270:
302:
239:
347:
967:
78:
373:
98:
177:
40:
150:
1283:) and later began a mandatory program to indoctrinate all Indonesians—from primary school students to office workers—for the application of the P4 and in living the national values. After initially being careful not to offend the sensitivities of Muslim scholars who feared that the Pancasila might develop into a quasi-religious cult, he secured another parliamentary resolution in 1983 (Tap MPR No. 11/1983) that officially made obedience to Pancasila
868:
647:
1369:
635:
1296:
421:
1210:, the parties organized themselves into factions depending on their preference for the national philosophy. The Pancasila Block had 53.3% of the seats, while the Islamic Block had 44.8%. The debate over which should prevail was not resolved through debate as on 5 July 1959, President Sukarno dissolved the assembly by
851:(BPUPK) to work on "preparations for independence in the region of the government of this island of Java." The first session of the BPUPK opened on 28 May 1945, and the following day began discussions on a basis for the future independent Indonesia. A number of speakers put forward proposals, and
1223:
Pancasila democracy endeavors to strike a balance between the interests of the individual and those of society. It seeks to prevent the oppression of the weak by the strong, whether by economic or political means. Therefore, we hold that
Pancasila is a socio-religious society. Briefly its major
1117:
was established in 1927. Favoring one ideology over another would not satisfy the whole spectrum of
Indonesian people, thus it was decided that the new republic needed to synthesize a new ideology derived from indigenous Indonesian values as well as common shared values derived from various
1242:, the second President of Indonesia, strongly supported Pancasila. His government promoted the five principles as a key national ideology. They were outlined as representing the ancient wisdom of the Indonesian people, pre-dating the introduction of foreign religions such as
1133:
of
Pancasila does not aim to persecute those who do not have a religion or are atheists. He said that because even those who do not believe in god have the characteristic Indonesian tolerance; they accept "belief on the one and only God" in the first
1061:("The one divinity with the obligation for its Muslim adherents to carry out Sharia law"). On 18 August 1945 the PPKI amended it further by deleting "with the obligation for its Muslim adherents to carry out Sharia law" and therefore left the first
2237:
Saputra, Amrizal, Wira
Sugiarto, Suyendri, Zulfan Ikhram, Khairil Anwar, M. Karya Mukhsin, Risman Hambali, Khoiri, Marzuli Ridwan Al-bantany, Zuriat Abdillah, Dede Satriani, Wan M. Fariq, Suwarto, Adi Sutrisno, Ahmad Fadhli (15 October 2020).
807:. On 15 November 1944, at the fourth session of the CAC, Sukarno gave a speech listing five guidelines for life for the Indonesian nation. These had been produced by a committee headed by Sukarno, and were dubbed the "Five Obligations" (
879:
made a speech, later to become known as the "Birth of
Pancasila Address", in which he outlined five principles, which he proposed would form the philosophical basis of an independent Indonesia. His original formulation was:
317:
708:
1224:
characteristics are its rejection of poverty, backwardness, conflicts, exploitation, capitalism, feudalism, dictatorship, colonialism and imperialism. This is the policy I have chosen with confidence.
848:
1428:) and meant as the principle of living together in a society with a diversity of religions and beliefs. It is not meant to be a theological principle on how belief/religions should be practiced.
253:
2354:
1287:
in
Indonesia, public or private. In practice, the administration of Suharto exploited the vagueness of the Pancasila to justify its acts and to condemn opponents as "anti-Pancasila".
1808:. Cornell University. Dept. Of Far Eastern Studies. Modern Indonesia Project. Interim reports series - Cornell University. Modern Indonesia Project. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.
388:
285:
2556:
2265:
446:
1299:
Shield of the
Pancasila. The bull represents democracy, the tree national unity, the chain humanity, the rice and cotton social justice, and the star represents God.
