Pakistani
8199:
8194:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8171:
8165:
8157:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8085:
8080:
8073:
8068:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8009:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7991:
7985:
7979:
7973:
7967:
7961:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7901:Piaroa–Saliban
7898:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7802:
7797:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7668:
7666:Tequistlatecan
7663:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7639:
7632:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7579:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7512:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7482:
7475:
7470:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7414:
7407:
7402:
7395:
7390:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7333:
7326:
7318:
7312:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7285:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7257:
7252:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7224:
7217:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7193:
7189:Marrku–Wurrugu
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7148:
7143:
7136:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7103:
7097:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7055:
7049:
7044:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6979:
6974:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6760:
6753:
6747:
6742:
6734:
6729:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6614:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6551:
6548:Hurro-Urartian
6544:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6520:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6496:
6488:
6482:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6379:
6371:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6278:Murdi Language
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6225:
6215:
6210:
6208:Gurindji Kriol
6205:
6203:Light Warlpiri
6199:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6144:
6141:Lockhart River
6138:
6133:
6126:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6099:
6096:Victoria River
6092:
6086:
6083:Fitzroy Valley
6079:
6072:
6064:
6062:
6053:
6044:
6039:languages and
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6010:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5974:(Northeastern)
5968:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5926:
5919:
5917:
5908:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5771:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5659:
5658:
5652:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5588:Marramaninjsji
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5412:Marrku–Wurrugu
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5303:
5302:Other isolates
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5219:
5214:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5178:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5092:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5074:(Wanji, south)
5069:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5033:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4948:
4946:
4945:South-West P–N
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4918:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4899:Desert Nyungic
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4843:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4817:Dhuwal–Dhuwala
4813:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4789:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4620:
4618:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:Lower Burdekin
4515:
4508:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4485:Lower Burdekin
4482:
4481:
4480:
4472:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4422:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4357:Southern Paman
4354:
4353:
4352:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:Mbarrumbathama
4331:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4286:Northern Paman
4282:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
4255:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3765:Lower Burdekin
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3556:Lower Arrernte
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3528:Western Desert
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2824:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Kuuk Thaayorre
2349:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2081:
2074:
2073:External links
2071:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2023:
2017:
2000:
1977:
1971:
1958:
1956:. p. 232.
1949:
1911:
1905:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1850:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1808:
1767:(4): 817–845.
1752:
1732:
1715:
1698:
1692:
1671:
1637:(4): 741–749.
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1566:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1508:
1496:
1480:
1465:
1463:, p. 232.
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1428:, p. 839)
1421:
1410:
1407:
1403:, p. 257)
1396:
1378:
1375:
1345:
1342:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1232:R. M. W. Dixon
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1199:Nicholas Evans
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1138:Wati languages
1135:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1075:Northwest NSW
1073:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1026:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
1023:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
992:
991:
990:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
965:
964:
963:
958:
950:
949:
948:
947:
946:
945:
944:
939:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
908:
889:
877:
874:
860:(Pama–Maric),
836:
835:
825:
824:
816:
808:
802:
796:
790:
780:
779:
773:
767:
761:
753:
743:
742:
736:
730:
724:
714:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
673:
672:
666:
660:
654:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
602:
596:
575:
572:
560:Bowern (2011b)
555:
554:Classification
552:
495:
492:
435:
434:
425:
421:
420:
419:, NE Australia
414:
410:
409:
406:
402:
401:
391:Main article:
388:
387:Reconstruction
385:
368:
365:
334:Pama languages
312:
311:
306:
298:
297:
290:
284:
283:
278:
272:
271:
270:
269:
265:
264:
237:
205:
171:
97:
93:
92:
87:
86:Proto-language
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
64:
58:
57:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8372:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8313:
8309:
8306:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8212:Original Thai
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8158:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8002:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7976:Hibito–Cholón
7974:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7807:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7724:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7493:
7492:Yuman–Cochimí
7490:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7305:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7227:Southern Daly
7225:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7152:Darwin Region
7149:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:Demta–Sentani
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6781:
6777:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6555:Indo-European
6552:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6505:Austroasiatic
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6475:
6468:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6305:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6250:Nunga English
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6222:Tennant Creek
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6121:Northeastern
6119:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6035:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:(Paredarerme)
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:Murrinh-patha
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5621:Southern Daly
5618:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5542:Northern Daly
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5436:Darwin Region
5433:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5211:Bininj Kunwok
5209:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4824:Djambarrpuyŋu
4821:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4666:
4665:Adnyamathanha
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4426:Margany–Gunya
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4349:Kuuk Thayorre
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Gumbaynggiric
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:Victorian P–N
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Adnyamathanha
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Yabula-Yabula
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2676:Gumbaynggiric
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Gureng Gureng
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Gugu Yalandyi
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1478:, p. 19.
