259:
291:
228:
336:
956:
67:
362:
87:
166:
29:
139:
1272:) and later began a mandatory program to indoctrinate all Indonesians—from primary school students to office workers—for the application of the P4 and in living the national values. After initially being careful not to offend the sensitivities of Muslim scholars who feared that the Pancasila might develop into a quasi-religious cult, he secured another parliamentary resolution in 1983 (Tap MPR No. 11/1983) that officially made obedience to Pancasila
857:
636:
1358:
624:
1285:
410:
1199:, the parties organized themselves into factions depending on their preference for the national philosophy. The Pancasila Block had 53.3% of the seats, while the Islamic Block had 44.8%. The debate over which should prevail was not resolved through debate as on 5 July 1959, President Sukarno dissolved the assembly by
840:(BPUPK) to work on "preparations for independence in the region of the government of this island of Java." The first session of the BPUPK opened on 28 May 1945, and the following day began discussions on a basis for the future independent Indonesia. A number of speakers put forward proposals, and
1212:
Pancasila democracy endeavors to strike a balance between the interests of the individual and those of society. It seeks to prevent the oppression of the weak by the strong, whether by economic or political means. Therefore, we hold that
Pancasila is a socio-religious society. Briefly its major
1106:
was established in 1927. Favoring one ideology over another would not satisfy the whole spectrum of
Indonesian people, thus it was decided that the new republic needed to synthesize a new ideology derived from indigenous Indonesian values as well as common shared values derived from various
1231:, the second President of Indonesia, strongly supported Pancasila. His government promoted the five principles as a key national ideology. They were outlined as representing the ancient wisdom of the Indonesian people, pre-dating the introduction of foreign religions such as
1122:
of
Pancasila does not aim to persecute those who do not have a religion or are atheists. He said that because even those who do not believe in god have the characteristic Indonesian tolerance; they accept "belief on the one and only God" in the first
1050:("The one divinity with the obligation for its Muslim adherents to carry out Sharia law"). On 18 August 1945 the PPKI amended it further by deleting "with the obligation for its Muslim adherents to carry out Sharia law" and therefore left the first
2226:
Saputra, Amrizal, Wira
Sugiarto, Suyendri, Zulfan Ikhram, Khairil Anwar, M. Karya Mukhsin, Risman Hambali, Khoiri, Marzuli Ridwan Al-bantany, Zuriat Abdillah, Dede Satriani, Wan M. Fariq, Suwarto, Adi Sutrisno, Ahmad Fadhli (15 October 2020).
796:. On 15 November 1944, at the fourth session of the CAC, Sukarno gave a speech listing five guidelines for life for the Indonesian nation. These had been produced by a committee headed by Sukarno, and were dubbed the "Five Obligations" (
868:
made a speech, later to become known as the "Birth of
Pancasila Address", in which he outlined five principles, which he proposed would form the philosophical basis of an independent Indonesia. His original formulation was:
306:
697:
1213:
characteristics are its rejection of poverty, backwardness, conflicts, exploitation, capitalism, feudalism, dictatorship, colonialism and imperialism. This is the policy I have chosen with confidence.
837:
1417:) and meant as the principle of living together in a society with a diversity of religions and beliefs. It is not meant to be a theological principle on how belief/religions should be practiced.
242:
2343:
1276:
in
Indonesia, public or private. In practice, the administration of Suharto exploited the vagueness of the Pancasila to justify its acts and to condemn opponents as "anti-Pancasila".
1797:. Cornell University. Dept. Of Far Eastern Studies. Modern Indonesia Project. Interim reports series - Cornell University. Modern Indonesia Project. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.
377:
274:
2545:
2254:
435:
1288:
Shield of the
Pancasila. The bull represents democracy, the tree national unity, the chain humanity, the rice and cotton social justice, and the star represents God.