955:
as a name, saying that "dharma" meant 'obligation', but that he was proposing principles. He further said that he liked the symbolic meaning of "five" as there were
2344:
678:
565:
361:
2493:
1878:
2364:
844:
792:
2295:
1907:
2566:
2079:
2750:
2023:
The Birth of the 1945 Constitution: including copies of the authentic documents of the
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
1304:
613:
609:
2446:
2424:
1957:
292:
269:
168:
2652:
819:
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587:
578:
301:
2498:
2374:
2349:
2249:
2134:
2049:
1946:
1867:
1733:
1702:
1659:
1520:
1453:
550:
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238:
1203:
1187:
501:
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486:
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451:
277:
217:
3116:
2725:
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2308:
671:
346:
2829:
1211:
1101:. Proponents of these ideologies had formed political organizations or parties to forward their respective causes. The Islamist party
818:
we will establish a nation of Free
Indonesia, with full respect for the service/assistance from Japan and will remain a member of the
1073:
By the first half of the 20th century, some ideologies that had been established or made their way to the Dutch East Indies included
3070:
3053:
2468:
2219:
2164:
2068:
2030:
1896:
1826:
1357:
was charged under 154a and 320 of the
Criminal Code on insulting the state ideology and defamation. The charges were later dropped.
380:
2642:
245:
230:
3166:
2923:
2834:
2700:
2620:
2463:
1207:
560:
545:
511:
506:
399:
31:
3176:
2661:
2488:
2188:
2019:
Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 : memuat salinan dokumen otentik badan oentoek menyelidiki oesaha2 persiapan kemerdekaan
1122:
309:
1977:
2878:
2786:
2593:
2525:
2369:
2324:
2288:
664:
600:
1346:, people who did not identify with any of them, including atheists, would "continue to experience official discrimination."
2154:
3171:
3161:
3031:
3018:
2863:
2764:
2720:
2419:
2394:
2379:
1814:
3036:
2928:
2613:
2478:
2339:
2061:
The Aspiration for Constitutional Government in Indonesia: A Socio-legal Study of the Indonesian Konstituante, 1956-1959
1397:
1195:
1110:
971:
427:
44:
1214:
and reimposed the 1945 Constitution. As this included the Pancasila formulation, the Pancasila/Islam debate was ended.
2735:
2520:
2434:
2384:
1150:
966:
894:
372:
184:
97:
77:
3063:
2966:
2913:
2710:
2647:
2483:
2458:
1803:
353:
1202:
as they feared that if Masyumi won the election, Islam would replace Pancasila as the basis of the nation. In the
3181:
3090:
2983:
2953:
2819:
2796:
2598:
2583:
2551:
2441:
2281:
1387:
1191:
1114:
1078:
1050:
998:
990:
776:
212:
104:
3008:
2943:
2730:
2695:
1158:
912:
800:
1420:. More literally translated, it means “divinity which is the Great One”. It is an explicit acknowledgement of
3080:
2976:
2898:
2893:
2608:
1350:
176:
89:
2988:
2961:
2908:
2745:
2657:
2588:
2571:
2561:
2407:
1354:
1284:
840:
761:(Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations among representatives)
412:
338:
196:
156:
1315:, i.e. a rejection of theistic belief. The IHEU argued that this enables a culture of repression against
3046:
3041:
2998:
2993:
2888:
2883:
2776:
2705:
2539:
2389:
2329:
1996:
1382:
1235:
956:
141:
117:
63:
3140:
828:
we will give eternal service to the nation and people with all our strength and with devotion to Allah;
149:
3109:
3075:
2938:
2811:
2801:
2740:
2683:
2630:
2578:
2515:
2473:
2429:
2334:
2316:
1316:
1166:
364:
320:
205:
1978:"Freedom of Thought 2012: A Global Report on Discrimination Against Humanists, and the Nonreligious"
799:, the Japanese promised future self-government for Indonesia and in September 1943, established the
2971:
2918:
2858:
2791:
2715:
1392:
1154:
1014:
39:
3125:
3003:
2933:
2903:
2873:
2868:
2853:
2824:
2781:
2508:
2503:
2259:
2225:
2110:
1170:
915:
in which ethnic dominance is absent and each member of the council possesses equal voting power,
3058:
2668:
2359:
2245:
2215:
2208:
Ward, Ken (2010). "2 Soeharto's Javanese Pancasila". In Aspinall, Edward; Fealy, Greg (eds.).
