Panteón de Marinos Ilustres

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corridor. Tons of gold and silver hang from the ceiling or rise from the floor as though in some expensive cave. The exterior building, in contrast, is a rectanguloid block with stark walls. There is no sign of any arch, vault, or dome. Even the superstructure on the roof over the domes is blocklike. At least the Pantheon of Rome gives the visitor an external dome to view, a hint of the dome to be seen within. The various domed capitol buildings of the world offer as much of a show on the outside as they do on the inside. In the Pantheon of Illustrious Mariners, the main show is interior. The exterior exists only to support it. All the buttressing required is thus hidden between the walls or in the overhead. To the outside the exterior walls present a few circular, empty-looking windows, like the dead eyes of a skull. The front portico with neo-classical columns and a pediment seems similarly empty and detached. The main use of the structure today is as a tourist attraction. It celebrates an empire that was but is no more.

1647:"Sailor" in English commonly refers to enlisted men of the lower ranks entitled "seaman." Naval officers would only call themselves sailors as a literary figure of speech when speaking to audiences not that familiar with naval terminology. It would be a democratic thing to say. In the service, an admiral might call a seaman "sailor" but a seaman would never use that term of officers, except as a 3rd-party literary or vernacular reference. "Marine" is equally troubling on translation. In English a marine is a soldier in the service of the navy. In Spanish he is a sailor. The term "mariner" employed here is most like the Spanish, but is not in common use in English. In summary, there are but few illustrious enlisted men explicitly honored in the monument, as Spanish enlisted men were for the most part unlettered and socially unknown, except for the few aristocrats who chose to ship before the mast. This is not true today, of course, but history is not today. 509:, a preaching pulpit inserted between in a lofty position appropriate to the power and authority of the church, believed to derive from the power and authority of God himself. Large churches, on which large amounts of cash could be expended, either private or public, took a more grandiose form along cathedral lines. The Pantheon is of the grandiose, expensive type, rather than the country-church, thrifty type. Home churching remained outside the pale in Spain. In Switzerland the great churches had been abandoned and stood vacant as monuments to vanity and corruption while the people worshipped in humble homes. This latter philosophy was never allowed to get started in Catholic Spain. The Inquisition stood in the way. 348:. All the rest of the country had fallen. When the French were gone, the savants who had congregated at Cadiz suggested a Constitution for a limited monarchy, but it was rejected by the monarch. San Carlos, however, entered a new ascendance in the structure of the military. It became the seat of the Spanish Naval Academy and the headquarters of the Spanish marines, with the Pantheon in a new role as chapel. In 1943 the Naval Academy moved to Pontevedra. The role of San Carlos after 1943 seemed to decline. San Fernando has been lobbying to take over its lands for commercial development, a goose laying a golden egg for some interests, as former bases are in many countries, especially the United States. 340:, the counter-reformation saint, who did his best to reform the church and lure the Protestants back into it, even sending a mission to Switzerland, origin point of the Swiss reform, to invite the Protestants there to return to the Catholic Church. For his successes in partially restoring the church, Charles Borromeo was recognized as San Carlos. The successor of Carlos III on the latter's death issued an order that the incomplete works were to be named San Carlos in honor of Carlos III. The latter, of course, was no saint himself. San Fernando was not recognized as a town until the early 19th century. 41: 325: 534:

aesthetic or cultural value, many of great monetary value. Most have some symbolic meaning with regards to the theme of the monument, which is basically, like most Christian religious monuments, "the church triumphant." The fact that the illustrious mariners earned their triumph by self-sacrificing words and deeds saves the monument from any such shallow and anti-Christian conclusion that only the rich go to heaven. Rather, character overcomes status, wealth, and power. The gravestones, which are more individualized, are considered in a subsequent section.

281:. Geometrically a dome is an arch rotated about a central axis, so whatever load-bearing advantage an arch has is multiplied over the dome. The Roman Pantheon survived because it was quickly converted into a Christian church, like many other pagan public buildings. Domes became a standard feature of state and religious buildings thereafter. Their sudden labelling as Pantheons in the 18th century is no doubt a neoclassicism, and there are others, such as a few frontal columns. The architecture, however, is primarily 363:, BOE). Previously 208 hectares (510 acres) were considered in the poblacion; now, somewhat more were to be included in the zone. The naval base to the north was brought in, and any nearby air space. The decree was more specific, giving coordinates of the zone and listing military rights over it. No action could be taken, or any regulation or statute passed, no transfer of property, or any new use, could be originated without express permission of the Ministry of Defense. National Defense must take priority. 1510: 513:

monarchs on the very doorstep of the Age of Revolution he had little thought for the cash he would have to outlay to obtain the outward form of the glory, to be the divine luminary on Earth shining benevolently over all mankind, if not as the son of God himself (as the ancient absolute monarchs had claimed) then at least as the sun of the Son. Reality would soon bring them all up short, as it had already done in Britain, and was about to do in the American colonies of Britain and in France.