944:
as a name, saying that "dharma" meant 'obligation', but that he was proposing principles. He further said that he liked the symbolic meaning of "five" as there were
2333:
667:
554:
350:
2482:
1867:
2353:
833:
781:
2284:
1896:
2555:
2068:
2739:
2012:
The Birth of the 1945 Constitution: including copies of the authentic documents of the
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
1293:
602:
598:
2435:
2413:
1946:
281:
258:
157:
2641:
808:
607:
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567:
290:
2487:
2363:
2338:
2238:
2123:
2038:
1935:
1856:
1722:
1691:
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1509:
1442:
539:
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524:
519:
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227:
1192:
1176:
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485:
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440:
266:
206:
3105:
2714:
2440:
2297:
660:
335:
2818:
1200:
1090:. Proponents of these ideologies had formed political organizations or parties to forward their respective causes. The Islamist party
807:
we will establish a nation of Free
Indonesia, with full respect for the service/assistance from Japan and will remain a member of the
1062:
By the first half of the 20th century, some ideologies that had been established or made their way to the Dutch East Indies included
3059:
3042:
2457:
2208:
2153:
2057:
2019:
1885:
1815:
1346:
was charged under 154a and 320 of the
Criminal Code on insulting the state ideology and defamation. The charges were later dropped.
369:
2631:
234:
219:
3155:
2912:
2823:
2689:
2609:
2452:
1196:
549:
534:
500:
495:
388:
20:
3165:
2650:
2477:
2177:
2008:
Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 : memuat salinan dokumen otentik badan oentoek menyelidiki oesaha2 persiapan kemerdekaan
1111:
298:
1966:
2867:
2775:
2582:
2514:
2358:
2313:
2277:
653:
589:
1335:, people who did not identify with any of them, including atheists, would "continue to experience official discrimination."
2143:
3160:
3150:
3020:
3007:
2852:
2753:
2709:
2408:
2383:
2368:
1803:
3025:
2917:
2602:
2467:
2328:
2050:
The Aspiration for Constitutional Government in Indonesia: A Socio-legal Study of the Indonesian Konstituante, 1956-1959
1386:
1184:
1099:
960:
416:
33:
1203:
and reimposed the 1945 Constitution. As this included the Pancasila formulation, the Pancasila/Islam debate was ended.
2724:
2509:
2423:
2373:
1139:
955:
883:
361:
173:
86:
66:
3052:
2955:
2902:
2699:
2636:
2472:
2447:
1792:
342:
1191:
as they feared that if Masyumi won the election, Islam would replace Pancasila as the basis of the nation. In the
3170:
3079:
2972:
2942:
2808:
2785:
2587:
2572:
2540:
2430:
2270:
1376:
1180:
1103:
1067:
1039:
987:
979:
765:
201:
93:
2997:
2932:
2719:
2684:
1147:
901:
789:
1409:. More literally translated, it means “divinity which is the Great One”. It is an explicit acknowledgement of
3069:
2965:
2887:
2882:
2597:
1339:
165:
78:
2977:
2950:
2897:
2734:
2646:
2577:
2560:
2550:
2396:
1343:
1273:
829:
750:(Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations among representatives)
401:
327:
185:
145:
1304:, i.e. a rejection of theistic belief. The IHEU argued that this enables a culture of repression against
3035:
3030:
2987:
2982:
2877:
2872:
2765:
2694:
2528:
2378:
2318:
1985:
1371:
1224:
945:
130:
106:
52:
3129:
817:
we will give eternal service to the nation and people with all our strength and with devotion to Allah;
138:
3098:
3064:
2927:
2800:
2790:
2729:
2672:
2619:
2567:
2504:
2462:
2418:
2323:
2305:
1305:
1155:
353:
309:
194:
1967:"Freedom of Thought 2012: A Global Report on Discrimination Against Humanists, and the Nonreligious"
788:, the Japanese promised future self-government for Indonesia and in September 1943, established the
2960:
2907:
2847:
2780:
2704:
1381:
1143:
1003:
28:
3114:
2992:
2922:
2892:
2862:
2857:
2842:
2813:
2770:
2497:
2492:
2248:
2214:
2099:
1159:
904:
in which ethnic dominance is absent and each member of the council possesses equal voting power,
3047:
2657:
2348:
2234:
2204:
2197:
Ward, Ken (2010). "2 Soeharto's Javanese Pancasila". In Aspinall, Edward; Fealy, Greg (eds.).