2160:
2130:
2064:
2045:
2026:
2025:] (in Indonesian). Depok, Indonesia: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
1942:
1892:
1863:
1799:
1425:
1259:
902:
852:
1173:. It declares that despite the ethnic and cultural diversity, the Indonesian people are one.
1165:. The need to unify this diverse country also led to the formulation of the national motto,
1141:
Pancasila was influenced by certain aspects of selected world values and ideologies, such as
939:: A Divinity that upholds religious freedom (A formulation that can be seen as allowing both
3130:
2603:
2102:
2094:
1374:
1251:
639:
256:
112:
1336:
1146:
1082:
1046:
1002:
788:
651:
867:
3026:
2848:
2122:
986:
982:
922:
832:
701:
192:
646:
3155:
3135:
1934:
1340:
1199:
1102:
926:
288:
1343:
1324:
759:
Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan
17:
2239:
875:
On 1 June 1945, the final day of the first BPUPK session, Indonesian nationalist
815:
we together with other nations in Greater East Asia are lifelong allies of Japan;
3085:
1295:
1271:
In 1978, Suharto secured a parliamentary resolution (Tap MPR No. 2/1978) on the
1142:
1074:
796:
164:
2241:
PROFIL ULAMA KARISMATIK DI KABUPATEN BENGKALIS: MENELADANI SOSOK DAN PERJUANGAN
2840:
1417:
1364:
1059:"Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariah Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya"
994:
944:
940:
714:
2229:
2209:
1641:
1041:. Sukarno accepted this proposition of the other members. Further, the first
2304:
1880:
Pertarungan Ideologi: Pancasila di Tengah Kepungan Ideologi-Ideologi Dominan
1805:
Some Aspects of Indonesian Politics under the Japanese occupation, 1944-1945
1162:
1098:
1094:
1090:
930:
718:
391:
324:
30:
This article is about the Indonesian state philosophy. For other uses, see
1847:
Chuo Sangi-in: The Central Advisory Council during the Japanese Occupation
1328:
1320:
1243:
1086:
977:
During the recess between the two BPUPK sessions, the Committee of Nine (
722:
1885:
The Ideological Battlefield: Pancasila Surrounded by Dominant Ideologies
1770:
2624:
2114:
1312:
1255:
1239:
1126:
1106:
898:
876:
804:
2211:
Soeharto's New Order and Its Legacy: Essays in Honour of Harold Crouch
2106:
47:
on a poster; each tenet of the Pancasila is written beside its symbol.
2273:
1732:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFSoehartoG._DwipayanaRamadhan_K._H.1991 (
1319:
and that, as long as Indonesian law only recognizes the religions of
1206:, elected in 1955 to produce a permanent constitution to replace the
1010:
260:
2098:
887:: Indonesian patriotism; inclusion of all people living in Indonesia
420:
1877:
Eko Handoyo; Rahmat Petuguran; Heri Rohayuningsih (November 2018).
1727:
1332:
1294:
1247:
959:, five fingers to a hand and five senses. He named the principles
866:
38:
1843:
Chuo Sangi-in: Dewan Pertimbang Pusat Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang
1005:. The order of Sukarno's principles was changed, thus: the fifth
947:, thereby allowing space for all of Indonesia's major religions).
1198:(PKI) used Pancasila to distinguish themselves from the Islamic
2277:
1849:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: PT. Rosda Jayaputra.
2146:
Southeast Asia: Documents of Political Development and Change
1976:
International Humanist and Ethical Union (10 December 2012).
1958:"West Java Police drop defamation charges against FPI leader"
849:
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
1533:
1416:
Imprecise translation, often misconstrued as endorsement of
775:
is contained in the fourth paragraph of the preamble of the
76:
1860:
Pejambon 1845: The Great Consensus of the Nation's Founders
1642:
Eko Handoyo, Rahmat Petuguran & Heri Rohayuningsih 2018
1856:
Pejambon 1945: Konsensus Agung para Pelatak Fondasi Bangsa
1782:
1250:. In a July 1982 speech which reflected his attachment to
825:
we will endeavor to advance high morality and our culture;
721:. The name is made from two words originally derived from
2156:
Soeharto, My Thoughts, Words, and Deeds: An Autobiography
2153:
Soeharto; G. Dwipayana; Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja (1991).