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beaches. This wetlands site was always occupied, although marginally, by some persons of the same culture that occupied Cadiz. That was Phoenician at first, Roman next, Vandal-Roman next, Moorish-Vandal next, and finally in 1492, the year Columbus sailed to America, Spanish, as Ferdinand and Isabella took Andalusia from the Moors and finally expelled them, along with the Jews, from Spain. Columbus is believed by some to have fought before Granada, the last Moorish stronghold.

1522: 724:. The commander and remnant of the crew having abandoned the devastated and sinking vessel, badly wounded, he signaled them and jumped. Pulled from the sea and hidden in a cave he was taken into custody by the Americans but died. After the war his remains were mistaken for those of a ship captain but correctly identified by an officer of the Pluto. He was memorialized in the monument at the request of the monarch for his bravery in dying for his country. 442: 309:, on the north side of it, except for the security barriers delimiting the base. The post office, the telephone company, and the "population" consider the base as part of the city. However, it never was in any municipal sense. The Población was there first, and was named San Carlos. It was treated as a town. San Fernando grew to the south of it, on land not on the base. They were both on an island, a slight elevation in the wetlands, the 336:, who had other dominions than Spain. He donated the land for a base he considered an absolute necessity for the defense of Cadiz and of Spain, and then died. Without the base, Cadiz, placed on a long spit of land enclosing the Bay of Cadiz, would be easily surrounded and cut off. The base was part of a general plan of walls and fortifications in and around Cadiz. Carlos III had already chosen as their patron saint, 1489: 552:

crown intervened to memorialize under his own name a seaman who had died for his country of wounds inflicted during an intense sea battle (see below). In the mausoleum part of the monument, there is something like a tomb of the unknown sailor, a pool commemorating all those buried at sea, and a dedication to all mariners everywhere regardless of rank or educational status who served in the Spanish Navy.

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the cathedral was scaled down, then it was abandoned. San Carlos became not a town in need of a place to worship but a base in need of fortification. The basic form of the cathedral was in place. If it had been completed along traditional lines the exterior would have shown vaults and arches with perhaps flying buttresses and a great dome in the center. That external form was never to be.

317:. The land and structures of the base were acquired by, and are administered by, the national government, today the Ministry of Defence. For example, in the military legal system, the base is the headquarters of Juzgado Togado Militar Territorial Nº 22, "Territorial Military Court District Number 22," comprising Cadiz, with an address of Poblado Naval de San Carlos San Fernando (Cádiz). 1462: 1675: 1501: 404: 521:

aspect. It would celebrate the history of the Spanish Navy and its mariners. The midshipmen would worship steeped in that history, as is appropriate for its students. The architects were guided more by the design of the first Mausoleum, a building celebratory of the transition to divinity and eternity.

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Born into a military family of Cadiz, Cervera entered the Naval Academy at 13, and came to serve in Spain's colonial possessions: Cuba, the Mediterranean, and the Philippines. Rising through various command and administrative positions, he became Rear Admiral (Contra-almiranti). He was posted to Cuba

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Like any base of any country, the units at the base, their function in the military, the facilities available, and the relationships to the civilian community, change frequently as the military is brought up to date. Whether the base is the Población Militar de San Carlos, or the Poblado Naval de San

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After a distinguished career in the navy culminating in a rank of 2nd Class Petty Officer (Contramaestre), Casado resigned for health reasons to join the Naval Construction Society of Ferrol. He died in an industrial accident on the Battleship Spain then under construction and was later commemorated

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Numerous distinguished Spanish mariners are interred here or have monuments honouring them. The government policy was only to place officers in the monument, but in some cases enlisted men were included anonymously in groups of remains known to have included the captain, and in at least one case the

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The structure thus became one building within another. The inside walls form a splendid cathedral with arches, vaults, and domes (a main and some subsidiary), embellished with frescoes and larded with Baroque ornamentation. The monuments to the illustrious dead are tucked into every spare corner and

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After the death of Carlos III, Carlos IV (considered inept if not mentally deficient) was faced with a choice, a form of "guns or butter." The country needed to rearm for the conflicts the military advisors knew were coming. They had no money for expensive symbols of a glory now in question. Work on

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The angle of intersection of the bearing surfaces is subtended by an arc at a. Suppose the wood is removed and a number of axes are placed face-to-face, and that P is a static gravitational load. The arc is extended to an arch, while Q is diverted along the arch, leaving a force-free space below it.

