486:
343:
426:(Mountain Men, a guerrilla warfare unit named after a sort of aggressive wild boar), the 1st Public Order Co. "Doberman" (a riot police force), the UESAT (Unidades Especiales de Servicio Anti Terror, an Israeli trained counter-terrorism strike force). That way, he was able not only to maintain an iron grip on day to day political affairs but also to survive various attempted coups. The "Doberman" Co. was disbanded and replaced by the 2nd Public Order Co. "Centurions" after the "Dobermen" key role in the last coup attempt against Noriega.
708:
701:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1174:
694:
687:
680:
673:
47:
507:
Service and the
National Immigration Service) and the Government Ministry (an Executive branch in charge of themes related with public governance and internal security) The Ministry of Public Security was formally created on April 14 the same year with the passage of Law no.15 by the National Assembly proving for its creation. Only the Institutional Protection Service reports directly to the Ministry of the Presidency.
1376:
1255:
1134:
949:
784:
619:
363:, Remón resigned his commission and ran for president for a coalition that won the elections in 1952. One of his first acts as President was to reorganize the National Police along military lines with a new name, Guardia Nacional de Panamá (National Guard of Panamá). The new grouping retained police functions as well. With a new name came increased American funding.
418:, who restructured all of the National Guard's military and police forces under his command, into the Fuerzas de Defensa de Panamá (Panama Defense Forces). He built the PDF into a structured force, and further consolidated his political power. Under Noriega, the PDF was more a tool of political control, than a force dedicated to national defense and law enforcement.
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
666:
659:
442:, when U.S. Forces invaded Panama and overthrew Noriega in 1989, where only some individuals (including last-minute civilian volunteers who despite opposing the regime considered their duty to fight against foreign forces), small units, and in some cases even the Dignity Battalions presented more armed resistance.
515:
In 2012, the
National Customs Authority, the National Immigration Service (SNM), and the National Passport Service, following advice from the government of the United States of America would merge and form other security sectors autonomous or entity of the Republic of Panama, the Government Executive
573:
The
National Aeronaval Service has a Marine battalion, aviation security police group, an air group, naval squadron and SAR unit. The IPS has a full Presidential Guard battalion plus, starting from 2015, a Pikemen and Musketeers' Company and Cavalry Squad wearing historical uniforms from the 16th to
458:
By then, The PPF included the
National Police, National Maritime Service, National Air Service, Judicial and Technical Police (PTJ) for investigatory activities, and an armed Institutional Protection Service or SPI which consist mainly on the Presidential Guard. The PPF is also capable of performing
493:
The following three years were formative for the
Panamanian Public Forces. As these institutions endeavored to understand their roles within the greater Government of Panama's strategy and goals, the services struggled for funding, manning, and training to counter Panama's burgeoning threats. While
581:
While training for other ranks is per their respective training commands, officer training for the PFF is done at the
National Police Academy "Doctor Justo Arosemena" in Panama City and all officers graduate with a bachelor's degree and are commissioned Second Lieutenants. Many officers of the PPF
454:
abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the
Panamanian Public Forces. In October 1994, Panama's Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force, but allowing the establishment of a special temporary
421:
Besides consolidating his grasp on power by increasing military forces and spending, Noriega also increased the power and influence of the PDF Military
Intelligence Section (G-2 for its standard military designation), which he commanded prior his rise to power and it became a secret police, feared
506:
proposed the
Ministry of Government and Justice to be divided in two new Ministries: The Ministry of Public Security (in charge of security policies and affairs, also oversight of security forces and intelligence agencies including the National Police, National Borders Service, National Aeronaval
437:
As stated before, the PDF main role as a tool for political control of the population by intimidation, coercion and even direct aggression, instead of the legitimate role of armed forces in national defense, was proved when they showed to be largely ineffective as a combat force during
465:
In 2007 the
Judicial and Technical Police (PTJ) was split into the Judicial Investigation Directorate (DIJ), which was merged back into the National Police, and a group of minor technical services that were to remain under the General Attorney's control. In November 2008, the
433:
composed by regular sympathizers and the CODEPADI, a similar group formed by civil servants inside public institutions; both intended to bolster up forces to be used in case of foreign military action, but were mainly used as shock troops in acts of political repression.