2149:
2119:
2053:
2034:
2015:
2014:] (in Indonesian). Depok, Indonesia: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
1931:
1881:
1852:
1788:
1414:
1248:
891:
841:
1162:. It declares that despite the ethnic and cultural diversity, the Indonesian people are one.
1154:. The need to unify this diverse country also led to the formulation of the national motto,
1130:
Pancasila was influenced by certain aspects of selected world values and ideologies, such as
928:: A Divinity that upholds religious freedom (A formulation that can be seen as allowing both
3119:
2592:
2091:
2083:
1363:
1240:
628:
245:
101:
1325:
1135:
1071:
1035:
991:
777:
640:
856:
3015:
2837:
2111:
975:
971:
911:
821:
690:
181:
635:
3144:
3124:
1923:
1329:
1188:
1091:
915:
277:
1332:
1313:
748:
Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan
2228:
864:
On 1 June 1945, the final day of the first BPUPK session, Indonesian nationalist
804:
we together with other nations in Greater East Asia are lifelong allies of Japan;
3074:
1284:
1260:
In 1978, Suharto secured a parliamentary resolution (Tap MPR No. 2/1978) on the
1131:
1063:
785:
153:
2230:
PROFIL ULAMA KARISMATIK DI KABUPATEN BENGKALIS: MENELADANI SOSOK DAN PERJUANGAN
2829:
1406:
1353:
1048:"Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariah Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya"
983:
933:
929:
703:
2218:
2198:
1630:
1030:. Sukarno accepted this proposition of the other members. Further, the first
2293:
1869:
Pertarungan Ideologi: Pancasila di Tengah Kepungan Ideologi-Ideologi Dominan
1794:
Some Aspects of Indonesian Politics under the Japanese occupation, 1944-1945
1151:
1087:
1083:
1079:
919:
707:
380:
313:
19:
This article is about the Indonesian state philosophy. For other uses, see
1836:
Chuo Sangi-in: The Central Advisory Council during the Japanese Occupation
1317:
1309:
1232:
1075:
966:
During the recess between the two BPUPK sessions, the Committee of Nine (
711:
1874:
The Ideological Battlefield: Pancasila Surrounded by Dominant Ideologies
1759:
2613:
2103:
1301:
1244:
1228:
1115:
1095:
887:
865:
793:
2200:
Soeharto's New Order and Its Legacy: Essays in Honour of Harold Crouch
2095:
36:
on a poster; each tenet of the Pancasila is written beside its symbol.
2262:
1721:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFSoehartoG._DwipayanaRamadhan_K._H.1991 (
1308:
and that, as long as Indonesian law only recognizes the religions of
1195:, elected in 1955 to produce a permanent constitution to replace the
999:
249:
2087:
876:: Indonesian patriotism; inclusion of all people living in Indonesia
409:
1866:
Eko Handoyo; Rahmat Petuguran; Heri Rohayuningsih (November 2018).
1716:
1321:
1283:
1236:
948:, five fingers to a hand and five senses. He named the principles
855:
27:
1832:
Chuo Sangi-in: Dewan Pertimbang Pusat Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang
994:. The order of Sukarno's principles was changed, thus: the fifth
936:, thereby allowing space for all of Indonesia's major religions).
1187:(PKI) used Pancasila to distinguish themselves from the Islamic
2266:
1838:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: PT. Rosda Jayaputra.
2135:
Southeast Asia: Documents of Political Development and Change
1965:
International Humanist and Ethical Union (10 December 2012).
1947:"West Java Police drop defamation charges against FPI leader"
838:
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
1522:
1405:
Imprecise translation, often misconstrued as endorsement of
764:
is contained in the fourth paragraph of the preamble of the
65:
1849:
Pejambon 1845: The Great Consensus of the Nation's Founders
1631:
Eko Handoyo, Rahmat Petuguran & Heri Rohayuningsih 2018
1845:
Pejambon 1945: Konsensus Agung para Pelatak Fondasi Bangsa
1771:
1239:. In a July 1982 speech which reflected his attachment to
814:
we will endeavor to advance high morality and our culture;
710:. The name is made from two words originally derived from
2145:
Soeharto, My Thoughts, Words, and Deeds: An Autobiography
2142:
Soeharto; G. Dwipayana; Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja (1991).