1637:

A theoretically straight and level bridge would have no vertical resistive force and would collapse immediately. Instead of collapsing it bends downward, creating a component along the bridge and a component vertical to the bridge, which resists the load. It bends until it either breaks or the load

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The passage is in the Prologue to the "Eulogy of Ancestors" and is followed by a catalogue of righteous men: Enoch, Noah, Moses, etc. The Prologue also says "Their posterity will continue for ever, and their glory will not be blotted out" and "Their bodies were buried in peace, and their name lives

930:

Professional naval officer who, after an illustrious career in ships, having fought in many battles, and having served a brief captivity in Portsmouth prison, rose to ministerial rank. He retired as ministro del Tribunal Supremo de Guerra y Marina in 1836, died in old age at Madrid in 1842, and was

906:

Having joined the Navy at 14, he advanced to ship captain, then through various ships to admiral of various districts, becoming finally Minister of the Navy. For his command of various politically sensitive operations he was made Conde (Count) de Bustillo by the queen. He died in service of natural

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The wedge interposes the compression-resistant properties of its solid-state structure to change the direction and strength of a vector force transmitted by it. In the figure, the axeman imparts a momentum to the blade which, impacting the wood, generates a force acting at P along the length of the

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aboard the Argonauta. Wounded and taken prisoner he was given a medal by the Spanish and promoted to Lieutenant. On exchange he held a number of commands. He was killed in 1821 as commander of the Andaluz engaging a separatist vessel and was unceremoniously buried at sea. He is commemorated in the

745:

A member of the French nobility (Marquis de Amblimont) serving in the Spanish navy (as Conde de Amblimont), he was allowed a lateral transfer from the French navy to the Spanish navy in 1795 when a reorganization of the former left him without a post. He became a commodore commanding Division 5 (6

542:

San Fernando Island, as it now is called, is an island in the wetlands between the Bay of Cadiz and the Atlantic Ocean. It conveys the highway out to Cadiz, but much of it is of sufficient elevation to sustain buildable land, which today it totally built over. The rest is marsh, channels, and fine

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The application of the term to the building, however, is entirely architectural. The Spanish architects who assigned the term believed they were creating a type of building, which, in the 18th and 19th centuries, was termed a Pantheon, because of the central dome. The earliest extant instance of a

777:

After a distinguished career as a fighting commander in the last century of the Spanish Empire, he was Senator once and Secretary of the Navy (Ministro de Marina) twice, during which time he devised the Code of Naval Regulations (Revista General de Marina). He died in 1890 of natural causes, was

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of stone is very high. The alternative structure to an arch, the lintel, or beam across the top of the opening, as in the many prehistoric henges, must support the load in a different way. Every horizontal beam must sag under a load. When it does, the length must extend, subjecting the lintel to

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By the time work on the building was resumed in the mid-19th century, it had different purposes and the architects had a different plan in mind. It was not a community cathedral now, but the chapel of the Spanish Naval Academy. Like naval academy buildings elsewhere it had a maritime monumental

512:

For Carlos III, the initiator of the project, there was never any choice. He needed a grandiose church of the old style to reaffirm the power and authority of the empire of which he alone was the absolute monarch. The grandeur of the church would be the glory of Spain. Typically of the absolute

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In addition to the architectural features, which pertain to the structure of the building, the monument contains numerous purely ornamental features, some decorative elaboration of the walls and arches, others fixed, semi-fixed or portable additions. These latter include works of art of great

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The application of "Pantheon" in this case is entirely superficial. The building is composed of two layers: a Catholic church to which a cemetery has been added by enclosure and roofing. The church projects above the roof of the building, while the cemetery appears as projections off the

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Unlike many prominent buildings, this one was not built in a single style for a single purpose; it evolved during the more than two hundred years of its existence. The various terms that have been used to describe it are not always apt, especially when they are translated into English.

453:, but the sides of the vault are arches supporting its roof. The cleared spaces beneath the arches lead to the aisles on either side, which contain memorials. Some view the three aisles as three naves. In the picture, the flag marks the end of the nave. Beyond it is the 321:

Carlos, or just plain San Carlos, and whether it is on land belonging to San Fernando, or the Defense Department, are ongoing controversies not likely to be settled soon. These changes all affected the architecture and accessibility of the Pantheon one way or another.