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1377:Bowern (2006)
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:According to
1192:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
996:
993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
912:
911:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
900:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
890:
888:
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
870:
865:
864:
859:
858:
852:
850:
849:
844:
843:
833:
830:
829:
828:
822:
821:
817:
814:
813:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:
783:
778:(Mayabic) (7)
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
758:
754:
751:
748:
747:
746:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
717:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
676:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
647:
644:
643:Gumbaynggiric
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
592:Kala Lagaw Ya
589:
588:
587:
586:, there are:
585:
581:
573:
571:
569:
565:
564:Bowern (2012)
561:
553:
551:
549:
533:
525:
521:
517:
516:Kala Lagaw Ya
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
366:
364:
362:
357:
353:
350:
345:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
304:
299:
295:
291:
289:
285:
279:
277:
273:
267:
266:
263:
262:
258:
256:
251:
247:
243:
242:
238:
235:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
162:
160:
155:
154:Gumbaynggiric
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
130:
126:
124:
123:Kala Lagaw Ya
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
91:
88:
84:
77:
74:
73:
71:
70:
68:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8311:
8304:
8303:Families in
8238:
8189:
8087:
8075:
7925:
7893:
7884:Pano-Tacanan
7841:
7804:
7792:
7763:Arutani–Sape
7755:
7700:
7682:
7675:
7660:Oto-Manguean
7658:
7641:
7634:
7581:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7514:
7507:
7484:
7477:
7465:
7438:
7416:
7409:
7397:
7385:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7328:
7321:
7280:
7247:
7243:Western Daly
7221:Pama–Nyungan
7220:
7219:
7207:
7200:
7187:
7165:
7160:Eastern Daly
7158:
7150:
7105:
6981:
6969:
6947:
6930:
6908:
6879:Kaure–Kosare
6839:Doso–Turumsa
6829:Chimbu–Wahgi
6819:Bulaka River
6803:Austronesian
6801:
6762:
6755:
6736:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6611:Sino-Tibetan
6609:
6592:
6575:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6522:
6512:Austronesian
6510:
6503:
6491:
6437:
6375:Nilo-Saharan
6373:
6366:
6351:Austronesian
6349:
6342:
6101:Barkly Kriol
6024:Bruny Island
5964:Northeastern
5950:(Tommeginne)
5734:Gajirrawoong
5598:Eastern Daly
5565:Western Daly
5260:Anindilyakwa
4971:
4967:Kartu–Nhanda
4925:
4911:Ngumpin–Yapa
4874:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4763:
4756:
4738:
4731:
4721:Yandruwandha