1897:"Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945"
990:
including Sukarno's philosophy. This became known as the
1247:
glorified Pancasila as a key to reach the perfect life (
792:(CAC) in Java, chaired by pre-war independence activist
1806:[Indonesia is a Nation based on Belief in God]
1102:
was established in 1914, while Sukarno's nationalist
1928:
The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia
3006:
2941:
2799:
2752:
2671:
2527:
2395:
2304:
1690:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFNasution1992pp-32-33 (
2033:. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 101–102.
1930:. Singapore: Equininox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd.
860:Five Pancasila symbols on Indonesian stamps (1965)
1851:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas Gramedia.
2001:. Jakarta: Indonesian Department of Information.
1717:Soeharto, G. Dwipayana & Ramadhan K. H. 1991
1685:
982:, Ahmad Subardjo, Ki Hadikusumo, Wachid Hasyim,
756:(Social justice for all the people of Indonesia)
1210:
900:: Deliberative consensus emphasizing a form of
1252:
1110:On 30 September 1960, in a speech to the 15th
2278:
1992:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
1760:International Humanist and Ethical Union 2012
1647:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKosky_(Ed)1999 (
1534:
1455:
1441:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKosky_(Ed)1999 (
754:Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia
661:
8:
2253:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2171:] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: InGuntur.
1266:Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila
834:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
832:, which was responsible for Java during the
1945:Gisela Swaragita; Arya Dwipa (4 May 2018).
1508:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnderson2009 (
1262:Pancasila Appreciation and Practicing Guide
986:, and Abikusno, formulated a preamble to a
2758:
2677:
2533:
2401:
2285:
2271:
2263:
2203:. Vol. 2. ANU Press. pp. 27–38.
2116:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300
2067:Prawiranegara, Sjafruddin (October 1984).
1642:
1436:
668:
654:
39:
1413:('almighty substances', or more exactly,
1042:of 1945, being the first of the original
1026:were re-numbered as the fourth and fifth
824:), we will strive to build eternal peace.
2233:(in Indonesian). CV. DOTPLUS Publisher.
1661:
1523:Daradjadi & Osa Kurniawan Ilham 2020
1503:
1467:
1294:International Humanist and Ethical Union
954:
1990:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
1843:Daradjadi; Osa Kurniawan Ilham (2020).
1830:Arniati Prasedyawati Herkusumo (1982).
1618:
1491:
1429:
1398:
1300:because it does not include a right to
51:
45:This article is part of a series on the
2246:
1772:Gisela Swaragita & Arya Dwipa 2018
1594:
1582:
1558:
1257:) of harmony with God and fellow men.
1704:
1673:
1606:
1570:
1546:
1479:
1054:as simply "Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa".
836:, announced the establishment of the
689:
7:
2180:[To Build The World a New ]
1999:Indonesia 1999: An Official Handbook
1747:
1735:
1094:was established in 1905 followed by
1022:, and the original third and fourth
940:In his speech, Sukarno rejected the
2118:(4th ed.). London: MacMillan.
1127:as a characteristic of the nation,
725:It is composed of five principles:
2344:French and British era (1806–1816)
2069:"Pancasila as the Sole Foundation"
1179:, nationalist parties such as the
14:
1816:Constitutional Court of Indonesia
820:based on the Japanese principle (
736:Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab
1356:
1296:(IHEU) has criticized the first
1046:of Sukarno, was amended to read
732:(Belief in the one and only God)
702:) is the official, foundational
634:
622:
408:
360:
334:
289:
257:
226:
164:
137:
85:
2364:Liberal democracy era (1950–59)
2048:Nasution, Adnan Buyung (1992).
1112:United Nations General Assembly
299:Regional Representative Council
16:Indonesian political philosophy
2632:People's Consultative Assembly
2148:. Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada.
2031:Sukarno: A Political Biography
1880:(in Indonesian). UNNES Press.
1274:mandatory to all organizations
914:premised on the theory of the
782:occupied the Dutch East Indies
722:" ("principles", "precepts").