359:(Consejo de Ministros) declared the Población Militar de San Carlos, using those words, as a "Zone of Interest for National Defense" (Zona de Interés para la Defensa Nacional). On 12 June the Royal Decree (Real Decreto) was published in the Official State Gazette ( 801:

Professional naval officer, serving ultimately as Secretary of Navy, or War, of Interior, and finally as Prime Minister with the title of Marqués del Nervión y Grande de España. He died at Seville of poor health, it is believed, from overwork in the

954:

Professional naval officer who, after an illustrious career, retiring as captain in 1931, was shot into a ditch by the Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War for refusing an offer to command the Republican Navy. He was interred in the Panteon in

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From a photograph of the principle (front) facade. The inscription is located over the arch of the portico door under the pediment. The inscription is neo-Latin, all upper case with periods denoting spaces between words. It is a passage from the

392:, all of which were in use in classical times, but generally not to the degree of elaboration shown in the great cathedrals and capitols of the Renaissance and after. The classical uses were, in turn, derived from the elaboration of a single, 412:

blade. The force does not leave in that direction because there is no bearing surface there. Instead, the force departs at right angles to the bearing surfaces at Q, forcing the wood apart and imparting momentum to any chips that fly off.

305:. The "population" part of the name can be any community in English. Here it means district, whether naval or military, which would be covered by the general English term, "base." The base is continuous with the city of 1039:, was captured, became an American celebrity, and was paroled, to become Spanish Chief of Staff to the Navy. He died in retirement, having received the prime medals of France and Spain, and was interred in the Pantheon. 695:

Professional naval officer from Cantabria, with an extensive background in colonial voyages and training of midshipmen, he was killed on the deck of his last command, the ship-of-the-line (battleship), Montañés, in the

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Spanish names typically are formed from a given name followed by two surnames, which might be simplified to one of them. One surname is not necessarily one word. For example, it might include the prefix "de." See also

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The judgement of Carlos III turned out to be perspicacious and sound as, a generation after his death, 12,000 Spanish with some English and Portuguese held Cadiz against a French force of 70,000 under Napoleon in the

1551:, the standard Catholic Bible. Though made a part of the Catholic Canon (Bible) in 1546, and accepted as true Bible by the eastern churches, it is rejected as Scripture by the Jews, the Lutherans, and the Anglicans. 1470:

The solemn moment has arrived to fight. This is what the sacred name of Spain and the honor of its glorious flag demands of us. ... Long live Spain! Battle stations, and may the Lord welcome our souls!

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A man of modest birth, originally a privateer in the service of the Spanish Navy, he ended by being an admiral in it in charge of operations against the Algerian pirates. He died in retirement at

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Sadly, he resorted to persecution for witchcraft and other forms of Inquisition. His efforts to win Protestants were thus somewhat limited but he was also a militant church reformer.

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comes from a different, polytheistic religion. Etymologically, it refers to a panoply of "all the gods." Christianity, however, is considered a monotheistic religion, despite the

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Rear facade of building. Note the Romanesque (semi-circular) doorway and the 18th century cupolas for light wells, the main one being over the opening in the main dome. A false

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and memorial to all the mariners of the Spanish Navy, especially prominent ones, and to the Spanish Navy and all its ships, battles and explorations in general, located in

883:, he was assigned command of a shore party that retook the San Juan Hills. Wounded in the abdomen he died a month later. His remains were moved to the Pantheon in 1899. 623: 1301: 859: 978:

Professional naval officer, born in Cadiz, son of a Captain with a Basque name converted to Spanish, and a Spanish mother, he joined the Navy at 16, in time for the

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Initially intended as a parish church, it was abandoned 1805, restarted 1845 as the chapel of the new Spanish Naval Academy, converted to a mausoleum starting 1850.

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The forces at Q, however, must ultimately be countered or the arch will fly apart and collapse. If they are countered, the forces act to compress the wedges. The

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of stone is much lower, the lintel under heavy loads typically breaks and collapses. Many arches survive from antiquity, but few lintels are still in place.

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View from the foot of the architectural cross, from just inside the main entrance looking along the length of the cross. Directly before the viewer is the

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of the Renaissance, a time when the cathedral structure reached its floruit. Small churches continued with the typical form evolved from a Roman house: a

595: 505:, or special area facing the nave for the choir, the sacraments, statues or other images, and a stained glass window if one could be afforded, and the 61: 269:

subdivision of divinity into three persons. As each person is fully God, and is not lessened by division, the Trinity is described as a mystery.

