Pan-African Congress

789: 955: 104: 1388: that "while previous Pan-African congresses had been controlled largely by black middle-class British and American intellectuals who had emphasized the amelioration of colonial conditions, the Manchester meeting was dominated by delegates from Africa and Africans working or studying in Britain." Adejumobi notes that "the new leadership attracted the support of workers, trade unionists, and a growing radical sector of the African student population. With fewer African American participants, delegates consisted mainly of an emerging crop of African intellectual and political leaders, who soon won fame, notoriety, and power in their various colonized countries." Among attendees were 409: 40: 1007: 1261: 7524: 1046: 7501: 7491: 7512: 2489: 452:

intellectuals from Europe and America felt in being compared to the stereotypes of African people as primitive. It also placed significant value on Black people who had been "civilized" by colonizing powers. For Diagne, Germany should give up their colonies not because colonialism was bad, but because German governance was not good. After Diagne's speech, Portuguese representative

903:, to court for "having smeared and discredited the Pan-African Congress." The smear campaign made many in Brussels see the meeting as a "gathering of dangerous agitators who, like their leader Marcus Garvey, were bent on freeing Africa from European rule." However, Garvey saw the Congress as little more than a joke and sharply criticized it and Du Bois loudly and publicly. 1963:"Imperialism in North and West Africa". All present demanded independence for African nations; delegates were split on the issue of having political emancipation first or control of the economy. Kwame Nkrumah advocated for revolutionary methods of seizing power as essential to Independence. From this session onwards the chair was taken by Dr W. E. B. Du Bois. 815:

Portuguese St. Thomé, Angola and Mozambique; Liberia; Abyssinia; Haiti; British Jamaica and Grenada; French Martinique and Guadeloupe; British Guiana; the United States of America, Negroes resident in England, France, Belgium and Portugal, and fraternal visitors from India, Morocco, the Philippines and Annam." There was an Indian revolutionary who took part,

307:. Diagne served as the president of the Congress with Du Bois the secretary and Gibbs the assistant secretary. Du Bois created a list of groups he wanted to attend to the congress which included countries who had Black citizens, but he also wanted representatives from other countries as well. Du Bois wanted to petition the 1355:

had also called for a Pan African Congress to be held after WWII, but once he found out, he was interested in working with Padmore. Additional plans were made with the NAACP, and the congress was tentatively scheduled for Paris at the same time as the World Trade Union Conference. Plans changed again

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Although forming a part of a larger Pan-African movement at the beginning of the century, this event was organised by people in Manchester, and they brought in the people from all over the world." While the previous four congresses had involved predominantly members of the African diaspora, including

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If we are coming to recognize that the great modern problem is to correct maladjustment in the distribution of wealth, it must be remembered that the basic maladjustment is in the outrageously unjust distribution of world income between the dominant and suppressed peoples; in the rape of land and raw

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and Africans should take part in governing their countries as fast as their development permits until at some specified time in the future. Resolutions were sent to the press in France, Britain and the United States. The Congress recommended the creation of a multi-lingual, international publication,

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Black people from America, Britain and France "were far more advanced than indigenous and 'inherently backwards' Africans. In this capacity, he felt that African countries held by Germany should be transferred to a system similar to the colonial system of France. This speech touched on concerns Black

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cause. One of the group's major demands was to end colonial rule and racial discrimination. It stood against imperialism and it demanded human rights and equality of economic opportunity. The manifesto given by the Pan-African Congress included the political and economic demands of the Congress for a

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The Fifth Congress had a larger profile than the first four PACs. At the end of World War II, around 700 million people lived under imperial rule and were 'subject people', with no freedoms, no parliaments, no democracy, and no trade unions to protect workers. Many felt betrayed after being promised

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The Fourth Pan-African Congress was held in New York City adopted resolutions that were similar to the Third Pan-African Congress meetings. Resolutions called for the liberation of various colonized countries, including Haiti, China, and Egypt. A call for working class solidarity across racial lines

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around the world. Du Bois believed that he could "exert some positive political influence on the power-brokers and decision-makers during the Paris Peace Conference." However, Du Bois was one of many individuals representing various other advocacy groups who also wanted to have a voice at the Peace

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completely denounced the entire 1921 Congress. The Belgian press targeted Garvey and links to the UNIA and the Congress due to "fears of disruption in the Congo." This led to fears among businesses and the government in Brussels that the Congress would be a radical event that would advocate for the

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writer believed that the U.S. was worried it would be embarrassed by discussions of race relations at the Congress in Paris. Many of the delegates who attended did so on short notice, or by getting through on other types of credentials, such as being journalists. Others, like Gibbs, were already in

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This conference shifted the discussion about Pan-Africanism to focus more on African leaders and the people of Africa as "primary agents of change in the anti-colonial and anti-imperial struggles." Du Bois attempted to enlist the NAACP into further support for Pan-Africanism and aid to Africa, but

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The congress eventually adopted several resolutions, especially related to people living under colonialism. They advocated for self-determination of African people except where "existing practices were directly contradictory to best established principles of civilization." It was felt that Africa

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moved to Dar es Salaam in 1973 where they served as the head of the International Secretariat for 6PAC. Planners had to decided whether 6PAC would pick up right where the 5th congress left off, which meant recommitting to opposing various forms of colonialism still present in Africa. Focusing on

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were going to be discussed at the Peace Conference. He hoped that having a conference of Black representatives from around the world would be heard by the European powers and the European public. He wanted to lobby the governments attending the Peace Conference to ensure better treatment for

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The opening meeting was held at St. Mark's Methodist Church and the Headquarters remained at the Grace Congregational Church. There were about 208 delegates from the United States and other countries. Low attendance from British and French colonies was due to government travel restrictions.

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in November that year, represented at this congress were "26 different groups of people of Negro descent: namely, British Nigeria, Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; the Egyptian Sudan, British East Africa, former German East Africa; French Senegal, the French Congo and Madagascar; Belgian Congo;

552:, a white Virginian working for the U.S. State Department in Paris, expressed greater alarm at the "so-called Pan-African Congress": he reported that he had heard that "speeches of the American Negroes were highly inflammatory and condemnatory of the social conditions in the United States". 1032:

to imply that the French Committee had sent delegates. As long-time African-American residents of France, Hunt and Logan had traveled independently to the meeting, and Hunt and Béton were perturbed that Du Bois had implied they represented France. Black French people, including Béton and

819:, and a journalist from the Gold Coast named W. F. Hutchinson who spoke. This session of the Congress was the most focused for change of all the meetings thus far. At the London session, resolutions were adopted, later restated by Du Bois in his "Manifesto To the League of Nations": 169:

held in London in 1900. The conference, which brought together people who were against racism and colonialism, attracted international attention, though it did not lead to political action on these issues. Attendees of the Pan-African Conference discussed the need to preserve Black

2201:. Flewellen and Hill, who served on the international secretariat, conducted meetings to select delegates for 6PAC. Hill organized the North American delegates, focusing on ways that the Black community could work together to pool resources to aid in the Pan-African movement. 2093:"PAC@75". Manchester Metropolitan University held a four-day celebration in October 2020 to mark the 75th anniversary of the 5th Pan-African Congress. Curated by Professor of Architecture Ola Uduku, the anniversary celebrations involved both creative and academic events. 525:

under British rule barely reported on the event. However, European press did run information about the Congress in the weeks prior to the event. Black people in the United States "generally approved of the actions of Du Bois as reported in the newspapers."

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held in Paris at that time to make a case for African colonies to become self-ruling. The Pan-African Congress proposed that Germany should be required to turn over its colonies to an international organization rather than other colonial powers. Unlike the

2299:, Neville Parker, Don Coleman, and Fletcher Robinson, all worked towards the development of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology during the congress. However, there was not enough support for the plan and it didn't make the final resolution. 1400:

who would go on to be the first presidents of their newly independent countries. Commentators estimate that 87–90 delegates were in attendance at the Congress, representing some 50 organisations, with a total of 200 audience members present. While

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with white capital. Unconsciously and consciously, carelessly and deliberately, the vast power of the white labor vote in modern democracies has been cajoled and flattered into imperialistic schemes to enslave and debauch black, brown and yellow

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in New York City was held on January 19, 1919, by the NAACP on the future of Africa. At the event, there was wide support for Du Bois to discuss Pan African issues in Paris during the Peace Conference. Speakers at the New York meeting included

480:'s empire as the best current opportunity for the realization of black rights within their constituencies." Adherence to a "benevolent" nation was seen as a practical approach to helping improve the lives of Black people they represented. 2082:

hosted the first exhibition showcasing John Deakin's photographs from the Fifth Congress. The exhibition marked the 70th anniversary of the Congress in 2015 and included film screenings exploring Pan-African history and ideals curated by

316:, the Pan-African Congress was unable to send delegates to the Peace Conference, nor were members permitted to serve on commissions. Delegates to the Pan African Congress had no "official status" among world governments or organizations. 142:

and colonialism were built on negative attitudes towards people of African descent, which in turn, contributed to racism. African Americans were especially frustrated with their slow progress towards racial equality in the United States.

