125:
384:
Tiger I was "nearly invulnerable in a frontal engagement" against any of the Soviet tanks of that time. Wittmann thus could "kill its opponents long before they were close enough to inflict damage on his tank". Zaloga concludes: "Most of the 'tank aces' of World War II were simply lucky enough to have an invulnerable tank with a powerful gun". He has also written that "the considerable attention paid to German tank aces in recent years obscures the fact that they were an exception to the rule and that most of the anonymous young German tankers in late 1944 were thrown into combat with poor training".
95:, amongst others, began to examine the combat performance of highly decorated German tank crews during the war. Zaloga argued that the term "panzer ace" is a romanticisation of reality mixed with propaganda, as it is neither possible to correctly determine "tank kills" in the heat of battle, nor to separate individual performance from technological or battlefield advantage. In contrast, British historian Robert Kershaw argues that the large number of tanks destroyed by some German commanders can be attributed to the skills they gained through years of combat.
368:. He notes the "romantic nonsense" of the popular inclination to imagine a tank versus tank engagement as an "armoured joust" – two opponents facing each other – with the "more valiant or better-armed the eventual victor". In reality, most tank to tank combat involved one tank ambushing the other, and the most successful tank commanders were generally "bushwhackers" with "a decided advantage in firepower or armour, and often both".
372:
223:
magazine notes further: "The tankmen's heroic deeds were popularised over the radio, in special orders of the day, in newspapers and leaflets, and in individual talks with servicemen. Some tank whose crews had distinguished themselves most in action, were given, by order of tank formation commanders,
464:
Both
British and German veterans also noted that a good crew working together, helped success in tank combat. Panzer ace Michael Wittmann noted the importance of a good crew as being necessary for an effective tank. In particular, he noted the importance of the gunner, and when he was honoured with
460:
The
Panthers and Tigers caused consternation in Allied tank crews, and the 75 mm gun of the early model Sherman tank was seen as inadequate against these tanks. However, Kershaw points out that having a technical advantage over the enemy in terms of armour isn't absolutely decisive. The French
383:
Zaloga uses
Wittmann's career to illustrate the point of the battlefield advantage. He credits Wittmann with "about 135" tanks destroyed, but points out that Wittmann achieved 120 of these in 1943, operating a Tiger I tank on the Eastern Front. Having advantages both in firepower and in armour, the
357:) and during the subsequent Soviet counteroffensives in the summer of 1943, German combat units claimed 16,250 tanks and assault guns destroyed. According to Zetterling, the high command was a little too drastic with its 50% reduction, and a reduction of claims by 42% would have been more accurate.
332:
questions the numbers of tanks destroyed attributed in popular culture to various tank commanders. According to
Neitzel, numbers of successes by highly decorated soldiers should be approached with caution as it is rarely possible to determine reliably, in the heat of the battle, how many tanks were
434:
and against the T-34 in 1941 in Russia), as noted the Tiger I had an advantage over many allied tanks, e.g. T-34s. Successful German tank aces were often in Tigers, including
Johannes Kümmel, Michael Wittmann, Hyazinth Graf von Strachwitz, Otto Carius, Johannese Bolter and Martin Shroif. However,
405:
British author George Forty writes that some German tanks (in particular the Tiger I) were often better armoured and armed than their allied counterparts, which often helped the survivability of crews, enabling them to either win engagements or at least survive encounters so as to be able to fight
422:
Many factors are cited as contributing to the success of a tank crew. Training was an important factor, and George Forty concludes that German tank training had the edge on others, at least partially because they had started training programs long before others did. Forty notes that many regarded
218:
did not regard destroying tanks as an act of particular heroism for its tank commanders, as the main role of its armoured units was to support infantry. According to
Russian military historian Mikhail Polikarpov, in contrast to the German model, the Russian concept was based on the heroic acts or
402:, refers to a "tank ace" being the minority of tank commanders that accounted for the most destroyed enemy armour, saying it is roughly analogous with a flying ace. He says some tank aces like Wittmann encapsulate what cumulative skills from years of combat in multiple campaigns may achieve.
346:(FHO), routinely reduced the reported number of Soviet tanks being destroyed by 30 to 50 per cent in their own statistics to make up for double counting and repairable vehicles. Zaloga considers these numbers to be reasonably accurate tallies of actual Soviet tank losses.
156:
has suggested that the confidence which the crews of Tigers and the operators of other relatively advanced weapons had in the capabilities of their equipment may have reinforced their ideological conditioning, and encouraged them to take risks in combat.
313:. In Kurowski's retelling, after fighting unit after unit of the Red Army, Bäke was able to establish a corridor to the trapped German forces, and then "wiped out" the attacking Soviets. In another of Kurowski's accounts, while attempting to relieve the
423:
Soviet training as inadequate and too short; for instance, crews drove on the peaks of hills to avoid rough terrain, which made them more visible targets, and they continued to do this throughout the war, with no training or experience correcting this.
228:
was published in accommodation of a portrait photo. Overall, English newspapers devoted a lot of space to aircraft and naval tallies, human interest stories, and the
Eastern Front, but paid little attention to tank combat.
267:
company), Kurowski is one of the authors who "have picked up and disseminated the myths of the
Wehrmacht in a wide variety of popular publications that romanticize the German struggle in Russia", according to
461:
had superior tanks in terms of armour and firepower to the
Germans at the start of the war, however the training and doctrine of the French armoured forces was inferior and patchy compared to the Germans.