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The Navarre Bible: Wisdom Books: the books of Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes (Qoheleth), the Wisdom of Solomon, and Sirach (Ecclesiasticus)

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The reservation was created from crown lands in the late 18th century by the last absolute monarch of the Spanish Empire at its peak,

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The Spanish naval pantheon is located in Poblado Naval de San Carlos, historically the Población Militar de San Carlos, in the

277:. Originally a pagan temple, it utilized the principle of the arch to support a heaven-like surface over a public chamber, the 1091: 1431: 355:(Ministerio de Defensa) firmly reasserted its claim over the previous land of the base, and more. In April of that year the 1286: 1086: 809: 1406: 1326: 1181: 1056: 1035:

in 1897 to resolve the crises there, but it was too late and too little. He led the Spanish forces to destruction at the

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Professional naval officer, Marqués de Santa Cruz, a fighting commander of the Spanish fleet, who never lost a battle

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The implication is clear, the illustrious mariners are to continue the Biblical catalogue of the righteous.

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Professional naval officer and inventor of torpedoes and mines, as Admiral Cervera's Chief of Staff at the

1658: 1206: 1014: 958: 454: 306: 278: 97: 1311: 1306: 934: 245:, which is supposed to have begun explicitly in the 18th century, but was in use long before then in the 1176: 1161: 757: 462: 400:. Wedges were among the first tools devised by mankind, such as cutters, scrapers, and especially axes. 1416: 1381: 465:, or opening like an eye in the center. In contrast to Roman oculi, this one is covered by a windowed 1251: 1136: 1076: 425: 385: 333: 294: 230: 979: 803: 697: 669: 620:

Admiral of the Spanish fleet after a distinguished career demonstrating unswerving loyalty to Spain

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The issue came to a head in 2018, when all the old wisdom of Carlos III was reaffirmed. The

337: 218: 1096: 310: 186:"Todos estos alcanzaron gloria en las edades de su nacion, y en sus dias son celebrados." 1476:

Pascual Cervera y Topete, fleet commander, Address to the Spanish fleet before the

393: 274: 1688: 1231: 450: 415: 49:

over the arch of the door bears the name of the monument in raised silver letters.

1562: 1621:"Defensa revalida límites y condiciones para la población militar de San Carlos" 246: 380:

The main structural elements used in the Illustrious Sailor's Pantheon are the

46: 76: 63: 298: 226: 1461: 1674: 1567:. Vol. III. Barcelona: Sociedad editorial La Maravilla. p. 722. 830: 486: 314: 1500: 555:

Of mariners called out by name, the following incomplete list includes:

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2nd century AD Roman lintel. Note the crack starting in the bottom of it

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and was interred in the monument with a procession and great honors

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are not visible in this picture. They are used for memorial space.

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ships) of Squadron 3, the rear guard of the Spanish fleet at the

100:, whether on the lands of the civilian community is a moot point. 506: 502: 498: 482: 481:

all ceremonies were conducted. At the back of the chancel is an

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is a concession to the generally prevalent and popular style of

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Diverse materials: Wood, stone, metal, glass, concrete, and more

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First Mate of the ship, Julián Ordóñez, he happened to be in

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Military reservation of San Carlos adjacent to the north of

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La Sagrada Biblia traducida al español de la Vulgata latina

668:

Explorer, cartographer, commander of the Bahama during the

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began and was massacred when the fort was taken by surprise

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The inner and earliest Pantheon is a classic example of

501:, or hall for the congregation with rows of seats; an 720:

Seaman First Class aboard the destroyer Pluto in the

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at the uppermost part of the cross. The two arms or