2424:, spoke at the opening of the congress, where he listed five criteria for defining who is an "African." The criteria, which included people of many backgrounds and nationalities, helped define "African" as something that was not just a 197:, African American soldiers fought bravely overseas and people like Du Bois felt that they should not face racial violence when they return to the United States. Black soldiers also faced discrimination in Europe at the hands of the 365:

There were 57 delegates representing 15 countries, a smaller number than originally intended because British and American governments refused to issue passports to their citizens who had planned on attending. Representatives of the

2090:"Pan African Congress 50 years on". The project interviewed attendees of the 1945 Pan African Congress who were still living in Manchester in 1995. The project was part of the 50th commemorative event held in Manchester in 1995. 7701: 456:, praised French democracy and its inclusion of Black people in government. Other representatives to the Pan-African Congress also praised France for having Black representation in politics and good relations with Black people 491:

gave a speech called "The Use of African Troops in Europe" which described many racist experiences Black soldiers fighting in WWI encountered in hospitals and other institutions. Curtis pleaded for the world to recognize that

487:, spoke about the importance of developing his country as a free state, emphasizing the importance of a shared African heritage. Because of American support, however, Liberia did not want to agitate against the United States. 518:. It was also expected that delegates would plan for the next Pan-African Congress and that this could be a continuing discussion. Du Bois also hoped for the creation of a world organization, the Pan-African Association. 7337: 2009: 1655: 647: 1991:"The Problems in the Caribbean" This session was addressed by a number of trade union delegates from the Caribbean; some delegates demanded "complete independence", some "self-government" and others "dominion status". 2277:, attending the conference allowed them to express the solidarity of the Black activists in Britain with anti-colonialists activists in the rest of the world. A highlight of the conference was the resolution on 433: 2248:

Hill served as the secretary general for North America. It was part of the original planning that groups working towards liberation have time to network and "build international solidarity." Activists such as

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from June 19 to June 27, 1974. Around 50 different sovereign governments and political organizations sent delegates to 6PAC. Delegates from liberation movements from several colonized countries also attended.

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was an important planner of the Lisbon event, which was smaller than the others. The London Congress was held at Denison House. This meeting also repeated the demands such as self-rule, the problems in the

2221: 6677:. Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out 421: 6466: 788: 7822: 7657: 7310: 849:. They soon abandoned the idea of Pan-Africanism because they advocated equal rights inside the French citizenship and thought the London Manifesto declaration too dangerously extreme. 2012:, spoke about child welfare. Women also supported in behind-the-scenes roles, organising many of the social and other events outside the main sessions. Historians Marika Sherwood and 7875: 544:

that did not take place at the conference. Instead, he focused on "black solidarity" over reporting other content of the discussions. One conference attendee, the French Africanist

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and Du Bois wanted to avoid that connection. Of all groups that were trying to have a voice during the end of WWI, Du Bois believed he could have "positive political influence."

7325: 1478: 6454: 954: 1299:, it was switched to August in Manchester. The Conference took place in a building decorated with the flags of the three black nations under self-governance at the time 1351:

on an idea for an "African Freedom Charter." This correspondence led to Du Bois calling for a fifth Pan African Congress to be held in London. Du Bois was unaware that

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introduced Du Bois to colonial leaders in Brussels. Imperial and colonial powers were worried about the American delegates supporting radical and revolutionary ideas.

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of the French Committee wrote a letter to Du Bois, telling him that the French group would not be sending delegates. However, in one of the reports he published in

190:" as one of the most important issues of the 20th century. Du Bois' inclusion at the 1900 conference marked him as a developing leader in the Pan-African movement. 2232:

colonialism and imperialism was an important decision because it was possible that it could alienate Caribbean governments and delegates from the United States.

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for slavery and racial violence. He also believed that ensuring a positive future for Africa would be key to helping all Black people around the world. Wilson's

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In 1920, Du Bois secured 3,000 dollars from the NAACP for the creation of a "Pan-African fund". He planned to have more African representatives at this event.

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new world context of international cooperation and the need to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization of most of the continent.

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Johnson, W. Chris (2019). "7. 'The Spirit of Bandung' in 1970s Britain: The Black Liberation Front's Revolutionary Transnationalism". In Adi, Hakim (ed.).

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It was reported that there was little news coverage of the Congress in the French press, but one newspaper in Paris called Du Bois a "disciple of Garvey."

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Conference. Since he was not given permission to speak at the Peace Conference, he decided to create a separate meeting to take place at the same time.

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covered the 5th Pan African Congress in an article by war reporter Hilde Marchant titled "Africa Speaks in Manchester", published on 10 November 1945.

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Event planners also hoped that the Congress would support the creation of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology. Several men associated with

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Several North American activists from the 6PAC went on to Washington, D.C., in the fall of 1974 to lobby the United States to take action against

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the results were tepid. Du Bois continued to work towards the creation of a Pan-African movement in the United States throughout 1946. Due to the

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became alarmed. Beer, who was the chief colonial expert working for the U.S., believed that Black people could not govern themselves. A series of

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raised money through solicitations of prominent NAACP supporters. Despite the funding received, the conference took place on a very small budget.

6381:"'The Fighting Had Ceased But... Democracy Had Not Won': Helen Noble Curtis and the Rise of a Black International Feminism in World War I France" 2212:

about hosting the congress there. During the planning, the radical non-governmental delegation from the Caribbean, which included members of the

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employment practices. These topics were discussed at the first session of the Congress held on October 15, 1945, chaired by Amy Ashwood Garvey.

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Committees were formed during the event, including the creation of a resolution committee headed by Bellegarde, Cannady, Du Bois, Hunton, and

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and in his reports to the NAACP, he did not give a full view of actual nature of the speeches and implied criticism of the United States'

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had been restored to the throne; the United Nations not offering help to Ethiopia while Italy (which conquered Ethiopia in 1935 under a

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would lead to positive outcomes for them politically and socially. Du Bois wrote to President Wilson and asked to be a delegate for the

4886: 7906: 7896: 7446: 7260: 6521: 6123: 5825: 5683: 4425: 2988: 2428:. In addition, 7PAC brought together activists from different generations to work on modern problems together. Modern issues included 2224:(ASCRIA), chose not to attend 6PAC. In solidarity, James also boycotted the congress despite "appeals from Julius Nyerere to attend." 1721: 1405:

did not attend the conference, he is on the record saying how important it was for the momentum of independence movement at the time.

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were supposed to attend however along with several of his fellow South African delegates could not due to issues obtaining passports.

1308: 7320: 6549: 6030: 5693: 4507: 2996: 2154: 1977:; working conditions and wages for Africans reflected the same inequalities as South Africa. This session was open by Jomo Kenyatta. 1296: 448: 359: 31: 1819: 1497: 240:

was taking place at the end of WWI. Many majority groups, including Black people in Europe and Africa, felt that the creation of a

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plan gave Du Bois hope that there would be greater opportunities for Black people politically in a future marked by democratic and

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in Europe during the fighting. Du Bois described the fighting done by Black Americans as a "debt of blood" and that they deserved

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There were 208 delegates from the United States and 10 different foreign countries. Africa was represented by delegates from the

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in 1921, where he enclosed the resolutions adopted at this first Congress in 1919. Du Bois also sent the resolutions to Beer and

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in August 1945, when Du Bois announced that the fifth PAC would be held in England, one week after the trade union conference.

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that the event be hosted in Liberia and not in Europe, however having originally been scheduled in Paris to coincide with the

7554: 6667: 6211: 5740: 4485: 2292:" at the congress because it is more important for all people to work together to free themselves from oppression in Africa. 2109: 1649: 362:

and American officials in Paris. The French government even later stated that Clemenceau had never approved of the Congress.

313: 1082: 1066:, in 1925 did not pan out due to transportation and other issues. Instead, the Congress was held in New York City in 1927. 1006: 408: 39: 7471: 7300: 7229: 1967: 1804: 1273: 1248: 198: 7638: 7605: 7285: 7270: 6706: 6584: 4208: 2502: 2420:

There were more than 2,000 participants at the event, which included a Women's Pre-Congress meeting. Ugandan president,

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from April 3 to April 8, 1994. The theme of the event was "Facing the Future in Unity, Social Progress and Democracy."

1966:"Oppression in South Africa". Including the social, economic, educational, health and employment inequalities faced by 1364:

There was a much greater representation of African delegates and attendees from Continental Africa at this conference.

7415: 2425: 2355:. Under Hill's leadership, this grew into the Southern Africa News Collective, and eventually in 1978 turned into the 2241: 1201: 893: 625: 541: 536:

proposing that European powers return German colonies to African people. When Du Bois wrote about the Congress in the

308: 6949: 2610: 131: 4327: 7224: 6560: 2101: 1831: 1747: 1674: 1643: 1628: 1461: 1434: 846: 884:. The Congress met on August 28 and 29 at the Central Hall with around 113 people in attendance and 41 delegates. 7547: 7280: 7245: 2664: 2325:

A General Political Statement was created at 6PAC which called for an end to all forms of colonialism, including

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Diagne was able to get official permission for the Congress to take place in Paris by persuading Prime Minister

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Race, Rights and Reform: Black Activism in the French Empire and the United States from World War I to Cold War

2345: 1877: 1759: 1102: 1070: 154: 150: 56: 5531: 2198: 2166: 1980:"Ethiopia and The Black Republics". Discussing the issue of Britain exercising control over Ethiopia although 735: 465: 2096:

Archive material relating to the 1945 and the subsequent celebratory events in 1982 and 1995 are held at the

7911: 7792: 7725: 7651: 7494: 7466: 7461: 7451: 7305: 7265: 6999: 6894: 6840: 6699: 6338:"The Pan African Movement, 1900–1945: A Study in Leadership Conflicts Among the Disciples of Pan Africanism" 2266: 2069: 1890: 1886: 1697: 1086: 1045: 982:

The development of Africa should be for the benefit of Africans and not merely for the profits of Europeans.

771: 707: 637: 469: 2281:, which was the congress' formal recognition of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination. 2129:

in June 1974. This was the first time the event took place in Africa. The event was originally proposed by

1137: 765: 7843: 7741: 7733: 7717: 7275: 6914: 6763: 4765:. Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. October 1945 1488: 1269: 1157: 753: 741: 417: 375: 267: 249: 6041: 5087: 2130: 1094: 7856: 7516: 7180: 6448: 6436: 6009: 2494: 2449: 2174: 1929: 1810: 1567: 1328: 1281: 1129: 477: 7630: 6416:"Rien pour la révolution, tout par l'éducation": The Talented Tenth at the Second Pan-African Congress" 3428: 2437: 2190: 1145: 5650: 5389: 3173: 1973:"The East African Picture". Focusing on the issue of land, most of the best land had been occupied by 942: 880:

and the Paris meeting happened at the Salles des Ingènieurs. The Brussels sessions were hosted at the

7684: 7362: 7045: 6969: 6934: 2851: 2186: 2061: 1823: 1581: 1220: 1161: 1133: 1098: 665: 575: 549: 532: 453: 379: 340: 275: 6487: 6136:

Colored Girls' and Boy's Inspiring United States History and a Heart to Heart Talk about White Folks

2202: 2182: 7679: 7405: 7379: 7100: 6743: 6111: 5477: 5447: 4082: 2262: 2194: 2162: 2158: 2105: 2005: 1974: 1862: 1381: 986: 816: 759: 659: 497: 336: 187: 107:

Letter from W.E.B. Du Bois to the NAACP January 1919 about planning the First Pan African Congress.