608:Diplomatic missions in Jakarta
235:People's Consultative Assembly
1:
2374:Transitional period (1965–66)
2359:National Revolution (1945–49)
2354:Japanese occupation (1942–45)
2349:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)
2133:Smith, Roger M., ed. (1974).
1895:Elson, R. E. (October 2009).
1686:Nasution, 1992 & pp-32-33
1197:1950 Provisional Constitution
1166:Post-independence development
1158:, which can be translated as
1018:was re-numbered as the third
1014:remained, the original first
738:(Just and civilized humanity)
1804:"Indonesia Negara Ketuhanan"
1387:National emblem of Indonesia
1185:Communist Party of Indonesia
961:national emblem of Indonesia
926:Ketuhanan yang Berkebudayaan
784:. Following setbacks in the
417:General Elections Commission
2740:Water supply and sanitation
1997:Kosky Zakaria, ed. (1999).
1338:In 2018, the controversial
1253:
174:Vice President of Indonesia
3187:
2369:Guided Democracy (1959–65)
2334:Portuguese era (1512–1605)
2029:Legge, John David (2003).
343:Supreme Court of Indonesia
18:
3092:
2761:
2680:
2536:
2483:Provincial highest points
2404:
2178:"Membangun Dunia Kembali"
2052:. Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
1377:Constitution of Indonesia
1181:Indonesian National Party
1177:1955 legislative election
1104:Indonesian National Party
1068:anti-colonial nationalism
1040:Constitution of Indonesia
980:Alexander Andries Maramis
766:Constitution of Indonesia
760:The legal formulation of
577:List of political parties
94:Constitution of Indonesia
2541:Administrative divisions
1254:ilmu kasampurnaning urip
1175:In the campaign for the
1118:affirmed that the first
1038:and the Preamble of the
970:), composed of Sukarno,
918:and emphasizing popular
902:representative democracy
790:Central Advisory Council
744:(The unity of Indonesia)
267:House of Representatives
3156:Government of Indonesia
1340:Islamic Defenders Front
1193:Constitutional Assembly
730:Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa
424:Chairman Hasyim Asy'ari
3166:Indonesian nationalism
2715:Science and technology
2556:Regencies & Cities
2169:The Birth of Pancasila
1986:Kahin, George McTurnan
1802:Arief Hidayat (2017).
1344:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
1289:
1221:
963:
959:Garuda Pancasila, the
892:the virtue of humanity
861:
599:Diplomatic missions of
510:Presidential elections
146:President of Indonesia
70:
37:
2324:Hinduism-Buddhism era
1372:Armorial of Indonesia
1287:
958:
946:Five Pillars of Islam
859:
828:On 1 March 1945, the
691:[pantʃaˈsila]
431:Legislative elections
118:(national philosophy)
69:
31:
3161:Culture of Indonesia
3151:Pancasila (politics)
2458:Environmental issues
2137:. Ithaca and London.
2006:Kusuma, A.B (2004).
1411:Dzat Yang Maha Kuasa
1156:Bhinneka Tunggal Ika
908:Kesejahteraan Sosial
874:Kebangsaan Indonesia
809:Co-Prosperity Sphere
629:Indonesia portal
370:Constitutional court
354:Muhammad Syarifuddin
310:La Nyalla Mattalitti
2379:New Order (1966–98)
2339:VOC era (1603–1800)
1573:, pp. 173–194.
1549:, pp. 209–210.
1470:, pp. 332–333.
1382:Pancasila economics
1144:freedom of religion
1066:and its antithesis
1004:freedom of religion
742:Persatuan Indonesia
641:Politics portal
555:Electoral Districts
389:Judicial commission
202:Regional government
80:National government
32:A depiction of the
2725:Telecommunications
2436:Biosphere reserves
2165:Lahirnya Pancasila
1789:Anderson, Benedict
1535:Prawiranegara 1984
1456:Arief Hidayat 2017
1324:, as well as both
1290:
1227:administration of
1160:unity in diversity
964:
898:Musyawarah Mufakat
862:
830:Japanese 16th Army
71:
38:
3138:
3137:
3088:
3087:
2776:Human trafficking
2748:
2747:
2667:
2666:
2658:Wawasan Nusantara
2642:Political parties
2583:Foreign relations
2523:
2522:
2240:978-623-94659-3-3
2125:978-0-230-54685-1
2040:978-981-4068-64-2
1937:978-979-3780-45-0
1858:978-623-00-2017-9
1814:(in Indonesian).