4719:
4712:
4700:
4688:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4635:
4628:
4587:
4580:
4557:
4552:Kuku Yalanji
4550:
4543:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4474:
4466:
4451:
4444:
4433:
4424:
4417:
4405:
4393:
4370:
4361:
4347:
4333:
4326:
4315:Umbindhamuic
4305:Middle Paman
4290:
4263:
4225:Bandjalangic
4199:
4192:
4172:
4164:
4141:
4122:Lower Murray
4108:Southeastern
4098:Pama–Nyungan
4097:
3939:Anindilyakwa
3699:Pama–Nyungan
3698:
3653:Bulloo River
3632:Yandruwandha
3619:Wilson River
3498:Pama–Nyungan
3497:
3410:Yindjilandji
3354:Ngumpin–Yapa
3342:Pama–Nyungan
3341:
3283:Yindjibarndi
3248:Martuthunira
3157:Pama–Nyungan
3156:
2989:Lower Murray
2855:Pama–Nyungan
2854:
2522:Pama–Nyungan
2521:
2304:Barrow Point
2126:
2054:
2037:
2008:
1993:the original
1988:
1962:
1953:
1926:
1922:
1888:
1875:
1855:
1834:
1813:
1764:
1760:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:
1723:
1711:the original
1706:
1675:
1634:
1630:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1562:Bowern 2011a
1542:
1535:Nichols 1997
1530:
1511:
1499:
1483:
1456:
1432:
1417:
1412:
1392:
1380:
1358:
1347:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1297:Yindjilandji
1229:
1196:
1094:
1047:
994:
967:North Coast
933:Macro-Kulin
898:Southeastern
897:
893:Pama–Nyungan
892:
879:
867:
861:
855:
853:
846:
840:
837:
826:
818:
810:
781:
755:
750:Ngumpin–Yapa
744:
715:
692:Lower Murray
674:
648:
637:Bandjalangic
604:
590:
577:
557:
497:
494:Phonotactics
482:posit a mid-
473:
438:
408:Pama–Nyungan
370:
358:
354:
317:
315:
276:Linguasphere
259:
253:
239:
223:
220:Ngumpin–Yapa
186:Lower Murray
157:
150:Bandjalangic
127:
121:
96:Subdivisions
76:Pama–Nyungan
75:
42:distribution
35:Pama–Nyungan
29:
8197:Germanosign
8101:Mura-Pirahã
7982:Lule–Vilela
7958:Bora-Witoto
7933:Uru–Chipaya
7906:Ticuna–Yuri
7889:Peba–Yaguan
7874:Nambikwaran
7677:Uto-Aztecan
7613:Mesoamerica
7467:Uto-Aztecan
7456:Tsimshianic
7418:Palaihnihan
7288:Malak-Malak
7025:Papuan Gulf
6999:West Papuan
6904:Lower Sepik
6894:Lakes Plain
6797:Arai–Samaia
6785:the Pacific
6493:Afroasiatic
6368:Niger–Congo
6344:Afroasiatic
6245:Neo-Nyungar
6218:Wumpurrarni
6213:Modern Tiwi
6132:(Yumplatok)
5954:Port Sorell
5925:(Peerapper)
5583:Marrithiyel
5578:Merranunggu
5573:Marri Ngarr
5349:Garig–Ilgar
5028:(register:
4854:Ganhalpuyŋu
4796:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
4690:Pitta-Pitta
4576:Kalkatungic
4213:North Coast
4194:Barranbinja
3960:Kungarakany
3882:Gunwinyguan
3868:Warndarrang
3668:Barranbinja
3604:Pitta Pitta
3467:Mayi-Kutuna
3431:Kalkatungic
3316:Nyangumarta
3288:Yinhawangka
3098:Ngadjunmaya
3012:Yitha-Yitha
2942:Wemba Wemba
2927:Madhi-Madhi
2922:Ledji-Ledji
2793:Gunaikurnai
2684:Kumbainggar
2445:Mbara-Yanga
2414:Ikarranggal
2262:Wik-Ngathan
2257:Wik-Mungkan
2242:Kugu-Muminh
1929:: 190–193.