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The Negro Association, Manchester – C. Peart, M.I. Faro, Frank Niles, Dr. P. Milliard, F.W. Blaine

1149: 1141: 7431: 7410: 7135: 7085: 7060: 7050: 7035: 6989: 6974: 6644: 6609: 6601: 6462: 6401: 6366: 6358: 6279: 6271: 6236: 6159: 6091: 6083: 6001: 5916: 5908: 5873: 5865: 5811: 5765: 4840: 4740: 4297: 4278: 4178: 4148: 4115: 2429: 2373: 2278: 2254: 2228: 2217: 2178: 2001: 1953: 1595: 1574: 1540: 1344: 1232: 1153: 1015: 970: 958: 930: 924: 865: 853: 747: 723: 701: 683: 653: 611: 488: 484: 457: 371: 320: 222: 175: 7055: 4241: 1501: 1125: 548:, wrote that the French government was largely tolerant of the ideas expressed at the Congress. 7368: 6899: 6884: 6827: 6768: 6748: 6674: 6545: 6472: 6298: 6207: 6119: 6026: 5736: 5713: 5689: 5451: 5323: 4865: 4832: 4758: 4732: 4481: 2992: 2309: 2296: 1285: 1180: 1169: 777: 556: 545: 351: 241: 171: 6662: 5343: 4784: 4691: 4005: 161:. The African Association published the discrimination and injustices faced by people in the 7611: 7570: 7384: 7160: 7095: 7075: 7070: 6889: 6758: 6636: 6593: 6539: 6428: 6393: 6350: 6263: 6184: 6134: 6075: 5993: 5953: 5928: 5900: 5857: 5506: 4822: 4001: 3126: 2985:

Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century

1921: 1899: 1244: 1090: 975: 918: 805: 695: 631: 473: 292: 226: 183: 162: 6116:

No Easy Victories: African Liberation and American Activists Over a Half Century, 1950-2000

5123: 3968: 2064:. It is suggested by commentators that Manchester community leader and political activist, 992:

The Abolition of the pretension of a white minority to dominate a black majority in Kenya,

7849: 7504: 7195: 7175: 7105: 6939: 6904: 6809: 5728: 2421: 2209: 1985: 1933: 1701: 1563: 1547: 1365: 1319:– only to have such promises later denied so a new militancy had emerged with demands for 1316: 1165: 1117: 1034: 838: 596: 560: 500:

reminded delegates that it was important to include women in the Pan-African proceedings.

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of its importance. Dates were set for February 12 and 13 to coincide with the birthday of

254: 206: 138:. These ideas refuted the inferiority of Black people. Pan Africanists believed that both 123: 119: 6924: 1970:. All present expressed support and sympathy which included a number of demands outlined. 55:

held in London in 1900. The Pan-African Congress gained a reputation as a peacemaker for

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Augusto stayed in Dar es Salaam after 6PAC to edit the proceedings of the event for the

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movement towards self-government if they fought for European colonial powers during the

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who resigned from the congress, were worried the event would have "radical tendencies."

7674: 7476: 7441: 7190: 7150: 7140: 7009: 7004: 6994: 6984: 6919: 6879: 6788: 6722: 5405: 5359: 4313: 4257: 4224: 4194: 4164: 4131: 4098: 4021: 3984: 3615:"Black Women Organize for the Future of Pan-Africanism: the Sixth Pan-African Congress" 3444: 3189: 3142: 2635: 2507: 2436:. Other tensions to unravel in 7PAC and going forward include Black nationalism, Black 2368: 2326: 2285: 2170: 2134: 1981: 1957: 1779: 1678: 1551: 1536: 1402: 1389: 1352: 1320: 1226: 1063: 1025: 985:

There should be home rule and a responsible government for British West Africa and the

912: 881: 671: 605: 296: 210: 111: 64: 6104: 6042:"W. E. B. Du Bois' Ambiguous Politics of Liberation: Race, Marxism and Pan Africanism" 5932: 4522:"Details on the Fifth Pan-African Congress and Pan-African Film Installation (London)" 4045:"DOCUMENT: Resolutions Passed by the Fourth Pan-African Congress, New York City, 1927" 1952:

fathered by black ex-servicemen and white British mothers; racial discrimination, the

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material, and the monopoly of technique and culture. And in this crime white labor is

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as a philosophy was created as early as the late 1700s, seen through the movements of

7890: 7799: 7528: 7374: 7250: 7170: 7165: 7145: 7125: 7110: 7065: 6979: 6964: 6944: 6929: 6909: 6648: 6613: 6405: 6370: 6312: 6283: 6095: 6057: 6005: 5920: 5877: 4844: 2433: 2289: 2122: 2079: 1948:"The Colour Problem in Britain", Including issues of unemployment among black youth; 1753: 1632: 1544: 1397: 1393: 1238: 1173: 1029: 936: 834: 717: 617: 590: 397: 383: 304: 271: 218: 84: 6541:

Artistic Ambassadors: Literary and International Representation of the New Negro Era

5482:"Sylvia Hill: From the Sixth Pan-African Congress to the Free South Africa Movement" 5481: 17: 7773: 7155: 7080: 6869: 6753: 6267: 5904: 5288:"Sixth Pan-African Congress: Planning, Preparation and Implementation, 1969 – 1974" 4400: 2474: 2258: 2084: 2072:

to place a red plaque commemorating the Congress on the wall of Chorlton Town Hall.

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and the African-European relationship. The following was addressed at the meeting:

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In February 1919, the first Pan-African Congress was organized quickly in Paris by

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The sixth Pan-African Congress, also known as "Sixth-PAC or 6PAC," was hosted in

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during the opening session. Other speakers at the opening session included Chief

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and moderate. Nevertheless, Du Bois was able to create the idea of a Pan African

7030: 6954: 6814: 5062: 4911: 2404:. This group, however, wanted to limit attendance only to "African people," not 2338: 2329:. The statement also called for a unification of African people to work towards 2270: 2250: 2035: 1925: 1872: 1482: 1324: 1059: 729: 522: 496:

is not separate: it should be the same for all people regardless of skin color.

194: 60: 7511: 6354: 6079: 5981:"Conflicts of Interest: The 1919 Pan-African Congress and the Wilsonian Moment" 5799:"Rebuilding the Pan African Movement: A Report on the 7th Pan African Congress" 2488: 1368:

notes that "There were also eleven listed 'fraternal delegates', from Cypriot,

7622: 7130: 7040: 6415: 6224:"The 1921 Pan-African Congress at Brussels: A Background to Belgian Pressures" 5965: 5940: 4827: 4810: 2484: 2334: 2274: 2065: 1591: 1332: 1121: 1020: 810: 711: 527: 355: 332: 80: 6624:"Towards an 8th Pan-African Congress: The Evolution of the Race-Class Debate" 6561:"The Sixth Pan African Congress: Black Unity: Coming of Age in Dar-es-Salaam" 4836: 4736: 378:

were denied passports. It was reported by the U.S. State Department that the

7749: 7120: 7115: 6959: 6783: 6778: 6773: 5980: 5703: 5679: 5319: 4604:"100 years of Nana Dr JS Annan, a life of service and social responsibility" 2352: 2330: 2138: 2048: 2013: 1512: 1373: 1272:(PAF) in Manchester in 1945, the Fifth Pan-African Congress was held at the 804:

and Paris, during August (28, 29, and 31) and September (2, 3, 5 and 6). As

800:

In 1921, the Second Pan-African Congress met in several sessions in London,

793: 510: 393: 221:

on any potential proceedings. The U.S. saw Garvy and the UNIA as linked to "

6397: 4725:

African Journal of Political Science / Revue Africaine de Science Politique

2396:

The seventh Pan African Congress was called by the Pan-African Movement of

7702:

The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America

6204:

African Diasporas in the New and Old Worlds: Consciousness and Imagination

6189: 5997: 4887:"'Mak': Ras T Makonnen, the unrecognized hero of the Pan-African Movement" 1529:

Coloured Worker' Association – Ernest P. Marke, E.A. Aki-Emi, James Nortey

897:

overthrow of colonial rule. Panda Farnana even tried suing the newspaper,

841:, French politicians of African and Guadeloupean descent, who represented 118:

in both the United States and Britain. British writers and former slaves,

6874: 6682:"The 'Key Link' – some London notes towards the 7th Pan-African Congress" 2314: 2126: 1300: 999: 993: 801: 72: 51:(PAC) was a series of eight meetings which took place on the back of the 6275: 6250: 6240: 6223: 6163: 6146: 5912: 5887: 5815: 5798: 5769: 5752: 5651:"8th Pan-African Congress Calls for Council on African National Affairs" 4744: 4720: 1580:

United Committee of Coloured and Colonial People Association, Cardiff –

1049:

Delegates from Oregon for the 4th Pan African Congress in New York 1927.

248:

to speak on behalf of Black people. Du Bois knew that the fate of some

7456: 6605: 6578: 6362: 6337: 5869: 5844: 5313: 2457: 2397: 2385: 1369: 1304: 1288:." the fifth included more representatives from the African continent. 1209: 1205: 842: 621: 493: 441: 429: 186:

was one of thirty attendees at this conference where he described "the

139: 88: 7338:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

6432: 6380: 6087: 6062: 2173:

played a role influencing the congress. Other key organizers included

2016:

have specifically written about women involved in the Fifth-Congress.

1656:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

1445:

Workers' League – H.T. Weir, M. Dawson, Gilbert Cargill, Horace Dawson

1264:

The commemorating plaque at Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall, Manchester.

1192:

was also included, but no plans for how to accomplish this were made.