1908:"Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945"
1001:
including Sukarno's philosophy. This became known as the
1258:
glorified Pancasila as a key to reach the perfect life (
803:(CAC) in Java, chaired by pre-war independence activist
1817:[Indonesia is a Nation based on Belief in God]
1113:
was established in 1914, while Sukarno's nationalist
1939:
The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia
3017:
2952:
2810:
2763:
2682:
2538:
2406:
2315:
1701:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFNasution1992pp-32-33 (
2044:. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 101–102.
1941:. Singapore: Equininox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd.
871:Five Pancasila symbols on Indonesian stamps (1965)
1862:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas Gramedia.
2012:. Jakarta: Indonesian Department of Information.
1728:Soeharto, G. Dwipayana & Ramadhan K. H. 1991
1696:
993:, Ahmad Subardjo, Ki Hadikusumo, Wachid Hasyim,
767:(Social justice for all the people of Indonesia)
1221:
911:: Deliberative consensus emphasizing a form of
1263:
1121:On 30 September 1960, in a speech to the 15th
2289:
2003:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
1771:International Humanist and Ethical Union 2012
1658:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKosky_(Ed)1999 (
1545:
1466:
1452:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKosky_(Ed)1999 (
765:Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia
672:
8:
2264:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2182:] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: InGuntur.
1277:Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila
845:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
843:, which was responsible for Java during the
1956:Gisela Swaragita; Arya Dwipa (4 May 2018).
1519:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnderson2009 (
1273:Pancasila Appreciation and Practicing Guide
997:, and Abikusno, formulated a preamble to a
2769:
2688:
2544:
2412:
2296:
2282:
2274:
2214:. Vol. 2. ANU Press. pp. 27–38.
2127:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300
2078:Prawiranegara, Sjafruddin (October 1984).
1653:
1447:
679:
665:
50:
1424:('almighty substances', or more exactly,
1053:of 1945, being the first of the original
1037:were re-numbered as the fourth and fifth
835:), we will strive to build eternal peace.
2244:(in Indonesian). CV. DOTPLUS Publisher.
1672:
1534:Daradjadi & Osa Kurniawan Ilham 2020
1514:
1478:
1305:International Humanist and Ethical Union
965:
2001:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
1854:Daradjadi; Osa Kurniawan Ilham (2020).
1841:Arniati Prasedyawati Herkusumo (1982).
1629:
1502:
1440:
1409:
1311:because it does not include a right to
62:
56:This article is part of a series on the
2257:
1783:Gisela Swaragita & Arya Dwipa 2018
1605:
1593:
1569:
1268:) of harmony with God and fellow men.
1715:
1684:
1617:
1581:
1557:
1490:
1065:as simply "Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa".
847:, announced the establishment of the
700:
7:
2191:[To Build The World a New ]
2010:Indonesia 1999: An Official Handbook
1758:
1746:
1105:was established in 1905 followed by
1033:, and the original third and fourth
951:In his speech, Sukarno rejected the
2129:(4th ed.). London: MacMillan.
1138:as a characteristic of the nation,
736:It is composed of five principles:
2355:French and British era (1806–1816)
2080:"Pancasila as the Sole Foundation"
1190:, nationalist parties such as the
25:
1827:Constitutional Court of Indonesia
831:based on the Japanese principle (
747:Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab
1367:
1307:(IHEU) has criticized the first
1057:of Sukarno, was amended to read
743:(Belief in the one and only God)
713:) is the official, foundational
645:
633:
419:
371:
345:
300:
268:
237:
175:
148:
96:
2375:Liberal democracy era (1950–59)
2059:Nasution, Adnan Buyung (1992).
1123:United Nations General Assembly
310:Regional Representative Council
27:Indonesian political philosophy
2643:People's Consultative Assembly
2159:. Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada.
2042:Sukarno: A Political Biography
1891:(in Indonesian). UNNES Press.
1285:mandatory to all organizations
925:premised on the theory of the
793:occupied the Dutch East Indies
733:" ("principles", "precepts").