388:, after newly elected Arias forced senior officers into retirement or assignments in distant provinces by presidential order. They completed the process of converting the Guard into a full-fledged army. In the process, they promoted themselves to full
1281:
1160:
810:
645:
519:
The relevant decree for the merger was published in the Official Gazette 27165 of 16 November 2012 as the first step towards that goal. This process never materialized, and all institutions were allowed to follow their path in the same way.
516:
issued Decree 871 of November 14, 2012 that creates an interagency commission to first handle structuring, coordination, and technical processes for the merger of the first customs and immigration agencies to subsequently merge passports.
1402:
975:
1274:
1153:
803:
638:
1395:
968:
1267:
1146:
796:
631:
485:
1388:
961:
2578:
555:
At this time, the National Public Forces had a total strength of 11,000 personnel and was equipped only with small arms. Today, the National Police has a total of 25,000 active sworn personnel.
281:
forces, and small air and maritime forces. They are tasked with law enforcement and can perform limited military actions. Since 2010 they have reported to the Ministry of Public Security.
482:(National Borders Service, at the time a special branch of the National Police) was created as an independent force from the National Police for the defense of the national borders.
2291:
2570:
2558:
1728:
2412:
342:
166:
494:
the separate services within the Panamanian Public Forces received varying levels of government support, the Forces writ large respected human rights.
327:
in other Latin American countries. Combined with increased spending on the police, this began a process of militarization. The process sped up under
1659:
523:
Although not a part of the Public Forces, the new National Immigration Service reports to the Public Security Ministry directly and is regarded as a
2284:
1828:
2455:
2352:
251:
2165:
1669:
1877:
270:, had been belligerent toward the U.S. culminating in the killing of a U.S. Marine lieutenant and U.S. invasion ordered by U.S. President
2402:
2013:
423:
2277:
1885:
397:
306:
1872:
1867:
1862:
350:, one of several deluxe vehicles impounded in high-profile cases that were converted to patrol vehicles of the National Police force.
2554:
2417:
2312:
1776:
1757:
1654:
371:
2342:
2244:
2043:
2018:
1937:
1841:
439:
328:
259:
194:
462:
In contrast to the former PDF, the Panamanian Public Forces is on public record and under control of the (elected) government.
2508:
1890:
414:
After Torrijos' death, and two successive commanders with lesser political influence, the position was eventually assumed by
1927:
339:'s military academy. He began promoting fewer enlisted men to officer rank, giving the police a more military character.
2099:
575:
2626:
2582:
2357:
2317:
1988:
1947:
1857:
1821:
1647:
Public security index : Central America : Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama
563:
2598:
2538:
2422:
2337:
2123:
2089:
2033:
2028:
2003:
1259:
1138:
788:
623:
189:
184:
2367:
2218:
1998:
1932:
2528:
2488:
2460:
2377:
2188:
1942:
1917:
1912:
2574:
2513:
2407:
2392:
2038:
1380:
953:
559:
320:. Instead, the country set up a "National Police." For 48 years, this was the only armed force in Panama.
179:
455:
military to counter acts of "external aggression." The PDF was replaced with the Panamanian Public Forces.
2322:
2140:
2008:
1978:
1814:
582:
nowadays are also graduates of foreign exchange programs in Latin American military and police academies.
140:
323:
However, starting in the late 1930s, the National Police attracted several new recruits who had attended
2493:
2382:
2372:
2332:
2198:
2155:
2071:
409:
263:
1645:
2533:
2478:
2440:
2387:
2347:
2327:
2203:
2150:
707:
700:
429:
Due to the political turmoil of the late 1980s, he formed the civilian paramilitary unit called the
2590:
2562:
2550:
2523:
2518:
2503:
2498:
2483:
2450:
2145:
2109:
1983:
1973:
1900:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1173:
693:
686:
679:
672:
360:
1599:
2183:
2160:
1961:
503:
430:
585:
NCOs and basic level constables are trained in the National Police Institute Belisario Porras.