1058:

According to Du Bois, an earlier plan to hold the 4th Congress in the

416:

Eventually, the Congress took place between February 19 and 21 at the

6834: 6793: 6489:

W.E.B. Du Bois and Pan-Africanism: His Place in its Early Development

3910:"Rayford W. Logan: The Evolution of a Pan-African Protege, 1921–1927" 966: 856:

acted as the sole representative for Liberia during this conference.

76: 6597: 6147:"Sixth Pan African Congress: Progress Report on Congress Organizing" 5933:"A Session of the Pan-African Congress, Paris, February 19–22, 1919" 5861: 5785:

Critical Arts: A South-North Journal of Cultural & Media Studies

4811:"Breaking the 'colour bar': Len Johnson, Manchester and anti-racism" 4083:"4th Annual Pan African Congress to be Held in N.Y. August 21,22,23" 1384:

and Independent Labour Party". Historian Saheed Adejumobi writes in

346:

Once the event had permission, American officials in Paris, such as

232:

In December 1918, Du Bois went to France as a representative of the

7539: 6468:

Standing at Armageddon: A Grassroots History of the Progressive Era

5390:"Pan-African Congress Failed to Fulfill Promise of Earlier Session" 4655:"E J Du Plau, a welfare worker from Liverpool attends the Fifth..." 382:

did not believe the timing was right for a Pan-African Congress. A

358:

described as "urgent" and "confidential" began to pass between the

7616: 4374:"It began in Manchester — Manchester and The Pan-African Movement" 2405: 2401: 1895: 1276:, Manchester, United Kingdom, between the 15 and 21 October 1945. 1259: 1172:. The final speeches of the congress were given by H. H. Philips, 1044: 1005: 965:

In 1923, the Third Pan-African Congress was held in London and in

961:– Agreement to hold the third Pan-African Congress in Lisbon, 1921 953: 787: 424:

at the First Pan-African Congress than there had been at the 1900

407: 328: 233: 126:

created the foundations for Pan Africanism in English literature.

102: 6691: 6317:"The Historical Aspects of Pan-Africanism: A Personal Chronicle" 5148: 5146: 5144: 4974: 4972: 1614:

African Development Association – W. Meighan, Dr. Peter Milliard

7543: 6695: 5446:

Minter, William (February 2005). Minter, William; Hovey, Gail;

4149:"Negro Experts Attend Pan-African Congress Opening in New York" 1494:

Gold Coast Farmers' Association – Ashie Nikoi, W.J. Kwesi Mould

5780:"C.L.R. James, Pan-Africanism and the Black Radical Tradition" 5044: 2222:

African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa

2024:

The British press scarcely mentioned the conference. However,

1556:

League of African Peoples, Birmingham – Dr. Clarence J. Piliso

1085:

of New York City was also one of the sponsors of the 4th PAC.

447:

The first speech of the Congress was by Diagne, who said that

436:

and 16 delegates from the U.S. Delegates to the Congress were

5067:

Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre Archives Hub

2157:(TANU) were involved in organizing and hosting the congress. 2051:, the NAACP stepped back from its support of Pan Africanism. 1658:– Alma La Badie, L.A. Thoywell-Henry, V.G. Hamilton, K. Boxer 213:. In addition, Du Bois wanted to oppose the influence of the 5045:"PAC@75: PAN AFRICAN CONGRESS 75TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS" 4629: 2715:"African-American History Month: First Pan-African Congress" 2636:"Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of Pan-Africanism" 1848:

Fraternal delegates, observers and other attendees include:

43:

Members of the Second Pan African Conference, Brussels, 1921

6200:"Du Bois, The Crisis and Images of Africa and the Diaspora" 4989: 4987: 4912:"Pan-African Congress 1945 and 1995 Archive – Archives Hub" 4573: 4571: 2313:

reported that the Congress was very divided and often too "

6248:

Levy, La TaSha; Hill, Sylvia; Claude, Judy (Winter 2008).

6173:"The Elusive History of the Pan-African Congress, 1919–27" 5845:"Du Bois, the NAACP, and the Pan-African Congress of 1919" 2169:, who were involved with the SNCC, helped plan the event. 1896:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

5585: 5583: 5555: 5553: 5223: 5221: 4785:"Pan-African Congress press release 11, ca. October 1945" 4692:"Pan-African Congress press release 11, ca. October 1945" 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3483: 3481: 3468: 3466: 3387: 3385: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 1868:

Federation of Indian Associations - Nagendranath Gangulee

157:

in 1897 to encourage a sense of Pan African unity in the

7823:

W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award

7658:

W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture

7311:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa

5570: 5568: 5417: 5415: 3800: 3798: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3022: 3020: 2942: 2940: 2687: 2685: 2665:"Henry Sylvester Williams: The Father of Pan-Africanism" 6579:"The Worley Report on the Pan-African Congress of 1919" 3743: 3741: 3739: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2806: 2804: 1343:

Planning began in 1944 after Du Bois corresponded with

71:

Congresses took place in order: 1919 in Paris; 1921 in

7876:

African American founding fathers of the United States

5019:"Black Chronicles III: The Fifth Pan-African Congress" 4510:. Leeds University Centre for African Studies (LUCAS). 3758: 3756: 3569: 3567: 3565: 2549: 2547: 2440:

and the historical baggage that surrounds both ideas.

2000:

Women played an important role in the Fifth Congress.

5753:"Some Questions About the Sixth Pan-African Congress" 5371: 5369: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 3851: 3849: 3773: 3771: 2284:

The opening address was given by Tanzanian President

7326:

Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes

6503:"The Radical Evolution of Du Boisian Pan-Africanism" 3232: 3230: 3228: 2927: 2925: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2076:

Black Chronicles III: The Fifth Pan African Congress

7836: 7810: 7784: 7693: 7667: 7577: 7424: 7393: 7355: 7238: 7217: 7208: 7023: 6862: 6853: 6802: 6736: 6729: 4332:

The Story of Africa: Between World Wars (1914–1945)

2337:. It explicitly called out all kinds of racism and 1944:Among the issues addressed at the conference were: 1584:, J.S. Andrew, Jim Nurse, H. Hassan, Basil Roderick 1010:

Delegates of the 1923 Pan-African Congress, Lisbon.

412:

Pan-African Congress in Paris, February 19–22, 1919

6622: 6577: 6520: 6501: 6414: 6379: 6336: 6249: 6222: 6145: 6061: 5979: 5886: 5843: 5824: 5797: 5778: 5751: 4949: 4351: 4349: 3908: 1738:Seamen's and Waterfront Workers' Union – J.M. King 1101:were all active in planning for the 4th PAC. The 1079:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 1069:Women played a significant role in this congress. 27:Series of meetings to address issues facing Africa 4401:"The 1945 Pan-African Congress and its Aftermath" 4376:. BBC News; Black History Month. 14 October 2005. 2240:Hundreds to thousands of participants met at the 2112:has records and documents from the 1945 Congress. 1816:Negro Welfare and Cultural Association – C. Lynch 1666:Progressive Society – J. Tobie, Robert Broadhurst 784:1921 Brussels, London and Paris Congress (Second) 6251:"Rethinking Pan-Africanism for the 21st Century" 6118:. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc. 2469:The eighth Pan-African Congress was held at the 2098:Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre 1871:Federation of Indian Organisations in Britain - 530:, a Belgian peace activist, wrote an article in 5476:Minter, William. Minter, William; Hovey, Gail; 4279:"Negro Congress Wants U.S. Navy to Leave Haiti" 4242:"Representative Delegation at Pan-African Meet" 2265:all attended 6PAC. For Black British activists 1423:R. Johnson, J. McCaskie, R.D. Watson, J.M. King 821: 6453:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 5152: 4978: 2208:James traveled to Tanzania to talk to Cox and 2205:organized delegates from southern California. 1453:Workers' Association: G.R. Tucker, E. Richards 1408:Delegates Fifth Pan-African Congress include: 428:. Africa had twelve delegates with three from 7555: 6707: 6202:. In Benesch, Klaus; Geneviève Fabre (eds.). 5532:"A Brief History of the Pan African Movement" 4951:"The Pan-African Congress in black and white" 4809:Hirsch, Shirin; Brown, Geoff (January 2023). 4471: 4116:"4th Pan-African Congress Plans Nearly Ready" 3535: 2384:The seventh Pan-African Congress was held in 1570:, Edwin J. DuPlan, C.D. Hyde, E. Asuquo Cowan 1470:National Council of Gambia – J. Downes-Thomas 476:political consciousness because they saw the 8: 5063:"Pan-African Congress 1945 and 1995 Archive" 4508:"Remembering the Fifth Pan-African Congress" 4478:Manchester and the 1945 Pan-African Congress 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 3523: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 563:who served as advisors to President Wilson. 165:. The African Association's work led to the 6663:1921 Pan-African Congress, London Manifesto 6105:"The 1980s: The Anti-Apartheid Convergence" 4935: 4386: 3969:"French Desert DuBois' Pan-African Meeting" 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2149:Activists involved in the Washington, D.C. 1728:St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union 1376:(Sri Lankan) organisations, as well as the 1002:and mob law in the US should be suppressed. 79:and London; 1927 in New York City; 1945 in 7562: 7548: 7540: 7214: 6859: 6733: 6714: 6700: 6692: 3921:(8): 31 – via Gale Academic OneFile. 3127:"Pan-African Congress Will Not Be Allowed" 1511:African Progressive Association, London – 1081:were key fundraisers for the meeting. The 7296:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity 6576:Worley, H.F.; Contee, C.G. (April 1970). 6188: 5685:George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary 5200: 4861:Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah 4826: 4426:"1945 Pan-African Congress in Manchester" 3174:"Pan-African Congress Placed Under a Ban" 2151:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1692:National Council of Nigeria and Cameroons 1523:Association of African Descent, Dublin – 833:The only dissenting voices were these of 624:, and French Commissioner General of the 7256:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 6330:(1): 90–104 – via Freedom Archive. 6025:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5733:The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress 5589: 5559: 5005: 4993: 4678: 4577: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4298:"Negro Congress to Ask U.S. Leave Haiti" 4209:"Pickens Addresses Pan-African Congress" 3816: 2473:from January 14 to January 16, 2014, in 1852:Committee of Cyprus Affairs – L. Joannou 1688:Calabar Improvement League – Eyo B. Ndem 1415:Workers' Union – R.G. Small, W.R. Austin 420:. There was greater representation from 63:. It made a significant advance for the 38: 7015:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson 6471:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 5315:Black British History: New Perspectives 4589: 3955: 3943: 3718: 3573: 3556: 3487: 3472: 3429:"Colored Officers and the Regular Army" 3391: 3340: 3313: 3301: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3110: 3049: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2916: 2691: 2663:Kentake, Meserette (19 February 2018). 2611:"The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945" 2519: 2010:Universal Negro Improvement Association 1573:The Young African Progressive League – 1517:African Students' Union of Edinburgh – 1380:and two British political parties, the 1176:, and Y. Hikada on politics in Africa. 950:1923 Lisbon and London Congress (Third) 892:The press in the British colony of the 648:Universal Negro Improvement Association 472:all felt that there was "no room for a 432:. There were 21 delegates representing 30:For South African political party, see 7758:Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil 6446: 5421: 5286:Hill, Sylvia I. B. (27 October 2020). 5281: 5279: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5212: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 4721:"Caribbean Women & Pan Africanism" 4714: 4712: 4506:Høgsbjerg, Christian (12 April 2016). 4501: 4499: 4497: 4399:Katzenellenbogen, Simon (2 May 1995). 4368: 4366: 4364: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4236: 4234: 4110: 4108: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 3996: 3994: 3931: 3867: 3804: 3650: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3511: 3499: 3415: 3403: 3376: 3248: 3219: 3160: 3121: 3119: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3026: 3011: 2904: 2875: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2783: 1730:– J.A. Linton, Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga 1562:The Negro Welfare Centre, Liverpool – 1431:Progressive League – E. de L. Yearwood 1083:Circle for Peace and Foreign Relations 327:. Funding for the event came from the 6675:SNCC Digital Gateway: Organizing 6PAC 6495:(Thesis thesis). McMaster University. 6133:Harrison, Jr., William Henry (1921). 5978:Dunstan, Sarah Claire (Winter 2016). 5637: 5625: 5613: 5601: 5574: 5176: 4442: 4143: 4141: 4069: 3902: 3900: 3828: 3762: 3747: 3730: 3638: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3457: 3364: 3352: 2887: 2795: 2771: 2553: 2538: 2526: 1828:Trade Union Congress – Rupert Gittens 1487:Friends of African Freedom Society – 1479:Aborigines' Rights Protection Society 1386:The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945 587:Matthew Virgil Boutte, United States. 392:Europe. Du Bois did not invite Black 7: 7590:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems 7291:International African Service Bureau 6421:European Journal of American Studies 5958:"Manifesto to the League of Nations" 5842:Contee, Clarence G. (January 1972). 5804:African Journal of Political Science 5750:Baraka, Imamu Amira (October 1974). 5433: 5375: 5270: 5188: 3891: 3879: 3855: 3840: 3789: 3777: 3662: 3202: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2658: 2656: 1577:, E. Brown, George Nelson, Raz Finni 1533:International African Service Bureau 1041:1927 New York City Congress (Fourth) 215:United Negro Improvement Association 7902:Anti-racist organizations in Africa 7828:W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute 7332:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 6514:(9): 151–170 – via EBSCOhost. 6500:Ratcliff, Anthony J. (March 2013). 6110:. In Minter, William; Hovey, Gail; 5791:(4): 484–499 – via EBSCOhost. 5164: 4355: 3236: 2931: 2759: 2738: 2465:2014 Johannesburg Congress (Eighth) 2288:. His speech focused on promoting " 2117:1974 Dar es Salaam Congress (Sixth) 1907:– Miss Levy, R.B. Rose, A.B. Blaine 1120:gave a speech on the importance of 1014:Before the Congress met in London, 878:Methodist Central Hall, Westminster 7261:All-African Trade Union Federation 6519:Rathbone, Richard (October 1995). 5344:"Nyerere Appeals for Black Accord" 5049:Manchester Metropolitan University 4948:Mensah, Nana Yaa (5 August 2015). 2989:University of North Carolina Press 2609:Adejumobi, Saheed (30 July 2008). 2214:Afro-Caribbean Liberation movement 1024:, Du Bois drew on words spoken by 25: 7660:(home, burial site, and memorial) 7321:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 6559:Said, Abdulkadir N. (June 1974). 6335:Mboukou, Alexandre (March 1983). 5823:Claybrook, M. Keith (June 2018). 5777:Bogues, Anthony (December 2011). 5507:"Southern Africa Support Project" 2852:"W E B Du Bois: Letter to London" 2155:Tanganyika African National Union 2034:was also responsible for sending 1297:1945 World Trade Union Conference 1105:served as planning headquarters. 876:The London meeting took place in 360:United States Department of State 32:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 7522: 7510: 7500: 7499: 7490: 7489: 6544:. University of Virginia Press. 6046:Columbia Journal of Race and Law 5837:(8): 1–15 – via EBSCOhost. 4763:W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312) 4602:Annan, Citizen (23 March 2014). 2850:Singh, Iqbal (29 October 2020). 2487: 2004:chaired the opening session and 1859:Communist Party of Great Britain 1268:Following the foundation of the 1256:1945 Manchester Congress (Fifth) 7871:W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America 7766:Black Reconstruction in America 7710:The Study of the Negro Problems 7600:The Exhibit of American Negroes 7595:Atlanta Sociological Laboratory 7585:W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite 7447:All-African Peoples' Conference 6629:Journal of Political Ideologies 6538:Roberts, Brian Russell (2013). 6229:Transafrican Journal of History 6068:Journal of Contemporary History 2713:Reft, Ryan (19 February 2019). 2471:University of the Witwatersrand 2400:who hoped to hold the event in 2380:1994 Kampala Congress (Seventh) 2357:Southern Africa Support Project 1148:. Later speeches were given by 644:M. Edmund Fitzgerald Fredericks 6668:Journal of Pan African Studies 6508:Journal of Pan African Studies 6413:Nidi, Emanuele (Summer 2023). 6291:Lewis, David Levering (2009). 6268:10.1080/00064246.2008.11413420 6139:– via Project Gutenberg. 5905:10.1080/00064246.1974.11431403 5831:Journal of Pan African Studies 5796:Campbell, Horace (June 1996). 5092:Working Class Movement Library 4430:Working Class Movement Library 4006:"The Negro Faces Modern World" 3915:Journal of Pan African Studies 3688:W. E. B. Dubois (April 1919). 3613:Farmer, Ashley (3 July 2016). 