1580:Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre (1999). 575: 572: 198: 160: 152: 144: 136: 128: 120: 112: 104: 92: 1584:. New York: Scepter Publishers. pp. 526–528. 1599:(in Spanish). Jurisdicción Militar España. 2016. 750:, where he was killed on the quarterdeck of the 19:For a monument of a similar name in Madrid, see 1695:Buildings and structures in San Fernando, Cádiz 1468: 1011:, where he leaped into the water to save a man. 457:, which is empty. Above it is the embellished 192:"All these were honoured in their generations, 1007:in the monument for his prior service at the 8: 26: 1357:Francisco Javier de Salas y Rodríguez-Morzo 624:Ignacio Maria de Álava y Sáenz de Navarrete 1392:Vicente Tofiño de San Miguel y Vandelvalle 860:Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz 672:, in which he was killed and buried at sea 596:Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada 557: 285:, none of which dates to classical times. 253:, especially in decorative ornamentation. 25: 1347:José Rodríguez de Arias y Álvarez Campana 440: 402: 1535: 1484: 473:, another barrel vault under which the 1432:Juan María de Villavicencio y la Serna 1402:Antonio de Ulloa y de la Torre-Giralt 1137:Antonio de Escaño y García de Cáceres 7: 1437:Francisco Javier Winthuysen y Pineda 1427:Fernando Villaamil y Fernández Cueto 1297:Francisco Antonio Mourelle de la Rúa 559:Mariners celebrated by the monument 1561:Scio de San Miguel, Felipe (1863). 1407:Francisco Javier de Uriarte y Borja 1302:Juan José Navarro de Viana y Búfalo 1182:Juan Antonio Gutiérrez de la Concha 1057:José María Manuel Céspedes y Pineda 782:Juan Bautista Antequera y Bobadilla 194:and were the glory of their times." 1272:Ignacio María Mendizábal Vildosola 752:Spanish ship Conde de Regla (1786) 14: 1387:Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea 1362:Blas Salcedo y Gutiérrez del Pozo 1262:Francisco de Paula Márquez y Roco 1112:Segundo Díaz de Herrera y Serrano 1067:Cosme Damián de Churruca y Elorza 16:Building in Cádiz Province, Spain 1673: 1520: 1508: 1499: 1487: 1342:Francisco Riquelme Ponce de León 1172:Federico Carlos Gravina y Nápoli 748:Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797) 289:Military community of San Carlos 39: 1619:Rivera, Arturo (13 June 2018). 1367:Victoriano Sánchez Barcáiztegui 1192:Luis Hernández Pinzón y Álvarez 1107:Juan Domingo Deslobbes y Cortés 1062:Francisco Chacón Medina Salazar 215:Pantheon of Illustrious Sailors 27:Pantheon of Illustrious Sailors 1: 931:moved to the Panteon in 1911. 911:José María Bustillo y Barreda 778:moved to the Pantheon in 1922 703:Francisco Alcedo y Bustamante 576:English Knowledge (XXG) link 538:Brief history of the building 273:large domed structure is the 204:"Panteón de Marinos Ilustres" 1372:Pedro Pablo Sanguineto Basso 1352:Juan Ruiz de Apodaca y Eliza 1332:Rosendo Porlier y Astiegueta 1252:Alejandro Malaspina Melilupi 1202:Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros 1122:José Luis Díez y Pérez Muñoz 887:Joaquín Bustamante y Quevedo 594:Astronomer, Director of the 407:Axe-blade wedging wood apart 367:Architecture of the building 132:88.57 metres (290.6 ft) 108:Initially Francisco Sabatini 1680:Panteón de Marinos Ilustres 1082:Víctor María Concas y Paláu 223:Panteón de Marinos Ilustres 165:Front inscription in Latin: 33:Panteón de Marinos Ilustres 21:Pantheon of Illustrious Men 1711: 1597:"Tribunal Militar Segundo" 1478:Battle of Santiago de Cuba 1422:Casimiro Vigodet y Garnica 1287:Francisco Moreno Fernández 1237:Santiago Liniers y Bremond 1222:Rafael De Laiglesia Darrac 1127:Juan Manuel Durán González 1037:Battle of Santiago de Cuba 1009:Battle of Santiago de Cuba 881:Battle of Santiago de Cuba 810:Francisco Armero Peñaranda 722:Battle of Santiago de Cuba 477:is located. On its raised 469:. Past the rotunda is the 361:Boletin Oficial del Estado 18: 1515:"Javier de Salas Capitan" 1377:José de la Serna y Occina 1337:Andrés Reggio Brachiforte 1292:Salvador Moreno Fernández 1152:Tomás Geraldino Geraldino 1102:Manuel Deschamps Martínez 1092:Luis de Córdova