2586:
2445:
2237:
2175:
2104:
2081:
2076:
2059:
1849:
1772:
1753:
1736:
1665:
393:
378:
317:
278:
271:
451:
324:
227:
1708:
1688:
2606:
2602:
2253:
2208:
2135:
235:
552:
The IISS also noted that there were reports of a special forces unit having been formed.
422:
even inside the PDF ranks; and he also relied on several loyal military units, like the
396:, and was the de facto ruler of the country until his death in a 1981 plane crash. (See
2594:
2472:
2193:
1694:. Ministerio de Gobierno y Justicia de la República de Panamá. 13 May 2009. p. 20.
415:
267:
2620:
2566:
2468:
2258:
1993:
1922:
385:
367:
313:
243:
2094:
566:, plus a special forces brigade, an independent brigade patrolling the border with
382:
375:
303:
255:
2213:
1709:"REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ MINISTERIO DE GOBIERNO Y JUSTICIA DECRETO EJECUTIVO Nº 103"
574:
17th centuries, at the start of Spanish rule in Panama, in the tradition of the
135:
489:
American and Panamanian security forces practice water steering and maneuvering
17:
567:
332:
294:
Panama's first army was formed in 1903 when the commander of a brigade of the
247:
1740:
2269:
46:
316:
persuaded Panama that a standing army could threaten the security of the
299:
295:
2464:
2362:
389:
1837:
1375:
1254:
1133:
948:
783:
618:
347:
336:
312:
In 1904, the army tried to overthrow the government but failed. The
239:
122:
266:
which ruled Panama from 1968 to 1989. The final military dictator,
1806:
535:
As of 2012, the National Police Force's maneuver units comprised:
484:
341:
470:(National Air Service) merged with its maritime counterpart, the
1438:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
665:
658:
2273:
1810:
392:. Torrijos thrust Martínez aside in 1969, promoted himself to
335:(commanding officer) in 1947. He himself had graduated from
213:
2601:) are not listed. The uninhabited disputed territories of
502:
In February 2010, the new administration led by President
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1519:
1517:
1639:
1637:
570:
and a infantry brigade responsible for central Panama.
562:
is organized into a division of 2 brigades, all in the
450:
On February 10, 1990, the government of then President
1769:
Political Culture in Panama: Democracy after Invasion
2431:
2305:
2174:
2122:
2058:
1960:
1899:
1848:
1582:
1580:
206:
172:
162:
154:
149:
128:
118:
113:
105:
95:
87:
82:
72:
64:
56:
35:
539:One presidential guard battalion (under-strength)
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1507:
1505:
2285:
1822:
1729:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1655:Security and Defense Network of Latin America
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1396:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1275:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1154:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
969:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
804:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
639:
8:
2585:) is not listed. The uninhabited islands of
1794:Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics,
478:(National Aeronaval Service), also the new
309:. His brigade became the Panamanian army.
258:security force. This came as a result of a
2292:
2278:
2270:
2128:
2064:
1966:
1905:
1829:
1815:
1807:
1403:
1389:
1282:
1268:
1161:
1147:
976:
962:
811:
797:
646:
632:
511:Immigration, Customs, and Passport Service
474:(National Maritime Service) to become the
1703:
1701:
1683:
1681:
359:After playing a role in overthrowing two
232:Fuerza Pública de la República de Panamá
1556:
1544:
1523:
1501:
1386:
1265:
1144:
959:
794:
629:
366:In 1968, the Guard overthrew President
32:
1586:
1443:
1420:
1411:
1322:
1299:
1290:
1201:
1178:
1169:
984:
819:
654:
101:50,000 part-time & reserve agents
7:
1653:. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires:
398:Panamanian Air Force FAP-205 crash
307:fight for separation from Colombia
302:to the pro-separation side during
277:Panama maintains armed police and
242:. Panama is the second country in
25:
2555:Federal Dependencies of Venezuela
27:National security force of Panama
2413:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1437:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1374:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1253:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1132:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
947:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
782:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
617:
254:, with Panama retaining a small
195:Institutional Protection Service
45:
1750:Historical Dictionary of Panama
1891:Reunification of Gran Colombia
480:Servicio Nacional de Fronteras
51:Flag of the Republic of Panama
1:
1796:Transaction Publishing, 2001.