2110:Working Class Movement Library 1910:Somali Society – Ismail Dorbeh 1820:Oilfields Workers' Trade Union 1694:– Magnus Williams, F.B. Joseph 662:, Minister of Haiti in France. 314:International Council of Women 1: 7472:United States of Latin Africa 7301:Organisation of African Unity 7230:African Leadership University 6522:"Pan-Africanism: 50 Years On" 6297:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 6294:W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography 5885:Cox, Courtland (April 1974). 5452:"Interview with Geri Augusto" 3975:. 10 November 1923. p. 1 1995: 1950:abandoned mixed-race children 1805:Federated Workers Trade Union 1280:those in the United Kingdom, 1274:Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall 1249:American Negro Labor Congress 199:American Expeditionary Forces 7606:First Pan-African Conference 7286:First Pan-African Conference 6641:10.1080/13569317.2011.575682 6621:Young, Kurt B. (June 2011). 6585:The Journal of Negro History 6533:: 6–9 – via EBSCOhost. 6378:Moore, Laura (Winter 2018). 6193:– via Oxford Academic. 6171:Hodder, Jake (Spring 2021). 5888:"Sixth Pan African Congress" 5850:The Journal of Negro History 5735:. London: New Beacon Books. 5388:Ofari, Earl (26 July 1974). 5153:Levy, Hill & Claude 2008 4979:Levy, Hill & Claude 2008 4405:H-NET List for World History 3180:. 2 February 1919. p. 5 3133:. 1 February 1919. p. 3 2503:First Pan-African Conference 1914:Women's International League 1588:West African Students' Union 1378:Women's International League 1293:West African Students' Union 368:National Equal Rights League 167:First Pan-African Conference 75:, London and Paris; 1923 in 6435:(inactive 27 August 2024). 6144:Hill, Sylvia (April 1974). 4304:. 25 August 1927. p. 2 4285:. 25 August 1927. p. 1 4248:. 27 August 1927. p. 3 4215:. 23 August 1927. p. 6 4185:. 23 August 1927. p. 4 4155:. 22 August 1927. p. 3 2640:UCLA African Studies Center 2242:University of Dar es Salaam 2008:, a Jamaican member of the 1842:The Young Baganda – I. Yatu 1606:Labour Party – S.J. Andrews 1564:E. E. Kwesi Kurankyi-Taylor 1103:Grace Congregational Church 768:, Belgian Peace Commission. 732:, South Africa. (Possibly.) 309:Versailles Peace Conference 282:1919 Paris Congress (First) 7928: 7225:African Leadership Academy 6386:Journal of Women's History 6355:10.1177/002193478301300302 6313:Logan, Rayford Whittingham 6080:10.1177/002200946900400113 5124:"6th Pan-African Congress" 4480:. London: Savannah Press. 4122:. 6 August 1927. p. 3 3690:"The Pan-African Congress" 2856:The National Archives blog 2102:Manchester Central Library 1865:, Wilf Charles, Pat Devine 1855:Common Wealth – Miss Leeds 1832:West Indian National Party 1675:Nyasaland African Congress 1629:Kikuyu Central Association 847:French Chamber of Deputies 692:, United States and Congo. 571:Among the delegates were: 29: 7907:Pan-African organizations 7897:International conferences 7517:Pan-Africanism portal 7485: 7281:Economic Freedom Fighters 7271:Convention People's Party 7246:African Unification Front 6408:– via Project MUSE. 6021:Dunstan, Sarah C (2021). 6016:– via Project MUSE. 5709:Pan-Africanism: A History 5688:. Ian Randle Publishers. 5655:ITUC-AFRICA / CSI-AFRIQUE 5350:. 20 June 1974. p. 2 4828:10.1177/03063968221139993 4476:Sherwood, Marika (1995). 4089:. 23 June 1927. p. 2 2353:apartheid in South Africa 2346:Tanzania Publishing House 2333:throughout Africa to end 2038:to photograph the event. 1920:Other Attendees include: 1905:Negro Welfare Association 1813:– Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga 1786:Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu 1776:African National Congress 1765:West African Youth League 1722:St. Kitts Workers' League 602:Louise Chapoteau, France. 555:Du Bois sent a letter to 400:leaders to the Congress. 7818:W. E. B. Du Bois Library 7437:African-American leftism 7186:Henry Sylvester Williams 6950:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 6343:Journal of Black Studies 6177:History Workshop Journal 5511:African Activist Archive 4328:"The Pan-African Vision" 4179:"For the Unity of Labor" 4002:Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt 3676:The Pan-African Movement 3524:Worley & Contee 1970 3435:. 17 May 1919. p. 1 3178:The Atlanta Constitution 1988:) was receiving UN help. 1878:Independent Labour Party 1767:– I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson 1071:Addie Whiteman Dickerson 151:Henry Sylvester Williams 57:decolonization in Africa 7726:The Souls of Black Folk 7652:Fisk University protest 7495:Pan-Africanism category 7467:United States of Africa 7462:Union of African States 7452:East African Federation 7401:Ethnic groups of Africa 7306:Pan African Association 6895:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 6841:United States of Africa 6103:Goodman, David (2007). 5712:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4936:Adi & Sherwood 1995 4858:Nkrumah, Kwame (2002). 4789:credo.library.umass.edu 4719:Harris, Bonita (1996). 4696:credo.library.umass.edu 4387:Adi & Sherwood 1995 2719:The Library of Congress 2070:Manchester City Council 1891:Tikiri Banda Subasinghe 1887:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 1782:, Makumalo (Mako) Hlubi 1758:Trade Union Congress – 1718:Saint Kitts and Nevis: 1698:Nigerian Youth Movement 1644:People's National Party 1291:It was the wish of the 1087:Beatrice Morrow Cannady 900:L'Avenir Colonial Belge 772:William English Walling 638:Henry Franklin-Bouillon 333:fraternal organizations 7844:Shirley Graham Du Bois 7734:The Negro in the South 7718:The Philadelphia Negro 7276:East African Community 6915:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 6764:Anti-Western sentiment 6651:– via EBSCOhost. 6398:10.1353/jowh.2018.0044 6198:Kirschke, Amy (2004). 5292:Black Power Chronicles 4916:archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk 2983:Gao, Yunxiang (2021). 2432:, women's rights, and 1982:Emperor Haile Selassie 1760:I.T.A. Wallace Johnson 1498:Railway Workers' Union 1489:Bankole Awoonor Renner 1323:as well as condemning 1270:Pan-African Federation 1265: 1050: 1011: 962: 845:and Guadeloupe in the 831: 797: 754:Roscoe Conklin Simmons 742:Charles Edward Russell 426:Pan-African Conference 413: 376:William Monroe Trotter 268:William Henry Sheppard 238:Paris Peace Conference 174:and for the rights of 134:, created the idea of 108: 53:Pan-African Conference 44: 7857:Encyclopedia Africana 7181:Frances Cress Welsing 6443:– via ProQuest. 6040:Gearey, Adam (2012). 5998:10.1353/cal.2016.0017 5394:The Los Angeles Times 2495:Pan-Africanism portal 2450:Ronald Muwenda Mutabi 1996:Women's contributions 1930:Cecil Belfield Clarke 1801:Trinidad and Tobago: 1752:The People's Forum – 1646:– L.A. Thoywell-Henry 1329:racial discrimination 1263: 1138:James Francis Jenkins 1048: 1009: 957: 791: 766:Cyrille Van Overbergh 736:Achille René-Boisneuf 523:West African colonies 478:French Third Republic 466:Achille René-Boisneuf 411: 236:at the same time the 132:Léopold Sédar Senghor 106: 42: 7685:Double consciousness 7647:Pan-African Congress 7363:Black Star of Africa 7316:Pan-African Congress 7266:Conseil de l'Entente 7046:Edward Wilmot Blyden 6970:Abdias do Nascimento 6935:Toussaint Louverture 6486:Pardy, H.G. (1966). 5536:Pan African Congress 5322:. pp. 125–143. 5128:SNCC Digital Gateway 3907:Reed, David (2014). 2273:, Ron Phillips, and 2062:Commemorative plaque 1968:Black South Africans 1711:Trade Union Congress 1650:Trade Union Congress 1618:Trades Union Council 1582:Aaron Albert Mossell 1162:Leslie Pinckney Hill 1158:Leo William Hansbury 708:Joseph Lagrosillière 626:Ministry of Colonies 470:Joseph Lagrosillière 341:James Weldon Johnson 276:James Weldon Johnson 211:anti-colonial values 178:to be recognized by 49:Pan-African Congress 18:Pan African Congress 7416:Conflicts in Africa 7406:Languages of Africa 7380:Pan-African colours 7101:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 6744:African nationalism 6463:Painter, Nell Irvin 6221:Kodi, M.W. (1984). 6190:10.1093/hwj/dbaa032 5992:(1): 133–150, 234. 4885:Bowman, Jack A. W. 4049:Black Agenda Report 3870:, pp. 119–120. 3733:, pp. 414–415. 3355:, p. 123, 124. 2987:. Chapel Hill, NC: 2798:, p. 119, 123. 2131:Pauulu Kamarakafego 1834:– Claude Lushington 1598:, F.R. Kankam-Boadu 1519:J.C deGraft Johnson 1462:Gambia Labour Union 1382:Common Wealth Party 1095:Dorothy R. Peterson 987:British West Indies 817:Shapurji Saklatvala 760:Joel Elias Spingarn 660:Tertullien Guilbaud 498:Addie Waites Hunton 483:Liberian delegate, 460:. Andrade, Diagne, 434:Caribbean countries 337:Mary White Ovington 155:African Association 7632:The Brownies' Book 7432:African philosophy 7411:Religion in Africa 7136:Zephania Mothopeng 7086:Amy Ashwood Garvey 7061:John Henrik Clarke 7051:Stokely Carmichael 7036:Molefi Kete Asante 6990:John Nyathi Pokela 6975:Gamal Abdel Nasser 6616:– via JSTOR. 6373:– via JSTOR. 6286:– via JSTOR. 6243:– via JSTOR. 6166:– via JSTOR. 6152:African Liberation 6112:Cobb, Jr., Charles 6098:– via JSTOR. 5923:– via JSTOR. 5818:– via JSTOR. 5772:– via JSTOR. 5604:, p. 145-146. 5538:. 14 February 2020 5478:Cobb, Jr., Charles 5448:Cobb, Jr., Charles 5179:, p. 155-156. 4087:The Black Dispatch 4004:(26 August 1927). 3958:, p. 125-126. 3536:Harrison, Jr. 1921 3316:, p. 142-143. 3287:, p. 141-142. 2919:, p. 121-122. 2878:, p. 116-117. 2430:HIV/AIDS in Africa 2374:Amy Jacques Garvey 2255:Queen Mother Moore 2218:New Jewel Movement 2175:Geri Stark Augusto 2002:Amy Ashwood Garvey 1746:Teachers' Union – 1679:Dr. Hastings Banda 1575:Adeniran Ogunsanya 1568:James Eggay Taylor 1541:Amy Ashwood Garvey 1466:I.M. Garba-Jahumpa 1345:Amy Jacques Garvey 1266: 1233:Amy Jacques Garvey 1154:Helen Noble Curtis 1130:Reginald G. Barrow 1051: 1012: 971:Helen Noble Curtis 963: 959:Helen Noble Curtis 931:George Rubin Hutto 925:Amy Jacques Garvey 866:Paul Panda Farnana 854:Helen Noble Curtis 826:particeps criminis 798: 748:Benjamin F. Seldon 724:Robert Russa Moton 702:Charles D. B. King 684:George Rubin Hutto 654:Amy Jacques Garvey 612:Helen Noble Curtis 509:should be granted 489:Helen Noble Curtis 485:Charles D. B. King 444:during the event. 414: 372:Madam C. J. Walker 321:Georges Clemenceau 109: 45: 7884: 7883: 7864:The Negro Problem 7537: 7536: 7529:Africa portal 7369:Le Marron Inconnu 7351: 7350: 7204: 7203: 7000:Ahmed Sékou Touré 6849: 6848: 6769:Black nationalism 6749:African socialism 6478:978-0-393-33192-9 6433:10.4000/ejas.2034 6304:978-0-8050-8805-2 6256:The Black Scholar 5956:(November 1921). 5954:Du Bois, W. E. B. 5929:Du Bois, W. E. B. 5893:The Black Scholar 5719:978-1-4742-5430-4 5486:No Easy Victories 5456:No Easy Victories 5329:978-1-78699-427-1 4871:978-0-901787-60-6 4660:. 28 October 2003 2310:Los Angeles Times 2297:Howard University 2191:Sylvia I. B. Hill 1713:– A. Soyemi Coker 1594:, F.O.B. Blaize, 1309:Republic of Haiti 1221:Dantès Bellegarde 1181:Reverdy C. Ransom 1170:Charles H. Wesley 1146:T. Augustus Toote 1134:Dantès Bellegarde 1122:worker solidarity 996:and South Africa. 778:Richard R. Wright 634:, NAACP delegate. 