337:(with colours coalescing with each other) as if each one, individually, was seeing his mirror image; these were perpendicular to the horizon. An arch in white colour was seen at a distance from the three irises, circumscribing them. The diameter of the central iris was initially measured as 5.5 degrees while the arch around the circles was 57 degrees in size. Initially, the arches were seen in oval shape and as the Sun rose above the horizon it changed to a perfect circular shape, like the disc of the Sun. The arches displayed red colour bordered by orange colour, followed by bright yellow becoming straw colour and finally into green. However, the outer arch was seen all through in red colour only. Similar arches were seen when the
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363:, located on the peaks and ridges of the extinct Pambamarca stratovolcano. During the current research by the Pambamarca Archaeological Project, the team uncovered pre-Inca fortresses at the base of Pambamarca. The existence of two types of forts and the recovery of many armaments is suggestive of a pre-Columbian borderland, which is an important and rare find in New World
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was rising. Such a phenomenon was noticed by the survey team frequently on the mountains here. In the past, others had also observed this phenomenon and named it as the "frostbow" or "cloudbow" as the cloud vaporized with sun rise. They are also called it the White rainbows unlike the rainbows which
296:. It is also said that the Incas cut the throats of their enemies and threw them into the lake, which turned red with blood, and thus the lake got the epithet "Yawarkucha" meaning "blood lake". This aspect of the legend is to be confirmed by further explorations by archeologists examining the areas.
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has been studied with participation by many international organizations, universities, and the
Government of Ecuador with the objective of exploring the cultural landscapes, its prehistoric, historic and contemporary cultures, particularly of Ecuador's important Pre-Columbian cultural heritage. In
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A voyage to South
America: describing at large the Spanish cities, towns, provinces, &c. on that extensive continent. Interspersed throughout with reflections on the genius, customs, manners, and trade of the inhabitants: together with the natural history of the country. And an account of their
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Another culture of special importance, which attracted the Incas to this region is that the mountains are located on the equatorial line. It is the unique feature not replicated anywhere else in the world and forms the dividing line for the culture. The mounds found here have been used by the local
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got muddled in a 17 years' war even though they invaded with a large army. The
Cayambes noted the large army of invaders had retreated to a large and strong fortress. When the Incas laid siege on the fort, the Cayambes’ were not cowed but gave a brave fight which eventually forced the Incas to lift
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who conquered
Ecuador easily, and established themselves at Quito. Noting that the local indigenous community settled in Pambamarca were docile, the Incas thought that they could move in and occupy the territories outside Quito. But they faced serious resistance, and the war lasted 17 years before
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The Incan Forts discovered in the
Pambamarca extinct volcano region are 20, apart from two fortresses built by the Cayambe, the ethnic people of Ecuador. These fortresses have been identified as about 500 years old. According to the Director of the Archaeological Project these are inferred to
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the Incas could finally conquer the
Ecuadorians in the 1500s, with the fall of the fortresses. Following this, the Incas built many fortresses and lived in them. Among the provinces to the north of Quito the pre-Hispanic fortresses are concentrated in the mountain range of Pambamarca.
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From the top of the
Pambarmarca mountain, a strange weather phenomenon was noticed by Don Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa and several other climbers who had gone there to establish signal posts for surveys. As the cloud covered hills became clear of the clouds and frost with the
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Inferred from the
Cayambe pottery in use in the region, archaeologist examining the area are of the opinion that Cayambe culture has prevailed "as some peoples decided after many years of resistance and warfare to simply lay down their arms or become allies with the Inca."
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to fix signals for surveys, arrived at the "desert of
Pambamarca" in early September 1737. A mountain of medium height in this desert is also named Pambarmarca. One of the largest group of fortresses (on the hill which is called locally as
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rising, each person on the hill top started noticing his own image at distance of about 10 miles opposite to the Sun. In this image, the head of each one of them appeared (individually) within the centre of three concentric
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represent border region between the fortresses built by the
Ecuadorian people and the Inca. More fortresses are likely to be found in the entire northern region of Ecuador, which need further explorations.
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Archeologists have inferred that these forts were inhabited and people living in them were ready for fighting with stone slings kept ready for use.
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took a big toll on the local population of Inca but due to the superior gunpowder power of the invaders their last stronghold at
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The Inca forts located at about 10,000 feet (3,000 m) elevation on ridges were built with stones laid over plinths called
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fortress and other forts such as Jambimachi, Pambamarca, Pachha, Campana, Olachan Tablarumi, Achupallas, Guachala and Bravo.