542:One military police battalion
2539:United States Virgin Islands
2484:Collectivity of Saint Martin
1752:. Rowman & Littlefield.
576:Honourable Artillery Company
545:Eight paramilitary companies
424:7th Inf Co. "Macho de Monte"
199:National Immigration Service
60:Guardia, Policia, Fronterizo
2166:Water supply and sanitation
1803:Greenwood Publishing, 2006.
1748:Leonard, Thomas M. (2014).
476:Servicio Nacional Aeronaval
381:and others, including then
214:Ministry of Public Security
167:Ministry of Public Security
2643:
2579:San Andrés and Providencia
1767:Pérez, Orlando J. (2010).
1689:"DECRETO EJECUTIVO Nº 104"
1260:National Aeronaval Service
1139:Panamanian National Police
1118:
1102:
1042:
937:
877:
789:National Aeronaval Service
772:
712:
624:Panamanian National Police
603:
594:Commissioned officer ranks
472:Servicio Maritimo Nacional
407:
331:, who became the Police's
190:Panamanian National Police
185:National Aeronaval Service
99:30,000 active (as of 2016)
2547:
2524:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2300:Military of North America
2231:
2131:
2067:
1969:
1908:
1733:The Military Balance 2012
1644:Donadio, Marcela (2013).
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1371:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1250:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
944:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
779:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
614:
609:
606:
459:limited military duties.
404:The Panama Defense Forces
252:abolish its standing army
211:
78:"God, Honor, and Country"
44:
2534:Turks and Caicos Islands
1974:Administrative divisions
1886:Separation from Colombia
1604:U.S. Department of State
1571:U.S. Department of State
604:General / flag officers
446:Panamanian Public Forces
224:Panamanian Public Forces
114:Jurisdictional structure
39:Fuerza Pública de Panamá
36:Panamanian Public Forces
1381:National Border Service
954:National Border Service
560:National Border Service
468:Servicio Aéreo Nacional
180:National Border Service
119:Operations jurisdiction
76:"Dios, Honor, y Patria"
2456:British Virgin Islands
1801:The History of Panama,
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
564:Colombia–Panama border
490:
351:
231:
109:USD 481 million (2011)
30:Law enforcement agency
2573:) is not listed. The
2561:) is not listed. The
2461:Caribbean Netherlands
2403:Saint Kitts and Nevis
488:
410:Panama Defense Forces
345:
264:military dictatorship
150:Operational structure
726:Subcomisionado Mayor
440:Operation Just Cause
2551:dependent territory
2418:Trinidad and Tobago
2313:Antigua and Barbuda
1799:Robert C. Harding,
1792:Robert C. Harding,
1631:IISS (2012), p. 398
1511:IISS (2012), p. 397
1056:Subdirector General
891:Subdirector General
548:18 police companies
234:) are the national
158:Panama City, Panama
2627:Military of Panama
2353:Dominican Republic
2100:Telecommunications
504:Ricardo Martinelli
491:
431:Dignity Battalions
355:The National Guard
352:
325:military academies
2614:
2613:
2587:Clipperton Island
2434:other territories
2267:
2266:
2227:
2226:
2118:
2117:
2054:
2053:
2014:Political parties
2004:National Assembly
1989:Foreign relations
1956:
1955:
1671:978-987-28638-6-9
1489:
1488:
1106:
1105:
719:Comisionado Mayor
394:brigadier general
318:Panama Canal Zone
290:The National Army
279:internal security
272:George H. W. Bush
262:that overthrew a
246:(the other being
220:
219:
91:February 10, 1990
16:(Redirected from
2634:
2519:Saint Barthélemy
2432:Dependencies and
2306:Sovereign states
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2247:
2240:
2129:
2090:Mineral industry
2085:
2065:
1967:
1906:
1881:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1782:
1763:
1744:
1735:. London: IISS.