557:Winston Churchill 546:Maurice Delafosse 422:African countries 380:French government 352:George Louis Beer 301:Edmund Fredericks 242:League of Nations 176:indigenous people 172:cultural identity 16:(Redirected from 7919: 7612:Niagara Movement 7571:W. E. B. Du Bois 7564: 7557: 7550: 7541: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7515: 7514: 7503: 7502: 7493: 7492: 7385:Pan-African flag 7215: 7161:Randall Robinson 7096:Leonard Jeffries 7076:W. E. B. Du Bois 7071:Cheikh Anta Diop 7066:Martin R. Delany 6890:David Comissiong 6860: 6759:Anti-imperialism 6734: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6693: 6652: 6626: 6617: 6581: 6572: 6555: 6534: 6524: 6515: 6505: 6496: 6494: 6482: 6458: 6452: 6444: 6418: 6409: 6383: 6374: 6340: 6331: 6321: 6308: 6287: 6253: 6244: 6226: 6217: 6194: 6192: 6167: 6149: 6140: 6129: 6109: 6099: 6065: 6063:"Pan-Africanism" 6060:(January 1969). 6053: 6036: 6017: 5983: 5974: 5962: 5949: 5937: 5924: 5890: 5881: 5847: 5838: 5828: 5819: 5801: 5792: 5782: 5773: 5755: 5746: 5729:Sherwood, Marika 5723: 5699: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5578: 5572: 5563: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5283: 5274: 5268: 5255: 5254:, p. 43-45. 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5120: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5023:Contemporary And 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4982: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4830: 4815:Race & Class 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4716: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4628:James, Finding. 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4503: 4492: 4491: 4473: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4302:The Daily Worker 4294: 4292: 4290: 4283:The Daily Worker 4275: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4246:The New York Age 4238: 4229: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4213:The Daily Worker 4205: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4183:The Daily Worker 4175: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4153:The Daily Worker 4145: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4120:The New York Age 4112: 4103: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4041: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4017: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3912: 3904: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3766: 3760: 3751: 3745: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3685: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3610: 3577: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3514:, p. 24-25. 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3263:, p. 23-24. 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3223: 3217: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3123: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3053: 3047: 3030: 3024: 3015: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2980: 2974: 2973:, p. 23-28. 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2847: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2710: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2606: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2438:Marxism-Leninism 1940:Issues addressed 1922:Raphael Armattoe 1900:W. E. B. Du Bois 1807:– George Padmore 1245:Richard B. Moore 1140:, H. K. Rakhit, 1091:Dora Cole Norman 943:Albert Marryshow 939:, United States. 933:, United States. 919:Addie E. Dillard 806:W. E. B. Du Bois 796:, Brussels, 1921 774:, United States. 762:, United States. 756:, United States. 750:, United States. 744:, United States. 726:, United States. 720:, United States. 698:, United States. 696:William Jernagin 686:, United States. 680:, United States. 674:, United States. 668:, United States. 650:(UNIA) delegate. 632:W. E. B. Du Bois 614:, United States. 293:W. E. B. Du Bois 250:African colonies 246:Peace Conference 227:Black separatism 184:W. E. B. Du Bois 163:African diaspora 159:British Colonies 21: 7927: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7850:Yolande Du Bois 7832: 7806: 7780: 7689: 7663: 7573: 7568: 7538: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7509: 7505:Africa category 7481: 7420: 7389: 7347: 7234: 7200: 7196:Omali Yeshitela 7176:Issa Laye Thiaw 7106:Maulana Karenga 7091:John G. Jackson 7019: 6940:Patrice Lumumba 6905:Muammar Gaddafi 6845: 6810:African century 6798: 6725: 6720: 6659: 6620: 6598:10.2307/2716447 6575: 6558: 6552: 6537: 6518: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6461: 6445: 6412: 6377: 6334: 6319: 6315:(Summer 1965). 6311: 6305: 6290: 6247: 6220: 6214: 6197: 6170: 6143: 6132: 6126: 6107: 6102: 6056: 6039: 6033: 6020: 5977: 5960: 5952: 5935: 5927: 5884: 5862:10.2307/2717070 5841: 5822: 5795: 5776: 5749: 5743: 5726: 5720: 5702: 5696: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5558: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5413: 5399: 5397: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5367: 5353: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4759:"Africa Speaks" 4757: 4756: 4752: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4630:"Finding James" 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4528:. 15 July 2005. 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4504: 4495: 4488: 4475: 4474: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4432:. October 2013. 4424: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4265: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4232: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4158: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4125: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4106: 4092: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4029: 4015: 4013: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3978: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3894:, pp. 7–8. 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3708: 3692: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3580: 3572: 3563: 3555: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3438: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3226: 3218: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3150: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3056: 3048: 3033: 3025: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2698: 2690: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2560: 2552: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2467: 2446: 2426:racial category 2422:Yoweri Museveni 2418: 2394: 2386:Kampala, Uganda 2382: 2365: 2323: 2305: 2238: 2210:Mwalimu Nyerere 2187:Kathy Flewellen 2153:(SNCC) and the 2147: 2119: 2057: 2044: 2022: 1998: 1942: 1934:Dudley Thompson 1824:John F.F. Rojas 1702:Obafemi Awolowo 1548:Ras T. Makonnen 1508:Great Britain: 1366:Marika Sherwood 1362: 1341: 1317:First World War 1282:Afro-Caribbeans 1258: 1198: 1189: 1166:Georges Sylvain 1118:William Pickens 1111: 1062:, specifically 1056: 1043: 1035:Gratien Candace 952: 909: 890: 874: 862: 839:Gratien Candace 792:Session in the 786: 597:Gratien Candace 576:Alfredo Andrade 569: 561:Edward M. House 550:Harry F. Worley 542:racial problems 533:La Patrie Belge 506: 462:Gratien Candace 454:Alfredo Andrade 406: 348:Tasker H. Bliss 325:Abraham Lincoln 289: 284: 255:people of color 207:Fourteen Points 128:French speakers 124:Olaudah Equiano 120:Ottobah Cugoano 101: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7925: 7923: 7915: 7914: 7912:Pan-Africanism 7909: 7904: 7899: 7889: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7860: 7853: 7847: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7796: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7730: 7722: 7714: 7706: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7675:Talented Tenth 7671: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7644: 7636: 7628: 7620: 7614: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7544: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7519: 7507: 7497: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7477:Year of Africa 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7442:Africanization 7439: 7434: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7191:Amos N. Wilson 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7151:Runoko Rashidi 7148: 7143: 7141:George Padmore 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7010:Robert Sobukwe 7007: 7005:Haile Selassie 7002: 6997: 6995:Thomas Sankara 6992: 6987: 6985:Julius Nyerere 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6920:Kenneth Kaunda 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6900:Anténor Firmin 6897: 6892: 6887: 6885:Amílcar Cabral 6882: 6880:Nnamdi Azikiwe 6877: 6872: 6866: 6864: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6789:Uhuru Movement 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6723:Pan-Africanism 6721: 6719: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6680:B. F. Bankie, 6678: 6672: 6658: 6657:External links 6655: 6654: 6653: 6635:(2): 145–167. 6618: 6592:(2): 140–143. 6573: 6565:New Directions 6556: 6550: 6535: 6516: 6497: 6483: 6477: 6459: 6410: 6392:(4): 109–133. 6375: 6349:(3): 275–288. 6332: 6309: 6303: 6288: 6245: 6218: 6212: 6195: 6183:(1): 113–131. 6168: 6141: 6130: 6125:978-1592215751 6124: 6100: 6074:(1): 187–200. 6058:Geiss, Imanuel 6054: 6037: 6031: 6018: 5975: 5950: 5925: 5882: 5839: 5820: 5793: 5774: 5758:Black Politics 5747: 5741: 5724: 5718: 5700: 5694: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5642: 5640:, p. 164. 5630: 5628:, p. 147. 5618: 5616:, p. 146. 5606: 5594: 5579: 5577:, p. 161. 5564: 5549: 5523: 5498: 5468: 5438: 5426: 5411: 5406:Newspapers.com 5380: 5365: 5360:Newspapers.com 5335: 5328: 5304: 5275: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5230:, p. 495. 5217: 5205: 5201:Claybrook 2018 5193: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5140: 5104: 5079: 5054: 5036: 5010: 5008:, p. 160. 4998: 4996:, p. 158. 4983: 4968: 4940: 4928: 4903: 4877: 4870: 4850: 4801: 4776: 4750: 4708: 4683: 4671: 4646: 4620: 4594: 4592:, p. 280. 4582: 4580:, p. 157. 4567: 4565:, p. 156. 4555: 4553:, p. 155. 4543: 4541:, p. 154. 4531: 4526:Shadow and Act 4513: 4493: 4486: 4447: 4445:, p. 192. 4435: 4417: 4391: 4379: 4360: 4345: 4319: 4314:Newspapers.com 4263: 4258:Newspapers.com 4230: 4225:Newspapers.com 4200: 4195:Newspapers.com 4170: 4165:Newspapers.com 4137: 4132:Newspapers.com 4104: 4099:Newspapers.com 4074: 4062: 4027: 4022:Newspapers.com 3990: 3985:Newspapers.com 3960: 3948: 3946:, p. 276. 3936: 3934:, p. 488. 3924: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3819:, p. 246. 3809: 3807:, p. 121. 3794: 3782: 3767: 3752: 3750:, p. 125. 3735: 3723: 3706: 3680: 3667: 3665:, p. 7-8. 3655: 3653:, p. 119. 3643: 3641:, p. 114. 3631: 3578: 3561: 3559:, p. 141. 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3490:, p. 140. 3477: 3475:, p. 279. 3462: 3450: 3445:Newspapers.com 3420: 3408: 3396: 3394:, p. 144. 3381: 3379:, p. 124. 3369: 3367:, p. 124. 3357: 3345: 3343:, p. 143. 3318: 3306: 3304:, p. 142. 3289: 3277: 3275:, p. 138. 3265: 3253: 3251:, p. 270. 3241: 3224: 3207: 3195: 3190:Newspapers.com 3165: 3148: 3143:Newspapers.com 3131:The Macon News 3115: 3113:, p. 355. 3103: 3101:, p. 114. 3091: 3089:, p. 113. 3079: 3054: 3052:, p. 136. 3031: 3029:, p. 120. 3016: 3014:, p. 117. 3004: 2997: 2975: 2963: 2961:, p. 139. 2951: 2936: 2921: 2909: 2892: 2890:, p. 119. 2880: 2868: 2839: 2827: 2825:, p. 115. 