1613:Bowern 2006
1401:Bowern 2006
1315:Sprachbunds
917:Yorta-Yorta
842:Barranbinja
770:Kalkatungic
584:Bass Strait
488:Gulf Plains
468:Gulf Plains
417:Gulf Plains
110:Kalkatungic
8329:Categories
8191:Francosign
8039:Chiquitano
8019:Alacalufan
7827:Guaicuruan
7800:Chapacuran
7783:Cahuapanan
7751:Araucanian
7654:Mixe–Zoque
7649:Misumalpan
7363:Comecrudan
7215:Nyulnyulan
6994:Upper Yuat
6971:Torricelli
6943:Senu River
6874:Foja Range
6780:New Guinea
6705:Burushaski
6566:Kartvelian
6541:Hmong–Mien
6357:Khoe–Kwadi
6089:Daly River
6020:(Nuenonne)
6007:Oyster Bay
5972:Pyemmairre
5833:Nimanburru
5798:Nyulnyulan
5777:(Northern)
5757:Gooniyandi
5496:Bugurnidja
5479:Umbugarlic
5382:Manangkari
5254:Nunggubuyu
5239:Rembarrnga
5224:(Ngalkbun)
5217:Kunbarlang
5160:Mangarrayi
5143:Warndarang
5099:Maningrida
4645:Thura–Yura
4582:Kalkatungu
4235:Waka–Kabic
4188:Wiradhuric
4160:Yuin–Kuric
4143:Bungandidj
3934:Nunggubuyu
3924:Rembarrnga
3914:Kunbarlang
3858:Mangarrayi
3814:Maningrida
3623:Bundhamara
3609:Wanggamala
3593:Yarluyandi
3462:Mayi-Kulan
3439:Kalkatungu
3416:Warluwarra
3395:Warluwaric
3273:Nyiyaparli
3027:Thura-Yura
2965:Bungandidj
2937:Wathaurong
2819:Bandjalang
2740:Darkinjung
2727:Yuin–Kuric
2707:Gamilaraay
2699:Wiradhuric
2600:Waka–Kabic
2496:Umbindhamu
2362:Yir-Yoront
2346:Ogh-Undjan
2288:Morrobolam
2168:Anguthimri
2163:Andjingith
1782:1885/61360
1746:4 February
1622:References
1547:Dixon 1997
1490:, p.
1387:isoglosses
1271:Wiradhuric
1241:Dixon 2002
1237:Sprachbund
1015:Pama-Maric
942:Bungandidj
910:Victorian
902:Victorian
764:Warluwaric
698:Thura-Yura
663:Yuin–Kuric
657:Wiradhuric
625:Waka–Kabic
530:, and one—
504:Anguthimri
457:sprachbund
342:) and the
190:Thura-Yura
168:Yuin–Kuric
164:Wiradhuric
142:Waka–Kabic
40:Geographic
8222:Tanzanian
8163:languages
8060:Hodï/Joti
8004:Isolates
7943:Yanomaman
7879:Otomákoan
7843:Jirajaran
7832:Guajiboan
7794:Catacaoan
7773:Barbacoan
7702:Cuitlatec
7671:Totonacan
7630:Jicaquean
7509:Chimariko
7405:Muskogean
7387:Kalapuyan
7381:Iroquoian
7356:Chumashan
7349:Chinookan
7342:Chimakuan
7260:Yangmanic
7255:Worrorran
7238:Wagaydyic
7128:Australia
6977:Trans-Fly
6643:Yeniseian
6630:Tyrsenian
6524:Dravidian
6273:Cherbourg
6220:English (
6111:Kowanyama
5904:Tasmanian
5789:(Western)
5783:(Eastern)
5781:Ngarinyin
5767:Worrorran
5729:Miriwoong
5679:Jaminjung
5486:Umbugarla
5465:Limilngan
5275:Yangmanic
5244:Ngalakgan
5117:Ndjébbana
5112:Gurr-goni
5078:Gunindiri
5047:Mingginda
5036:Kayardild
4973:Yinggarda
4927:Warumungu
4831:Gupapuyŋu
4803:Ritharrŋu
4765:Paakantyi
4589:Yalarnnga
4512:Warrgamay
4496:Dyirbalic
4468:Dharumbal
4414:Southern
4390:Northern
4328:Umbuygamu
4322:Lamalamic
4220:Durubalic
4166:Dhanggati
4132:Gippsland
4127:Yotayotic
4101:subgroups
4091:languages
4089:Tasmanian
4030:Gunindiri
3992:Kayardild
3919:Ngalakgan
3904:Kunwinjku
3832:Gurr-goni
3827:Ndjébbana
3744:Ritharrŋu
3648:Baagandji
3444:Yalarnnga
3385:Warumungu
3377:Warumungu
3306:Karajarri