272:. The Cayambe were subjected to forced labour in these estates, working on wool processing and living in primitive homes.
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are of large size which were inhabited. The forts were also well stocked with ammunition of two types-sling stones and
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However, the Incas finally defeated the Cayambes and forced them to retreat to the shores of the lake
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http://www.unique-southamerica-travel-experience.com/unesco-world-heritage-centre-tentative-list.html
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507:. Official web site of Pambamarca Archaeological Project Organization. Archived from
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The Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World
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gold and silver mines. Undertaken by command of His Majesty the king of Spain
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The two Cayambe forts built with strong volcanic material known locally as
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After the Spanish conquest of Ecuador the Spaniards built estates known as
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204:. The summit is at an elevation of 4,062 metres (13,327 ft).
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Jorge Juan y Santacilia and Louis Godin, on their voyage through
429:(Public domain ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 334–
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Indians as landmarks for solar and star position calculations.
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284:, ruler of the Incas with an ambitious plan of winning the
546:"Ancient War Revealed in Discovery of Incan Fortresses"
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1998, Pambamarca was placed on the tentative List of
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280:According to a legend that relates to the period,
574:. Printed for L. Davis and C. Reymers. pp.
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505:"Participant Information:Project Background"
200:. it is 25 miles (40 km) northeast of
490:"Tentative List of World Heritage Sites",
189:in the Central Cordillera of the northern
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720:Pambamarca Archaeological Project website
638:sfn error: no target: CITEREFUllooa1737 (
251:After Spanish people invaded Ecuador and
725:Pambamarca Archaeological Project photos
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239:The fortifications originated with the
207:The mountains of the Pambamarca in the
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603:Fortifications of the Incas: 1200–1531
656:. Columbia University. Archived from
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217:arrival of the Spanish in the region
606:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 49–.
448:Ferreiro, Larrie D. (31 May 2011).
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354:is a large installation of many
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774:Archaeological sites in Ecuador
769:Geography of Pichincha Province
684:. Lonely Planet. pp. 35–.
600:H. W. Kaufmann (19 June 2012).
678:Jeff Rubin (1 November 2008).
454:. Basic Books. pp. 134–.
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70:4,062 m (13,327 ft)
215:fortresses that predate the
779:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
352:Pambamarca Fortress Complex
221:Pambamarca Fortress Complex
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764:Stratovolcanoes of Ecuador
567:Antonio de Ulloa (1758).
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736:Global Volcanism Program
741:Smithsonian Institution
423:White, William (1873).
494:, accessed 20 Oct 2017
50:Location of Pambamarca
342:formed after rains.
229:World Heritage Sites
211:of Ecuador has many
98:0.07972°S 78.20861°W
511:on 22 February 2013
375:Archeological finds
263:also fell in 1572.
103:-0.07972; -78.20861
94: /
654:"Project Web Site"
198:Pichincha Province
60:Highest point
691:978-1-74104-549-9
613:978-1-78200-066-2
548:. Livescience.com
461:978-0-465-02345-5
426:Notes and Queries
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744:. Retrieved
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731:"Pambamarca"
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681:Antarctica 4
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181:(alternate,
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142:Parent range
697:28 December
634:Ullooa 1737
619:31 December
582:31 December
552:31 December
515:31 December
467:30 December
433:30 December
365:archaeology
255:, not only
241:Inca Empire
162:Pleistocene
158:Age of rock
101: /
76:Coordinates
758:Categories
746:2021-06-29
664:2008-01-26
402:References
294:Yawarkucha
261:Vilcabamba
191:Ecuadorian
183:Pimbamarca
179:Pambamarca
89:78°12′31″W
44:Pambamarca
19:Pambamarca
300:Geography
269:haciendas
114:Geography
86:0°04′47″S
66:Elevation
398:stones.
392:cangahua
323:Cloudbow
257:smallpox
119:Location
385:ushnus.
360:pucarás
346:Culture
312:pukaras
286:Cayambe
235:History
152:Geology
134:Ecuador
715:Photos
688:
610:
458:
335:irises
276:Legend
226:UNESCO
131:
317:Quito
202:Quito
194:Andes
123:Andes
699:2012
686:ISBN
640:help
621:2012
608:ISBN
584:2012
554:2012
517:2012
469:2012
456:ISBN
435:2012
396:bola
356:Inca
350:The
339:Moon
253:Peru
576:254
330:Sun
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196:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