619:Diplomatic missions in Jakarta
246:People's Consultative Assembly
1:
2385:Transitional period (1965–66)
2370:National Revolution (1945–49)
2365:Japanese occupation (1942–45)
2360:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)
2144:Smith, Roger M., ed. (1974).
1906:Elson, R. E. (October 2009).
1697:Nasution, 1992 & pp-32-33
1208:1950 Provisional Constitution
1177:Post-independence development
1169:, which can be translated as
1029:was re-numbered as the third
1025:remained, the original first
749:(Just and civilized humanity)
1815:"Indonesia Negara Ketuhanan"
1398:National emblem of Indonesia
1196:Communist Party of Indonesia
972:national emblem of Indonesia
937:Ketuhanan yang Berkebudayaan
795:. Following setbacks in the
428:General Elections Commission
2751:Water supply and sanitation
2008:Kosky Zakaria, ed. (1999).
1349:In 2018, the controversial
1264:
185:Vice President of Indonesia
3198:
2380:Guided Democracy (1959–65)
2345:Portuguese era (1512–1605)
2040:Legge, John David (2003).
354:Supreme Court of Indonesia
29:
3103:
2772:
2691:
2547:
2494:Provincial highest points
2415:
2189:"Membangun Dunia Kembali"
2063:. Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
1388:Constitution of Indonesia
1192:Indonesian National Party
1188:1955 legislative election
1115:Indonesian National Party
1079:anti-colonial nationalism
1051:Constitution of Indonesia
991:Alexander Andries Maramis
777:Constitution of Indonesia
771:The legal formulation of
588:List of political parties
105:Constitution of Indonesia
2552:Administrative divisions
1265:ilmu kasampurnaning urip
1186:In the campaign for the
1129:affirmed that the first
1049:and the Preamble of the
981:), composed of Sukarno,
929:and emphasizing popular
913:representative democracy
801:Central Advisory Council
755:(The unity of Indonesia)
278:House of Representatives
3167:Government of Indonesia
1351:Islamic Defenders Front
1204:Constitutional Assembly
741:Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa
435:Chairman Hasyim Asy'ari
3177:Indonesian nationalism
2726:Science and technology
2567:Regencies & Cities
2180:The Birth of Pancasila
1997:Kahin, George McTurnan
1813:Arief Hidayat (2017).
1355:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
1300:
1232:
974:
970:Garuda Pancasila, the
903:the virtue of humanity
872:
610:Diplomatic missions of
521:Presidential elections
157:President of Indonesia
81:
48:
2335:Hinduism-Buddhism era
1383:Armorial of Indonesia
1298:
969:
957:Five Pillars of Islam
870:
839:On 1 March 1945, the
702:[pantʃaˈsila]
442:Legislative elections
129:(national philosophy)
80:
42:
3172:Culture of Indonesia
3162:Pancasila (politics)
2469:Environmental issues
2148:. Ithaca and London.
2017:Kusuma, A.B (2004).
1422:Dzat Yang Maha Kuasa
1167:Bhinneka Tunggal Ika
919:Kesejahteraan Sosial
885:Kebangsaan Indonesia
820:Co-Prosperity Sphere
640:Indonesia portal
381:Constitutional court
365:Muhammad Syarifuddin
321:La Nyalla Mattalitti
2390:New Order (1966–98)
2350:VOC era (1603–1800)
1584:, pp. 173–194.
1560:, pp. 209–210.
1481:, pp. 332–333.
1393:Pancasila economics
1155:freedom of religion
1077:and its antithesis
1015:freedom of religion
753:Persatuan Indonesia
652:Politics portal
566:Electoral Districts
400:Judicial commission
213:Regional government
91:National government
43:A depiction of the
18:Pancasila Indonesia
2736:Telecommunications
2447:Biosphere reserves
2176:Lahirnya Pancasila
1800:Anderson, Benedict
1546:Prawiranegara 1984
1467:Arief Hidayat 2017
1335:, as well as both
1301:
1238:administration of
1171:unity in diversity
975:
909:Musyawarah Mufakat
873:
841:Japanese 16th Army
82:
49:
3149:
3148:
3099:
3098:
2787:Human trafficking
2759:
2758:
2678:
2677:
2669:Wawasan Nusantara
2653:Political parties
2594:Foreign relations
2534:
2533:
2251:978-623-94659-3-3
2136:978-0-230-54685-1
2051:978-981-4068-64-2
1948:978-979-3780-45-0
1869:978-623-00-2017-9
1825:(in Indonesian).