2815: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2774:, p. 113. 2764: 2743: 2731: 2696: 2694:, p. 135. 2681: 2652: 2627: 2558: 2556:, p. 189. 2543: 2541:, p. 188. 2531: 2529:, p. 187. 2518: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2508:Pan-Africanism 2505: 2499: 2498: 2482: 2479: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2445: 2442: 2417: 2414: 2410:white Africans 2393: 2390: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2369:Anna J. Cooper 2364: 2361: 2327:neocolonialism 2322: 2319: 2304: 2301: 2286:Julius Nyerere 2237: 2234: 2203:David L. Horne 2183:Julian Ellison 2171:C. L. R. James 2146: 2143: 2135:neocolonialism 2118: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2108:papers at the 2094: 2091: 2088: 2073: 2056: 2053: 2043: 2040: 2021: 2018: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986:fascist regime 1978: 1975:White settlers 1971: 1964: 1961: 1958:discriminatory 1941: 1938: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1856: 1853: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1780:Peter Abrahams 1772:South Africa: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1743:Sierra Leone: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1552:George Padmore 1537:Peter Abrahams 1530: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1435:Workers' Union 1432: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1403:Nnamdi Azikiwe 1390:Hastings Banda 1361: 1358: 1353:George Padmore 1340: 1337: 1321:decolonization 1286:Afro-Americans 1257: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1227:Anna J. Cooper 1224: 1197: 1194: 1188: 1185: 1110: 1107: 1064:Port-au-Prince 1055: 1052: 1042: 1039: 1026:Ida Gibbs Hunt 1004: 1003: 997: 990: 983: 951: 948: 947: 946: 940: 934: 928: 922: 916: 913:Anna J. Cooper 908: 905: 889: 886: 882:Palais Mondial 873: 870: 861: 858: 794:Palais Mondial 785: 782: 781: 780: 775: 769: 763: 757: 751: 745: 739: 733: 727: 721: 715: 705: 699: 693: 690:George Jackson 687: 681: 675: 672:Ida Gibbs Hunt 669: 663: 657: 651: 641: 635: 629: 615: 609: 606:Anna J. Cooper 603: 600: 594: 588: 585: 579: 568: 565: 505: 502: 405: 402: 297:Ida Gibbs Hunt 288: 285: 283: 280: 112:Pan Africanism 100: 97: 91:; and 2014 in 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7924: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7846:(second wife) 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7800:Dark Princess 7797: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7553: 7551: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7498: 7496: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Lion of Judah 7373: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7251:African Union 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Organizations 7207: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7171:Burning Spear 7169: 7167: 7166:Walter Rodney 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7146:Motsoko Pheko 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7126:Archie Mafeje 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7111:Alice Kinloch 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6980:Kwame Nkrumah 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6965:Robert Mugabe 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945:Samora Machel 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6930:Jomo Kenyatta 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6910:Marcus Garvey 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6551:9780813933696 6547: 6543: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6527:History Today 6523: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6324:African Forum 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6052:(3): 265–272. 6051: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6032:9781108764971 6028: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5695:9789766373504 5691: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5590:Campbell 1996 5586: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560:Campbell 1996 5556: 5554: 5550: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5469: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5427: 5424:, p. 46. 5423: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5305: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5245: 5242:, p. 43. 5241: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5215:, p. 42. 5214: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5194: 5191:, p. 36. 5190: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5170: 5167:, p. 33. 5166: 5161: 5158: 5155:, p. 40. 5154: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5093: 5089: 5088:"Len Johnson" 5083: 5080: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5006:Ratcliff 2013 5002: 4999: 4995: 4994:Ratcliff 2013 4990: 4988: 4984: 4981:, p. 39. 4980: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4957: 4956:New Statesman 4952: 4944: 4941: 4938:, p. 11. 4937: 4932: 4929: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4802: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4679:Rathbone 1995 4675: 4672: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4635: 4634:Finding James 4631: 4624: 4621: 4609: 4608:Citizen Annan 4605: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4578:Ratcliff 2013 4574: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4563:Ratcliff 2013 4559: 4556: 4552: 4551:Ratcliff 2013 4547: 4544: 4540: 4539:Ratcliff 2013 4535: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4303: 4299: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4166: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4072:, p. 99. 4071: 4066: 4063: 4051:. 1 June 2022 4050: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3858:, p. 68. 3857: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3843:, p. 48. 3842: 3837: 3834: 3831:, p. 68. 3830: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3817:Kirschke 2004 3813: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3783: 3780:, p. 49. 3779: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3765:, p. 67. 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3721:, p. 18. 3720: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3538:, p. 84. 3537: 3532: 3529: 3526:, p. 25. 3525: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3502:, p. 18. 3501: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3460:, p. 52. 3459: 3454: 3451: 3446: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3418:, p. 27. 3417: 3412: 3409: 3406:, p. 22. 3405: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3239:, p. 46. 3238: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3222:, p. 24. 3221: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3163:, p. 19. 3162: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3077:, p. 23. 3076: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2998:9781469664606 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2949:, p. 23. 2948: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2934:, p. 45. 2933: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2907:, p. 20. 2906: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2837:, p. 16. 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2813:, p. 14. 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2786:, p. 13. 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2762:, p. 44. 2761: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2741:, p. 43. 2740: 2735: 2732: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2434:globalization 2431: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Florence Tate 2260: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:Loretta Hobbs 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:James Garrett 2164: 2163:Courtland Cox 2160: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2133:to challenge 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123:Dar es Salaam 2116: 2111: 2107: 2106:Len Johnson's 2103: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2080:Autograph ABP 2077: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2055:Commemoration 2054: 2052: 2050: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:Alma La Badie 2003: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1867: 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Mosley 1325:imperialism 1156:, Du Bois, 1060:West Indies 1016:Isaac Béton 730:Sol Plaatje 582:John Archer 578:, Portugal. 458:anecdotally 449:assimilated 418:Grand Hotel 217:(UNIA) and 203:reparations 195:World War I 147:Trinidadian 65:Pan-African 61:West Indies 59:and in the 7891:Categories 7852:(daughter) 7742:John Brown 7680:Color line 7624:The Crisis 7131:Ali Mazrui 7041:Steve Biko 6855:Proponents 6686:Ghana Nsem 6441:3060797706 6213:9042008806 6206:. Rodopi. 6014:1790184012 5966:The Crisis 5941:The Crisis 5810:(1): 1–8. 5742:1873201125 5704:Adi, Hakim 5680:Adi, Hakim 5638:Young 2011 5626:Young 2011 5614:Young 2011 5602:Young 2011 5575:Young 2011 5318:. London: 5177:Young 2011 4487:0951972022 4443:Geiss 1969 4334:. BBC News 4070:Logan 1965 3973:The Appeal 3829:Pardy 1966 3763:Pardy 1966 3748:Moore 2018 3731:Lewis 2009 3697:The Crisis 3639:Moore 2018 3458:Pardy 1966 3365:Moore 2018 3353:Moore 2018 2888:Moore 2018 2796:Moore 2018 2772:Moore 2018 2615:Black Past 2554:Geiss 1969 2539:Geiss 1969 2527:Geiss 1969 2514:References 2335:oppression 2275:Ansel Wong 2220:, and the 2066:Kath Locke 1954:colour bar 1796:S. Rahinda 1793:Tanzania: 1652:– Ken Hill 1592:Joe Appiah 1502:J.S. Annan 1428:Barbados: 1333:capitalism 1202:Gold Coast 1126:Nana Amoah 1021:The Crisis 945:, Grenada. 894:Gold Coast 811:The Crisis 712:Gaudeloupe 704:, Liberia. 584:, Britain. 528:Paul Otlet 394:socialists 370:including 188:color line 180:colonizers 99:Background 87:; 1994 in 83:; 1974 in 81:Manchester 7793:The Comet 7750:The Negro 7642:newspaper 7239:Political 7121:Malcolm X 7116:Fela Kuti 6960:Tom Mboya 6821:Négritude 6784:Sankarism 6779:Nkrumaism 6774:Garveyism 6649:145750311 6614:149559631 6571:(4): 1–6. 6406:149526534 6371:144410438 6284:146626722 6235:: 48–73. 6096:220873954 6006:159668506 5921:147619284 5878:150226798 5434:Said 1974 5376:Said 1974 5320:Zed Books 5271:Said 1974 5189:Hill 1974 5097:27 August 5072:27 August 4864:. Panaf. 4845:254910173 4837:0306-3968 4737:1027-0353 3892:Nidi 2023 3880:Nidi 2023 3856:Kodi 1984 3841:Kodi 1984 3790:Nidi 2023 3778:Kodi 1984 3663:Nidi 2023 3203:Nidi 2023 2444:Delegates 2363:Attendees 2331:socialism 2303:Reception 2279:Palestine 2139:apartheid 2049:Red Scare 2020:Reception 2014:Hakim Adi 1685:Nigeria: 1663:Liberia: 1640:Jamaica: 1603:Grenada: 1513:Koi Larbi 1450:Bermuda: 1420:Bahamas: 1412:Antigua: 1374:Ceylonese 1360:Attendees 1196:Delegates 907:Delegates 852:American 666:John Hope 640:, France. 567:Delegates 511:home rule 474:diasporan 356:telegrams 136:Négritude 116:abolition 7795:" (1920) 7668:Concepts 7634:magazine 7626:magazine 7394:Dynamics 6875:Idi Amin 6803:Concepts 6737:Variants 6730:Ideology 6465:(2008). 6437:ProQuest 6276:41069282 6241:24328489 6164:41066330 6114:(eds.). 6010:ProQuest 5986:Callaloo 5948:(1): 32. 5913:41066329 5816:23489739 5770:41065763 5731:(1995). 5706:(2018). 5682:(2009). 5480:(eds.). 5450:(eds.). 5165:Cox 1974 4745:23489741 4356:Adi 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