y Córdova 1020: 992: 987:Juan José Carranza Vivero 964: 940: 916: 892: 865: 842: 815: 787: 763: 733: 708: 681: 658: 629: 606: 580: 569: 566: 563: 243:neoclassical architecture 140:37.5 metres (123 ft) 58: 54: 38: 31: 1494:Cecilio Pujazón y García 1447:Joaquín Zarauz Santander 1412:Cayetano Valdés y Flores 1227:José María Lazaga y Ruiz 1197:Francisco Herrera Cruzat 1043:Pascual Cervera y Topete 643:Fort San Felipe (Cavite) 601:Cecilio Pujazón y García 1547:, Chapter 44.7, of the 1242:Miguel Lobo y Malagamba 1212:Jorge Juan y Santacilia 1157:Nicolás Geraldino Sutón 1142:José Esguerra y Guirior 1087:José de Córdoba y Rojas 1072:Gabriel Císcar y Císcar 1052:Juan Cervera Valderrama 754:, and was buried at sea 676:Dionisio Alcalá Galiano 429:tensile forces. As the 328:Vicinity of Cadiz, 1813 261:. The philosophic term 1659:Spanish naming customs 1473: 1465: 1453:Gallery of gravestones 1397:Joaquín Toledo y Parra 1317:Nicolás Otero Figueroa 1267:Cripiano Mauleón Godoy 1187:Mateo Hernández Ocampo 1167:José González Hontoria 1147:Cesáreo Fernández Duro 1132:Manuel Emparán de Orbe 798:Fernández de Peñaranda 728:José Alvariño Gabeiras 653:José Fernández Acevedo 490: 426:compressional strength 420: 408: 329: 251:classical civilization 222: 1682:at Wikimedia Commons 1578:to all generations." 1464: 1442:Antonio Yepes Arigori 1282:Augusto Miranda Godoy 1257:José Malcampo y Monge 1217:Ángel Laborde Navarro 770:Bautista de Antequera 742:Renard de Fuchsemberg 444: 418: 406: 327: 1545:Liber Ecclesiasticus 1327:Vicente Yáñez Pinzón 1322:Martín Alonso Pinzón 1207:Jaime Janer Róbinson 1077:Christopher Columbus 1015:José Casado Ferreiro 959:Pedro Cardona Prieto 833:, his native island. 357:Council of Ministers 189:English translation: 183:Spanish translation: 153:Completion date 1312:Pedro Novo y Colson 1307:José Navarro Torres 980:Battle of Trafalgar 935:Diego Butrón Cortés 804:Chincha Islands War 774:Bobadilla de Eslava 698:Battle of Trafalgar 670:Battle of Trafalgar 573:Illustrious actions 560: 495:church architecture 376:Structural elements 353:Ministry of Defence 283:church architecture 174:GLORIAM.ADEPTI.SUNT 145:Beginning date 98:San Fernando, Cádiz 73: / 28: 1466: 1382:José Solano y Bote 1277:Casto Méndez Núñez 1247:Ferdinand Magellan 1177:Julio Guillén Tato 1162:José Goicoa Labart 1117:Juan Díaz de Solís 758:Conde de Amblimont 647:1872 Cavite mutiny 617:Sáenz de Navarrete 558: 491: 421: 409: 330: 77:36.4797°N 6.1937°W 1678:Media related to 1417:Juan Varela Ulloa 1048: 1047: 295:Province of Cádiz 249:, a "rebirth" of 211: 210: 170:IN.GENERATIONIBUS 161:Dedicated to 1702: 1677: 1662: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1558: 1552: 1540: 1524: 1512: 1503: 1491: 1481: 903:Gómez de Barreda 826:Pont de la Terra 561: 547:Mariners honored 431:tensile strength 338:Charles Borromeo 313:, on the Bay of 275:Pantheon of Rome 207: 176:ET.IN.DIEBUS.SUI 88: 87: 85: 84: 83: 82:36.4797; -6.1937 78: 74: 71: 70: 69: 66: 43: 29: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1685: 1684: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1625:Diario de Cádiz 1618: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1516: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1483: 1475: 1467: 1459: 1458:Call to service 1455: 1097:Juan de la Cosa 1030: 1028: 1002: 1000: 974: 972: 950: 948: 926: 924: 902: 900: 875: 873: 852: 850: 837:Antonio Barceló 825: 823: 797: 795: 773: 771: 741: 716: 691: 689: 637: 616: 614: 590: 588: 549: 540: 531: 439: 378: 369: 291: 202: 193: 191: 187: 184: 181: 179: 177: 175: 173: 171: 169: 167: 81: 79: 75: 72: 67: 64: 62: 60: 59: 50: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1708: 1706: 1698: 1697: 1687: 1686: 1670: 1669:External links 1667: 1664: 1663: 1649: 1640: 1630: 1611: 1602: 1588: 1570: 1553: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1486: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1004: 997: 994: 990: 989: 984: 976: 969: 966: 962: 961: 956: 952: 945: 942: 938: 937: 932: 928: 921: 918: 914: 913: 908: 904: 897: 894: 890: 889: 884: 877: 870: 867: 863: 862: 857: 854: 847: 