3220:Mantharta
3197:Yinggarda
3126:Natingero
3121:Kalaamaya
3040:Barngarla
3002:Ngayawung
2932:Wadi-Wadi
2896:Kolakngat
2867:Yotayotic
2788:Dhudhuroa
2780:Gippsland
2760:Ngunnawal
2750:Dhanggati
2717:Wiradjuri
2712:Ngiyambaa
2643:Durubalic
2618:Gabi-Gabi
2608:Barunggam
2552:Warrgamay
2534:Dyirbalic
2455:Walangama
2337:Kok Thawa
2332:Koko-Bera
2324:Southwest
2276:Lamalamic
2267:Wik-Ompom
2252:Wik-Me'nh
2212:Northeast
2193:Ndrangith
2047:Data sets
1791:1535-0665
1667:256707821
1651:2397-334X
1449:Citations
1322:diachrony
1289:Warluwara
1084:Paakantyi
820:Baagandji
757:Warumungu
712:(SW) (11)
680:Yotayotic
669:Gippsland
631:Durubulic
613:Dyirbalic
580:Cape York
445:Australia
288:Glottolog
261:Paakantyi
225:Warumungu
178:Yotayotic
174:Gippsland
146:Durubulic
134:Dyirbalic
47:Australia
8255:See also
8232:Isolates
8207:Japanese
8147:Yuracaré
8029:Candoshi
7988:Macro-Jê
7953:Zaparoan
7948:Zamucoan
7938:Witotoan
7921:Tucanoan
7916:Tiniguan
7911:Timotean
7895:Quechuan
7864:Matacoan
7859:Mascoian
7849:Jivaroan
7812:Chibchan
7806:Charruan
7757:Arawakan
7694:Isolates
7625:Chibchan
7501:Isolates
7473:Wakashan
7434:Salishan
7376:Eskaleut
7282:Giimbiyu
7274:Isolates
7183:Jarrakan
7178:Iwaidjan
7035:Isolates
6889:Kutubuan
6757:Sumerian
6693:Isolates
6648:Yukaghir
6617:Tungusic
6583:Mongolic
6571:Koreanic
6530:Eskaleut
6421:Isolates
6405:Ubangian
6228:Alyawarr
6147:Napranum
5940:Northern
5889:Giimbiyu
5882:isolates
5869:Ngumbarl
5813:Nyulnyul
5787:Worrorra
5775:Wunambal
5716:Jarrakan
5555:Tyerraty
5491:Ngurmbur
5391:Southern
5329:Iwaidjan
5315:Gaagudju
5288:Wardaman
5195:Uwinymil
5186:(Djauan)
5049:(Minkin)
4955:Ngayarda
4951:Pilbara
4882:Southern
4728:Eastern
4709:Central
4697:Western
4637:Kaytetye
4630:Arrernte
4519:Nyawaygi
4463: ?
4402:Eastern
4395:Warrongo
4363:Mbabaram
4310:Umpilaic
4248:Northern
4201:Muruwari
3965:Wardaman
3955:Gaagudju
3894:Uwinymil
3663:Muruwari
3551:Kaytetye
3546:Arrernte
3339:Northern
3278:Panyjima
3230:Ngayarta
3177:Badimaya
3065:Ngadjuri
3055:Narungga
2912:Bunurong
2880:Yotayota
2852:Southern
2765:Tharawal
2735:Awabakal
2633:Wuliwuli
2628:Wakawaka
2590:Warrongo
2547:Nyawaygi
2486:Kok Narr
2471:Djabugay
2450:Mbabaram
2433:Southern
2357:Kuuk Yak
2297:Yalanjic
2283:Lamalama
2237:Ayabadhu
2178:Awngthim
2087:Archived
1945:24046742
1761:Language
1728:Archived
1659:29531347
1437:See also
1422:—
1397:—
1361:Ken Hale
1306:Part of
1221:Validity
995:Northern
845:and the
812:Muruwari
733:Ngayarta
524:Victoria
484:Holocene
427:perhaps
367:Typology
294:pama1250
255:Muruwari
212:Ngayarta
8305:italics
8282:Pidgins
8267:Creoles
8217:Swedish
8185:Chinese
8132:Urarina
8117:Puinave
8071:Itonama
8065:Irantxe
8034:Chimane
7964:Chimuan
7869:Nadahup
7788:Cariban
7768:Aymaran
7729:America
7571:Waikuri
7564:Tonkawa
7557:Timucua
7550:Takelma
7543:Siuslaw
7532:Kutenai
7516:Esselen
7479:Wintuan
7440:Shastan
7411:Na-Dene
7399:Maiduan
7336:Caddoan
7310:America
7264:Wagiman
7262:(incl.