1517:, pp. 16–17.
1505:, pp. 89–90.
1426:divine providence
1151:individual rights
891:Internasionalisme
689:
688:
602:Foreign relations
580:Political parties
67:
16:(Redirected from
3189:
3182:State ideologies
3119:
3112:
2770:
2689:
2631:National capital
2545:
2413:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2233:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2187:Sukarno (1960).
2183:
2174:Sukarno (1949).
2170:
2149:
2140:
2118:
2084:
2074:
2055:
2036:
2013:
2004:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1962:The Jakarta Post
1952:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1912:
1902:
1890:
1873:
1850:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1820:
1809:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
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1494:
1488:
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1476:
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1464:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1429:
1414:
1377:
1375:Indonesia portal
1372:
1371:
1370:
1267:
1252:Javanese beliefs
1230:
979:Panitia Sembilan
895:Internationalism
729:" ("five") and "
712:
711:
710:
704:
699:
681:
674:
667:
650:
649:
638:
637:
636:
603:
581:
423:
415:
375:
349:
341:
304:
272:
257:Bambang Soesatyo
241:
233:
179:
152:
144:
131:
130:
100:
92:
70:
65:
57:
51:
45:Garuda Pancasila
21:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3095:
3086:Personification
3013:
2948:
2929:Public holidays
2914:National heroes
2806:
2755:
2674:
2530:
2499:Natural history
2402:
2340:Spread of Islam
2311:
2302:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2236:
2222:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2195:(in Indonesian)
2192:
2186:
2173:
2167:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2121:
2099:10.2307/3350846
2082:
2077:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2039:
2033:
2016:
2007:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1888:
1876:
1870:
1853:
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1714:
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1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1654:Kosky (Ed) 1999
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
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1612:
1604:
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1592:
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1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1448:Kosky (Ed) 1999
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1293:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1184:
1179:
1147:humanitarianism
1111:Communist Party
1071:
1047:Jakarta Charter
1003:Jakarta Charter
865:
853:Wiranatakusumah
789:Empire of Japan
785:
707:
706:
705:
697:
685:
656:
644:
634:
632:
624:
623:
605:
601:
593:
592:
583:
579:
571:
570:
557:
438:
417:
413:
405:
404:
396:
369:
343:
339:
331:
330:
298:
266:
235:
231:
223:
222:
202:
146:
142:
134:
133:
128:
127:
122:
94:
90:
68:
64:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Floral emblems
3068:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3054:Faunal emblems
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
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2941:
2936:
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2926:
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2916:
2911:
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2901:
2896:
2891:
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2876:
2871:
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2846:
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2844:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:Stock Exchange
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
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2672:
2665:
2655:
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2645:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2618:
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2616:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
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2574:
2569:
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2559:
2548:
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2536:
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2532:
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2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:National parks
2449:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:Climate change
2427:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2270:
2250:
2234:
2220:
2205:
2184:
2171:
2165:
2150:
2141:
2135:
2123:Ricklefs, M.C.
2119:
2075:
2069:
2056:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2014:
2005:
1993:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1935:Feith, Herbert
1931:
1903:
1897:
1874:
1868:
1851:
1838:
1810:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1730:, p. 194.
1720:
1718:, p. 592.
1708:
1689:
1687:, p. 275.
1677:
1675:, p. 389.
1665:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1620:, p. 120.
1610:
1608:, p. 214.
1598:
1596:, p. 164.
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 163.
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1507:
1495:
1493:, p. 106.