1506:, pp. 16–17.
1494:, pp. 89–90.
1415:divine providence
1140:individual rights
880:Internasionalisme
678:
677:
591:Foreign relations
569:Political parties
56:
3178:
3171:State ideologies
3108:
3101:
2759:
2678:
2620:National capital
2534:
2402:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2222:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2176:Sukarno (1960).
2172:
2163:Sukarno (1949).
2159:
2138:
2129:
2107:
2073:
2063:
2044:
2025:
2002:
1993:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1951:The Jakarta Post
1941:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1901:
1891:
1879:
1862:
1839:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1809:
1798:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
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1520:
1514:
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1501:
1495:
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1471:
1465:
1459:
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1447:
1446:
1434:
1418:
1403:
1366:
1364:Indonesia portal
1361:
1360:
1359:
1256:
1241:Javanese beliefs
1219:
968:Panitia Sembilan
884:Internationalism
718:" ("five") and "
701:
700:
699:
693:
688:
670:
663:
656:
639:
638:
627:
626:
625:
592:
570:
412:
404:
364:
338:
330:
293:
261:
246:Bambang Soesatyo
230:
222:
168:
141:
133:
120:
119:
89:
81:
59:
54:
46:
40:
34:Garuda Pancasila
3186:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3084:
3075:Personification
3002:
2937:
2918:Public holidays
2903:National heroes
2795:
2744:
2663:
2519:
2488:Natural history
2391:
2329:Spread of Islam
2300:
2291:
2261:
2245:
2241:
2225:
2211:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2184:(in Indonesian)
2181:
2175:
2162:
2156:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2110:
2088:10.2307/3350846
2071:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2041:
2028:
2022:
2005:
1996:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1877:
1865:
1859:
1842:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1807:
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1787:
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1711:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1643:Kosky (Ed) 1999
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
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1533:
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1517:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1437:Kosky (Ed) 1999
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1282:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1173:
1168:
1136:humanitarianism
1100:Communist Party
1060:
1036:Jakarta Charter
992:Jakarta Charter
854:
842:Wiranatakusumah
778:Empire of Japan
774:
696:
695:
694:
686:
674:
645:
633:
623:
621:
613:
612:
594:
590:
582:
581:
572:
568:
560:
559:
546:
427:
406:
402:
394:
393:
385:
358:
332:
328:
320:
319:
287:
255:
224:
220:
212:
211:
191:
135:
131:
123:
122:
117:
116:
111:
83:
79:
57:
53:
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Floral emblems
3057:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3043:Faunal emblems
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:Stock Exchange
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2441:National parks
2438:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2424:Climate change
2416:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2223:
2209:
2194:
2173:
2160:
2154:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2112:Ricklefs, M.C.
2108:
2064:
2058:
2045:
2039:
2026:
2020:
2003:
1994:
1982:
1962:
1942:
1936:
1924:Feith, Herbert
1920:
1892:
1886:
1863:
1857:
1840:
1827:
1799:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1719:, p. 194.
1709:
1707:, p. 592.
1697:
1678:
1676:, p. 275.
1666:
1664:, p. 389.
1654:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1609:, p. 120.
1599:
1597:, p. 214.
1587:
1585:, p. 164.
1575:
1563:
1561:, p. 163.
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1496:
1484:
1482:, p. 106.
1472:
1460:
1448:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1351:
1348:
1281:
1278:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1183:(PNI) and the
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1070:, traditional
1059:
1056:
1010:; the second
976:Mohammad Yamin
972:Mohammad Hatta
938:
937:
923:
912:Social Welfare
905:
895:
877:
853:
850:
844:suggested the
826:
825:
818:
815:
812:
805:
800:). They were:
773:
770:
758:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
676:
675:
673:
672:
665:
658:
650:
647:
646:
644:
643:
631:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
605:
595:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
573:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
545:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
506:
505:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
426:
425:
421:
420:
407:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
384:
383:
374:
373:
357:
356:
347:
346:
333:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
303:
302:
286:
285:
271:
270:
254:
253:
239:
238:
225:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
190:
189:
178:
177:
162:
161:
150:
149:
136:
129:
128:
125:
124:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
84:
77:
76:
73:
72:
62:
61:
49:
48:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3183:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Ethnic groups
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Deforestation
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2219:j.ctt24hc65.9
2216:
2212:
2210:9781921666476
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2155:9789798085017
2151:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:(38): 74–83.