7233:Tangkic
7173:Garawan
7146:Bunuban
7107:Tambora
7074:Maybrat
7042:Abinomn
6965:Teberan
6926:Pauwasi
6916:Mairasi
6884:Kiwaian
6764:Tambora
6750:Shompen
6732:Kusunda
6725:Kenaboi
6711:Elamite
6683:Siangic
6665:Kho-Bwa
6659:Hrusish
6577:Kra–Dai
6561:Japonic
6470:Eurasia
6445:Sandawe
6428:Bangime
6393:Songhay
6230:English
6162:Pidgins
6123:creoles
6076:Barunga
6069:Ngukurr
6051:Creoles
5999:Eastern
5915:Western
5864:Nyigina
5744:Bunuban
5702:Wambaya
5697:Ngarnka
5689:Ngurlun
5674:Nungali
5656:Jingulu
5438: ?
5421:Wurrugu
5414: ?
5398:Amurdag
5344:Iwaidja
5311: ?
5293:Wagiman
5279:Wagiman
5256:(Wubuy)
5232:Eastern
5222:Dalabon
5204:Central
5177:Western
5162: ?
5156: ?
5150: ?
5122:Nakkara
5107:Burarra
5091: ?
5058:Garrwan
5041:Yukulta
5018:Tangkic
4982:Mirning
4976: ?
4930: ?
4916:Ngumpin
4906:Marrngu
4876:Yanyuwa
4779:Western
4743: ?
4651:Wirangu
4624:Arandic
4610:Central
4527: ?
4505:Dyirbal
4487: ?
4479: ?
4471: ?
4461:Kingkel
4438: ?
4177: ?
4169: ?
4017:Garrwan
3984:Tangkic
3970:Wagiman
3909:Dalabon
3837:Nakkara
3822:Burarra
3589:Ngamini
3584:Mithaka
3574:Arabana
3538:Arandic
3495:Central
3421:Yanyuwa
3407:Bularnu
3367:Ngumbin
3362:Ngarrga
3311:Mangala
3298:Marrngu
3263:Nhuwala
3243:Kurrama
3238:Jurruru
3215:Kanyara
3192:Wajarri
3182:Malgana
3154:Western
3131:Nyungar
3116:Galaagu
3108:Nyungic
3093:Mirning
3085:Mirniny
3075:Wirangu
3007:Yaralde
2997:Keramin
2890:Kulinic
2755:Ngarigo
2666:Turrbal
2661:Nunukul
2585:Kingkel
2575:Bidjara
2557:Wulguru
2542:Dyirbal
2519:Eastern
2440:Agwamin
2424:Thaypan
2419:Takalak
2404:Angkula
2399:Alungul
2392:Thaypan
2383:Kuthant
2378:Kurtjar
2247:Pakanha
2188:Mbiywom
2183:Luthigh
1805:Dataset
1799:4375648
1461:Frawley
1336:in the
1301:Bularnu
1285:Yanyuwa
1259:Yidinic
1207:Tangkic
1095:Western
1048:Central
793:Arandic
739:Marrngu
710:Nyungic
704:Mirniny
686:Kulinic
582:to the
500:liquids
449:culture
381:Yanyuwa
377:Tangkic
234:Arandic
216:Marrngu
198:Nyungar
194:Mirniny
182:Kulinic
8180:BANZSL
8142:Yamana
8127:Trumai
8096:Movima
8050:Fulniô
8013:Aikanã
7927:Tupian
7822:Chonan
7746:Arauan
7684:Xincan
7636:Lencan
7589:Yokuts
7486:Yukian
7451:Tanoan
7446:Siouan
7429:Pomoan
7370:Coosan
7196:Mirndi
7089:Porome
7084:Pawaia
6938:Senagi
6910:Madang
6859:Eleman
6814:Border
6745:Nihali
6738:Minoan
6718:Hattic
6700:Basque
6671:Mijiic
6653:Digaro
6637:Uralic