1483:
1471:
1459:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1362:
1359:
1292:
1289:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1194:(PNI) and the
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1081:, traditional
1070:
1067:
1021:; the second
987:Mohammad Yamin
983:Mohammad Hatta
949:
948:
934:
923:Social Welfare
916:
906:
888:
864:
861:
855:suggested the
837:
836:
829:
826:
823:
816:
811:). They were:
784:
781:
769:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
669:
661:
658:
657:
655:
654:
642:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
616:
606:
599:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
584:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
556:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
517:
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
437:
436:
432:
431:
418:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
395:
394:
385:
384:
368:
367:
358:
357:
344:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
314:
313:
297:
296:
282:
281:
265:
264:
250:
249:
236:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
201:
200:
189:
188:
173:
172:
161:
160:
147:
140:
139:
136:
135:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
95:
88:
87:
84:
83:
73:
72:
60:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3194:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Ethnic groups
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
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2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:
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2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
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2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Deforestation
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2230:j.ctt24hc65.9
2227:
2223:
2221:9781921666476
2217:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2166:9789798085017
2162:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:(38): 74–83.
2092:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2070:9789794162187
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2032:979-8972-28-7
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1979:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1921:(88): 105–130
1920:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1898:9786022851356
1894:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1773:, p. 22.
1772:
1767:
1764:
1761:, p. 31.
1760:
1755:
1752:
1749:, p. 32.
1748:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:Ricklefs 2008
1669:
1666:
1661:
1656:, p. 46.
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1548:, p. 76.
1547:
1542:
1539:
1536:, p. 34.
1535:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1515:Anderson 2009
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:Ricklefs 2008
1475:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1450:, p. 43.
1449:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Masyumi Party
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:in 1943. The
1108:
1104:
1103:Sarekat Islam
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:became first
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
968:
964:
962:
958:
954:
946:
942:
938:
935:
932:
928:
927:welfare state
924:
920:
917:
914:
910:
907:
904:
900:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
881:
878:
869:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:In 1942, the
782:
780:
778:
774:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:philosophical
709:
703:
695:
694:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
663:
662:
660:
659:
653:
648:
643:
641:
631:
630:
628:
627:
620:
617:
615:
611:
608:
607:
604:
597:
596:
589:
586:
585:
582:
575:
574:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:1955 (Const.)
445:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
422:
416:
409:
408:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
389:Chief Justice
387:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:
376:
374:
366:
363:
362:Chief Justice
360:
359:
356:
355:
351:
350:
348:
342:
335:
334:
326:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
307:
306:
305:
303:
294:
290:
289:Puan Maharani
287:
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2464:Earthquakes
2330:Prehistoric
1925:21 December
1792:Works cited
1606:Kusuma 2004
1594:Kusuma 2004
1570:Kusuma 2004
1143:nationalism
1075:imperialism
863:Formulation
833:Hakkō ichiu
797:Pacific War
698:Indonesian:
232:Legislature
193:Ma'ruf Amin
165:Joko Widodo
66:Politics of
3156:Categories
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2924:Properties
2889:Literature
2841:Rumah adat
2701:Automotive
2609:Censorship
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2107:1813/53800
1716:Feith 2008
1685:Feith 2008
1618:Elson 2009
1582:Smith 1974
1558:Legge 2003
1491:Kahin 1952
1436:References
1418:monotheism
1341:Protestant
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717:theory of
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2909:Mythology
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2746:Transport
2658:President
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2589:Elections
2572:Districts
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2526:Volcanoes
2489:Mountains
2408:Geography
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2305:Indonesia
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2125:(2008) .
2087:Indonesia
1937:(2008) .
1915:Indonesia
1759:Ward 2010
1747:Ward 2010
1291:Criticism
1236:New Order
1163:socialism
1159:democracy
1099:communism
1095:socialism
1091:democracy
1069:Rationale
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931:socialism
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719:Indonesia
693:Pancasila
414:Elections
392:Suhartoyo
340:Judiciary
325:East Java
218:Governors
143:Executive
125:Pancasila
69:Indonesia
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2830:Colonial
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2706:Aviation
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2540:Politics
2325:Timeline
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1999:(1952).
1987:8 August
1802:(1961).
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2934:Sport
2904:Music
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2662:List
2266:link
2246:ISBN
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1989:2023
1969:2020
1943:ISBN
1927:2018
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