1716:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1652:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1509:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1462:Sargento segundo
1457:
1455:Sargento primero
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1341:Sargento segundo
1336:
1334:Sargento primero
1320:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1220:Sargento segundo
1215:
1213:Sargento primero
1199:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1113:
1112:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1049:Director General
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
978:
971:
964:
952:
951:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
886:
884:Director General
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
813:
806:
799:
787:
786:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
648:
641:
634:
622:
621:
610:Junior officers
607:Senior officers
598:
597:
498:The New Ministry
452:Guillermo Endara
216:
57:Common name
49:
33:
21:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:are not listed.
2607:Serranilla Bank
2603:Bajo Nuevo Bank
2563:Federated state
2543:
2433:
2427:
2301:
2298:
2268:
2263:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2223:
2219:Public holidays
2170:
2114:
2083:
2050:
2029:National Police
1999:Law enforcement
1952:
1895:
1879:
1844:
1835:
1789:
1787:Further reading
1779:
1766:
1760:
1747:
1731:(IISS) (2012).
1727:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1664:. p. 145.
1657:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1530:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1409:
1384:
1373:
1366:
1288:
1263:
1252:
1245:
1167:
1142:
1131:
982:
957:
946:
939:
817:
792:
781:
774:
652:
627:
616:
591:
533:
513:
500:
448:
412:
406:
357:
292:
287:
236:security forces
212:
202:
145:
141:Civilian police
100:
83:Agency overview
77:
52:
37:
31:
28:
23:
22:
18:Panamanian army
15:
12:
11:
5:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2595:Navassa Island
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Cayman Islands
2476:
2473:Sint Eustatius
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:National parks
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1764:
1758:
1745:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1697:
1677:
1670:
1633:
1615:
1591:
1576:
1561:
1549:
1547:, p. 187.
1528:
1526:, p. 186.
1513:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1070:Subcomisionado
1066:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
983:
981:
980:
973:
966:
958:
942:
941:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
905:Subcomisionado
901:
894:
887:
879:
878:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
818:
816:
815:
808:
801:
793:
777:
776:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
740:Subcomisionado
736:
729:
722:
714:
713:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
653:
651:
650:
643:
636:
628:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
596:
595:
590:
587:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
532:
529:
512:
509:
499:
496:
447:
444:
416:Manuel Noriega
408:Main article:
405:
402:
379:Boris Martínez
356:
353:
291:
288:
286:
283:
268:Manuel Noriega
218:
217:
209:
208:
204:
203:
201:
200:
197:
192:
187:
182:
176:
174:
173:Child agencies
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
144:
143:
138:
132:
130:
129:General nature
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2639:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:United States
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:Nueva Esparta
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2423:United States
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:Public Forces
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1778:9780230116351
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1759:9780810878358
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1559:, p. 13.
1558:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
979:
974:
972:
967:
965:
960:
956:
955:
950:
943:
940:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
880:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
791:
790:
785:
778:
775:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
715:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
626:
625:
620:
613:
600:
599:
593:
592:
588:
586:
583:
579:
577:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
553:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
536:
530:
528:
526:
521:
517:
510:
508:
505:
497:
495:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
463:
460:
456:
453:
445:
443:
441:
435:
432:
427:
425:
419:
417:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:Omar Torrijos
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
368:Arnulfo Arias
364:
362:
354:
349:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
314:United States
310:
308:
305:
301:
297:
289:
284:
282:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:U.S. invasion
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Latin America
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
210:
205:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
163:Parent agency
161:
157:
153:
148:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
112:
108:
106:Annual budget
104:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
40:
34:
19:
2529:Sint Maarten
2397:
2141:Demographics
2095:Panama Canal
2023:
2009:Penal system
1979:Constitution
1800:
1793:
1771:. Springer.
1768:
1749:
1732:
1646:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1570:
1564:
1557:Leonard 2014
1552:
1545:Leonard 2014
1524:Leonard 2014
1476:Cabo segundo
1469:Cabo primero
1446:
1372:
1365:
1355:Cabo segundo
1348:Cabo primero
1325:
1251:
1244:
1234:Cabo segundo
1227:Cabo primero
1204:
1130:
1122:Junior NCOs
1119:Senior NCOs
945:
938:
780:
773:
615:
584:
580:
572:
557:
554:
551:
534:
531:Organization
527:5th branch.