6623:Turkic
6474:Europe
6331:Africa
6267:Woorie
6255:Yarrie
6238:Others
6149:Creole
6143:Creole
6113:Creole
6107:Creole
5989:Norman
5859:Warrwa
5854:Dyugun
5849:Yawuru
5752:Bunuba
5666:Yirram
5648:Mirndi
5426:Marrgu
5249:Ngandi
5184:Jawoyn
5131:Marran
5072:Waanyi
5066:Garawa
5026:Lardil
4987:Nyunga
4886:Ngarru
4847:Djinba
4840:Djinaŋ
4714:Diyari
4678:Karnic
4658:Kaurna
4559:Yidiny
4476:Bayali
4435:Bindal
4292:Uradhi
4035:Waanyi
4025:Garrwa
4002:Minkin
3997:Lardil
3929:Ngandi
3889:Jawoyn
3770:Bindal
3739:Djinaŋ
3734:Djinba
3724:Dhuwal
3697:Other
3675:Yardli
3579:Diyari
3566:Karnic
3523:Wanman
3518:Ngardi
3472:Ngawun
3403:Wagaya
3268:Nyamal
3253:Ngarla
3187:Nhanda
3070:Nukunu
3050:Kuyani
3045:Kaurna
2829:Yidiny
2814:Anewan
2745:Dharug
2689:Yaygir
2656:Janday
2613:Dappil
2481:Gugadj
2371:Norman
2342:Kunjen
2219:Umpila
2203:Uradhi
2198:Ngkoth
2015:
1969:
1943:
1903:
1863:
1842:
1821:
1797:
1789:
1690:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1293:Wagaya
1281:Ngarna
1276:Yolngu
866:, and
805:Yardli
799:Karnic
650:Anewan
606:Yidiny
474:Using
453:ritual
413:Region
349:nyunga
330:merism
322:family
250:Yardli
246:Karnic
241:Kalali
159:Anewan
129:Yidiny
106:Ngarna
8137:Warao
8106:Nukak
8077:Kunza
8055:Guató
8044:Cofán
8024:Camsá
7817:Choco
7778:Boran
7727:South
7708:Huave
7643:Mayan
7594:Yuchi
7577:Washo
7527:Karuk
7522:Haida
7461:Utian
7393:Keres
7330:Alsea
7323:Algic
7308:North
7100:Taiap
7094:Sulka
6949:Sepik
6864:Engan
6605:Ongan
6588:Nivkh
6456:Shabo
6439:Jalaa
6433:Hadza
6387:Mande
6257:Lingo
6091:Kriol
5818:Bardi
5470:Wulna
5377:Maung
5359:Ilgar
5354:Garig
5190:Waray
5154:Alawa
5148:Yugul
5138:Marra
5030:Damin
4889:Thawa
4810:Nhaŋu
4787:Yolŋu
4758:Yarli
4453:Yanda
4383:Maric
4278:Paman
4137:Kulin
3948:Other
3899:Waray
3873:Yugul
3863:Marra
3853:Alawa
3758:Other
3749:Nhaŋu
3729:Djaŋu
3719:Dhaŋu
3711:Yolŋu
3641:Other
3599:Ngura
3169:Kartu
2957:Drual
2904:Kulin
2807:Other
2770:Wormi
2651:Guwar
2567:Maric
2464:Other
2151:North
2034:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
1941:JSTOR
1919:(PDF)
1795:S2CID
1663:S2CID
1265:Maric
1253:Paman
1079:Yarli
999:Gulf
922:Gunai
832:Yolŋu
721:Kartu
619:Maric
599:Paman
532:Gunai
202:Kartu
138:Maric
118:Paman
102:Yolŋu
8312:bold
8239:See
8175:Arab
8161:Sign
8112:Páez
8089:Maku
8083:Leco
7599:Zuni
7583:Yana
7537:Seri