844: 840: 839: 834: 827: 820: 817: 813: 812: 807: 799: 792: 789: 785: 784: 779: 775: 768: 765: 761: 760: 755: 743: 738: 735: 731: 730: 725: 718: 713: 710: 706: 705: 700: 693: 686: 683: 679: 678: 673: 666: 665:Alcalá Galiano 663: 660: 656: 655: 650: 639: 634: 631: 627: 626: 621: 618: 613:Maria de Álava 611: 608: 604: 603: 598: 592: 585: 582: 578: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 548: 545: 539: 536: 530: 527: 438: 435: 377: 374: 368: 365: 346:Siege of Cádiz 290: 287: 209: 208: 200: 196: 195: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 94: 90: 89: 56: 55: 52: 51: 44: 36: 35: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1707: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1668: 1660: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1638:is countered. 1634: 1631: 1627:(in Spanish). 1626: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1536: 1529: 1523: 1518: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1472: 1463: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 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939: 936: 933: 929: 922: 919: 915: 912: 909: 905: 898: 895: 891: 888: 885: 882: 878: 871: 868: 864: 861: 858: 855: 848: 845: 841: 838: 835: 832: 828: 821: 818: 814: 811: 808: 805: 800: 793: 790: 786: 783: 780: 776: 769: 766: 762: 759: 756: 753: 749: 744: 739: 736: 732: 729: 726: 723: 719: 714: 711: 707: 704: 701: 699: 694: 687: 684: 680: 677: 674: 671: 667: 664: 661: 657: 654: 651: 648: 644: 640: 635: 632: 628: 625: 622: 619: 612: 609: 605: 602: 599: 597: 593: 586: 583: 579: 562: 556: 553: 546: 544: 537: 535: 529:Ornamentation 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 436: 434: 432: 427: 417: 413: 405: 401: 399: 395: 394:simple device 391: 387: 383: 375: 373: 366: 364: 362: 358: 354: 349: 347: 341: 339: 335: 326: 322: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 288: 286: 284: 280: 276: 270: 268: 264: 260: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 205: 201: 197: 190: 185: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 86: 57: 53: 48: 42: 37: 30: 22: 1672: 1652: 1643: 1633: 1624: 1614: 1605: 1591: 1581: 1573: 1563: 1556: 1538: 1474: 1469: 1232:Blas de Lezo 554: 550: 541: 532: 523: 519: 515: 511: 492: 451:barrel vault 422: 410: 379: 370: 350: 342: 331: 319: 311:Isla de León 307:San Fernando 292: 271: 255: 214: 212: 188: 182: 164: 971:de Carranza 944:Pedro Maria 437:Composition 267:Trinitarian 247:Renaissance 237:. The term 180:IN.LAUDIBUS 172:GENTIS.SUAE 80: / 896:José María 872:Bustamante 692:Bustamante 567:Given name 449:. It is a 388:, and the 334:Carlos III 168:OMNES.ISTI 65:36°28′47″N 47:architrave 1530:Footnotes 999:de Casado 983:Pantheon. 968:Juan José 791:Francisco 685:Francisco 645:when the 636:Fernández 299:Andalusia 227:mausoleum 68:6°11′37″W 1689:Category 1003:Ferreiro 899:Bustillo 849:de Bazán 831:Mallorca 740:Francois 717:Gabeiras 715:Alvariño 662:Dionisio 570:Surnames 487:transept 461:with an 263:Pantheon 239:Pantheon 178:HABENTUR 121:Material 105:Designer 93:Location 1549:Vulgate 1027:Cervera 1024:Pascual 947:Cardona 907:causes. 876:Quevedo 869:Joaquín 822:Barceló 819:Antonio 638:Acevedo 610:Ignacio 587:Pujazón 584:Cecilio 471:chancel 455:rotunda 279:rotunda 225:) is a 219:Spanish 199:Website 1480:, 1898 1031:Topete 975:Vivero 951:Prieto 927:Cortés 923:Butrón 853:Guzmán 846:Álvaro 794:Armero 737:Claude 688:Alcedo 591:García 467:cupola 463:oculus 396:: the 384:, the 129:Length 1021:1909 993:1915 965:1821 955:2000. 941:1936 920:Diego 917:1842 893:1868 866:1898 843:1588 816:1797 788:1866 764:1890 734:1797 709:1898 682:1805 659:1805 630:1872 607:1817 581:1891 564:Death 398:wedge 386:vault 315:Cádiz 303:Spain 235:Spain 231:Cádiz 137:Width 996:José 767:Juan 712:José 633:José 507:bema 503:apse 499:nave 483:apse 479:dais 475:bema 459:dome 447:nave 390:dome 382:arch 259:nave 213:The 156:1854 148:1786 113:Type 1691:: 1623:. 301:, 297:, 233:, 221:: 1661:. 1029:y 1001:y 973:y 949:y 925:y 901:y 874:y 851:y 824:y 796:y 772:y 690:y 615:y 589:y 217:( 206:. 23:.

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