524:
522:
518:
514:
501:
492:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
449:
436:
428:
420:
413:
365:
358:
322:
311:
293:
276:
256:paramilitary
223:
221:
155:Headquarters
65:Abbreviation
38:
2514:Puerto Rico
2408:Saint Lucia
2358:El Salvador
2156:LGBT rights
2072:Agriculture
1928:Earthquakes
1722:Works cited
1658: [
1447:No insignia
1326:No insignia
1205:No insignia
1116:Rank group
1109:Other ranks
1098:Subteniente
1063:Comisionado
933:Subteniente
898:Comisionado
768:Subteniente
733:Comisionado
601:Rank group
372:coup d'état
136:Gendarmerie
2575:Department
2509:Montserrat
2504:Martinique
2499:Guadeloupe
2338:Costa Rica
2199:Literature
2084:(currency)
2019:Presidents
1923:Darién Gap
1609:2017-06-29
1587:Pérez 2010
1569:"Panama".
1492:References
568:Costa Rica
361:presidents
333:commandant
329:José Remón
248:Costa Rica
2571:Venezuela
2559:Venezuela
2494:Greenland
2393:Nicaragua
2368:Guatemala
2146:Education
2110:Transport
2039:SENAFRONT
1984:Elections
1948:Volcanism
1901:Geography
1873:1964–1977
1868:1904–1964
1863:1821–1903
1741:0459-7222
1125:Enlisted
296:Colombian
96:Employees
2621:Category
2583:Colombia
2441:Anguilla
2378:Honduras
2348:Dominica
2323:Barbados
2254:Category
2161:Religion
1962:Politics
1842:articles
1600:"Panama"
1091:Teniente
926:Teniente
761:Teniente
525:de facto
390:colonels
304:Panama's
300:defected
2489:Curaçao
2465:Bonaire
2451:Bermuda
2383:Jamaica
2363:Grenada
2318:Bahamas
2238:Outline
2184:Cuisine
2176:Culture
2124:Society
2105:Tourism
2082:Balboa
2077:Banking
2060:Economy
1933:Islands
1880:present
1858:to 1821
1850:History
1084:Capitán
919:Capitán
754:Capitán
374:led by
285:History
228:Spanish
207:Website
2593:) and
2591:France
2398:Panama
2388:Mexico
2333:Canada
2328:Belize
2259:Portal
2214:People
2151:Health
1943:Rivers
1918:Cities
1840:
1838:Panama
1775:
1756:
1739:
1668:
1483:Agente
1362:Agente
1241:Agente
348:BMW X6
337:Mexico
240:Panama
88:Formed
2446:Aruba
2373:Haiti
2245:Index
2209:Music
2204:Media
2189:Films
2136:Crime
2034:SENAN
1913:Biota
1878:1977–
1712:(PDF)
1692:(PDF)
1662:]
1651:(PDF)
1497:Notes
1077:Mayor
912:Mayor
747:Mayor
589:Ranks
383:Major
376:Major
370:in a
298:army
250:) to
73:Motto
2605:and
2549:The
2471:and
2469:Saba
2343:Cuba
2194:Flag
1773:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1737:ISSN
1666:ISBN
558:The
222:The
2577:of
2565:of
2553:of
2044:SPI
1994:Law
238:of
123:PAN
68:FPP
2623::
2467:,
1700:^
1680:^
1660:es
1636:^
1618:^
1602:.
1579:^
1531:^
1516:^
1504:^
578:.
400:)
346:A
274:.
230::
2597:(
2589:(
2581:(
2569:(
2557:(
2475:)
2463:(
2293:e
2286:t
2279:v
1830:e
1823:t
1816:v
1781:.
1762:.
1743:.
1714:.
1674:.
1612:.
1589:.
1573:.
1404:e
1397:t
1390:v
1283:e
1276:t
1269:v
1162:e
1155:t
1148:v
977:e
970:t
963:v
812:e
805:t
798:v
647:e
640:t
633:v
226:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