7294:Tiwi
7114:Wiru
7079:Mpur
7069:Kuot
7052:Anêm
7047:Abun
7014:Yuat
7009:Yawa
6955:Skou
6932:Ramu
6783:and
6677:Miju
6499:Ainu
6479:Asia
6477:and
6450:Laal
6411:Kadu
6399:Ijaw
6362:Kx'a
6275:Talk
6269:Talk
6263:Talk
6261:Palm
5894:Tiwi
5823:Jawi
5724:Kija
5611:Kamu
4936:Wati
4921:Yapa
4597:Mayi
4569:Gulf
4446:Guwa
4407:Biri
4087:and
3510:Wati
3454:Mayi
3060:Nauo
3017:Yuyu
2580:Biri
2013:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1787:ISSN
1748:2024
1688:ISBN
1655:PMID
1647:ISSN
1522:help
1308:Yura
1287:and
1035:(?)
883:use
834:(10)
787:Wati
776:Mayi
752:(10)
735:(12)
688:(13)
665:(14)
621:(26)
601:(41)
562:and
544:/pr/
542:and
540:/kr/
466:The
451:and
339:pama
316:The
230:Wati
114:Mayi
53:and
7064:Kol
7058:Ata
7004:Yam
6869:Fas
6382:Tuu
4298:Wik
2229:Wik
2059:doi
1931:doi
1893:doi
1777:hdl
1769:doi
1680:doi
1639:doi
1492:176
815:(1)
772:(2)
766:(5)
760:(1)
741:(3)
729:(8)
723:(5)
706:(2)
700:(8)
694:(9)
671:(5)
645:(2)
639:(4)
633:(5)
627:(5)
615:(5)
609:(1)
595:(1)
536:/r/
528:/l/
512:/ɰ/
508:/ɣ/
424:Era
352:).
324:of
8331::
7266:)?
2057:,
2036:.
1987:,
1939:.
1927:31
1925:.
1921:.
1899:.
1793:.
1785:.
1775:.
1765:88
1763:.
1759:.
1739:.
1726:.
1722:.
1705:.
1686:.
1661:.
1653:.
1645:.
1633:.
1569:^
1554:^
1468:^
1373:.
1356:.
1317:.
1299:,
1295:,
1291:,
851:.
570:.
478:,
429:c.
252:,
248:,
244:,
232:,
228:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
200:,
196:,
192:,
188:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
166:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
104:,
8314:.
8224:?
8108:?
8067:?
8046:?
8015:?
7996:?
7990:?
7984:?
7978:?
7972:?
7966:?
7960:?
7229:?
7192:?
7155:?
7142:?
7109:?
7102:?
7096:?
7060:?
7054:?
7027:?
7021:?
6766:?
6752:?
6740:?
6727:?
6685:?
6679:?
6673:?
6667:?
6661:?
6655:?
6481:)
6472:(
6458:?
6452:?
6413:?
6407:?
6401:?
6395:?
6389:?
6378:?
6315:e
6308:t
6301:v
6224:)
6098:)
6085:)
6078:)
6071:)
5281:?
5277:–
5032:)
4077:e
4070:t
4063:v
2119:e
2112:t
2105:v
2061::
2040:.
2021:.
1975:.
1947:.
1933::
1909:.
1895::
1869:.
1848:.
1827:.
1807:)
1803:(
1801:.
1779::
1771::
1750:.
1696:.
1682::
1669:.
1641::
1635:2
1615:.
1603:.
1591:.
1579:.
1564:.
1549:.
1537:.
1524:)
1518:.
1494:.
1424:(
1399:(
1303:.
1255:)
1239:(
257:,
236:,
204:,
170:,
161:,
131:,
125:,
69:?
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.