2081:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2059:9789794162187
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2021:979-8972-28-7
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1968:
1963:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1910:(88): 105–130
1909:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1887:9786022851356
1883:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1762:, p. 22.
1761:
1756:
1753:
1750:, p. 31.
1749:
1744:
1741:
1738:, p. 32.
1737:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:Ricklefs 2008
1658:
1655:
1650:
1645:, p. 46.
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1537:, p. 76.
1536:
1531:
1528:
1525:, p. 34.
1524:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1504:Anderson 2009
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:Ricklefs 2008
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1439:, p. 43.
1438:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Masyumi Party
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:in 1943. The
1097:
1093:
1092:Sarekat Islam
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:became first
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
957:
953:
951:
947:
943:
935:
931:
927:
924:
921:
917:
916:welfare state
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
858:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
803:
802:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:In 1942, the
771:
769:
767:
763:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:philosophical
698:
692:
684:
683:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
652:
651:
649:
648:
642:
637:
632:
630:
620:
619:
617:
616:
609:
606:
604:
600:
597:
596:
593:
586:
585:
578:
575:
574:
571:
564:
563:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:1955 (Const.)
434:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
422:
419:
418:
414:
413:
411:
405:
398:
397:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
378:Chief Justice
376:
375:
372:
371:
367:
366:
365:
363:
355:
352:
351:Chief Justice
349:
348:
345:
344:
340:
339:
337:
331:
324:
323:
315:
311:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
296:
295:
294:
292:
283:
279:
278:Puan Maharani
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
264:
263:
262:
260:
251:
247:
244:
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2453:Earthquakes
2319:Prehistoric
1914:21 December
1781:Works cited
1595:Kusuma 2004
1583:Kusuma 2004
1559:Kusuma 2004
1132:nationalism
1064:imperialism
852:Formulation
822:Hakkō ichiu
786:Pacific War
687:Indonesian:
221:Legislature
182:Ma'ruf Amin
154:Joko Widodo
55:Politics of
3145:Categories
3031:Historical
2966:Healthcare
2913:Properties
2878:Literature
2830:Rumah adat
2690:Automotive
2598:Censorship
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2096:1813/53800
1705:Feith 2008
1674:Feith 2008
1607:Elson 2009
1571:Smith 1974
1547:Legge 2003
1480:Kahin 1952
1425:References
1407:monotheism
1330:Protestant
984:Agus Salim
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930:monotheism
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2647:President
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2578:Elections
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2515:Volcanoes
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2397:Geography
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2114:(2008) .
2076:Indonesia
1926:(2008) .
1904:Indonesia
1748:Ward 2010
1736:Ward 2010
1280:Criticism
1225:New Order
1152:socialism
1148:democracy
1088:communism
1084:socialism
1080:democracy
1058:Rationale
950:Pancasila
920:socialism
762:Pancasila
708:Indonesia
682:Pancasila
403:Elections
381:Suhartoyo
329:Judiciary
314:East Java
207:Governors
132:Executive
114:Pancasila
58:Indonesia
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2983:Religion
2908:Painting
2819:Colonial
2766:Abortion
2695:Aviation
2610:Military
2529:Politics
2314:Timeline
2298:articles
1988:(1952).
1976:8 August
1791:(1961).
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1318:Hinduism
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2791:Smoking
2754:Society
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1956:12 July
1821:8 March
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1302:atheism
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250:Golkar
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3065:Motto
2993:Women
2923:Sport
2893:Music
2888:Media
2863:Dance
2843:Batik
2814:Candi
2771:Crime
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2255:link
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2016:ISBN
1978:2023
1958:2020
1932:ISBN
1916:2018
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