406:
again. Forty notes that the expertise and bravery of tankmen who had achieved high numbers of "kills", such as
Michael Wittmann, was also a factor. He points out that there were tank commanders, like
391:
has also criticised accounts of Wittmann's career, arguing that "many historians through to today continue to repackage unquestioningly Nazi propaganda" by repeating false claims that Wittmann's tank
172:
were responsible for the destruction of large numbers of German tanks and other armoured vehicles. Abrams credited the success of his tank to the gunner. The US Army's weekly magazine
293:, Wittmann was credited with about 135 tanks destroyed – although 120 of those were made on the Eastern Front from a Tiger tank. After the war, Wittmann gained a
364:
opines that "tank kill claims during World War II on all sides should be taken with a grain of salt". Zaloga uses the term "tank ace" in quotation marks in his 2015 work
152:
at this time received the same high decorations, as these tanks were more vulnerable to Allied tanks and initially less mechanically reliable than the Tiger. Historian
124:
426:
The difference in armour and firepower is undeniably a factor. Though at times the Germans found themselves to be at a disadvantage (initially against the British
395:. In reality, this tactical success was achieved by the entire unit Wittmann formed part of, but was attributed only to him as part of a propaganda campaign.
1090:
Waffen-SS Armour in Normandy: The Combat History of SS Panzer Regiment 12 and SS Panzerjager Abteilung 12, Normandy 1944, based on their original war diaries
148:
tanks between mid-1943 and mid-1944. The Allies did not have any tanks capable of easily defeating the Tigers during this period. Few soldiers who operated
224:
the name of Russian generals or of the heroes of the units, who had fallen fighting for their country." The most successful award recipient of the
1109:
Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 – Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtsteile
1365:
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164:
did not recognize the concept of "tank aces" during World War II, with proposals to do so being rejected. US Army tank commanders such as
466:
454:
1097:
469:
award for tank combat, he said he would only accept it if his gunner, Balthasar ("Bobby") Woll, was also honoured in the same manner.
1214:
1195:
1173:
103:
During World War II the concept received little attention. To the extent that the concept existed, it was mainly advanced by the
182:
described Pool as "the ace of American tankers" and stated that " is an almost unbelievable document of total victory." A 1943
328:
The concept of what constitutes success in tank battles has received considerable attention in recent years. The historian
1314:
270:
478:
260:
51:
as well as British and American militaries did not recognise the concept of an "ace" during the war. The similar term,
1385:
588:
136:
in June 1943. Most of the successful German tank commanders served in units equipped with Tigers during this period.
1390:
246:
914:
Showalter, Dennis "Hitler's Panzers: The lightning Attacks that revolutised Warfare" Berkeley Caliber, 2009 p 165
392:
388:
225:
34:
178:(which was not available to public) featured several successful tank commanders such as Pool. The March 1945
121:) units, tank crews and commanders generally received awards for mission performance rather than tank kills.
114:
431:
259:
describes fictionalised careers of highly decorated German soldiers during World War II. A veteran of the
193:
173:
1283:
Showalter, Dennis Edwin (2002). "More Than Nuts and Bolts: Technology and the German Army, 1870–1945".
977:
314:
189:
140:
German highly decorated tank commanders were most often soldiers who served in units equipped with
1300:
1252:
161:
58:
The term "panzer ace" has become prominent in contemporary popular culture in English-language
33:) is a contemporary term used in English-speaking popular culture to describe highly decorated
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414:, who still had success in their tanks despite them being inferior to the tanks they opposed.
411:
350:
165:
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Prods, John "Normandy Crucible: The Decisive Battle that shaped World War II in Europe" p 81
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United States. Dept. of the Army. Office of the Chief of Public Affairs, Issue 44, p. 25
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30:
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Tucker-Jones, Jones "Tiger I and Tiger II" Pen and Sword Military, 1988, page 9
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72:
20:
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305:, and tank warfare. Kurowski's book also describes the actions of "panzer ace"
491:
446:
427:
271:
The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi–Soviet War in American Popular Culture
66:
works, especially in the United States. English translations of German author
1296:
1229:"Des Forschens noch wert? Anmerkungen zur Operationsgeschichte der Waffen-SS"
192:
as a "tank ace" for the actions of a force under his command during the 1938
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407:
105:
59:
47:
281:, is credited by Kurowski as having destroyed 60 tanks and nearly as many
215:
145:
141:
129:
670:, Issue 4, April 1972, p. 34. Moscow: Krasnaya Zvezda Publishing House
55:
has been used post-war to describe highly regarded tanks commanders.
38:
371:
683:, Moscow: Krasnaya Zvezda Publishing House, April 1972, p. 35
370:
123:
76:
series, which focuses on highly decorated tank commanders such as
286:
1128:
Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe
453:
Battalion of 12th SS Panzer Division, who was awarded the
692:
690:
457:
for battlefield bravery and credited with 36 tank kills.
874:
872:
823:
821:
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779:
777:
393:
single-handedly defeated a British offensive in Normandy
320:, Bäke destroyed 32 enemy tanks in a single engagement.
550:
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523:
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519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
1358:
Panther vs Sherman : Battle of the Bulge, 1944
976:
1317:: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture
340:s intelligence service on the Eastern Front, the
274:by historians Ronald Smelser and Edward Davies.
1339:Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II
366:Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II
109:as part of its contributions to Nazi Germany's
203:did not recognise any tank aces. Some British
808:Zetterling, Niklas; Frankson, Anders (2000).
756:
732:
720:
708:
8:
435:tank aces can also be found having used the
1312:Smelser, Ronald; Davies, Edward J. (2008).
1166:Tank Aces: From Blitzkrieg to the Gulf War
1014:
188:story also labelled Chinese Major General
1246:
1207:Tank Men: the Human Story of Tanks at War
1026:
539:
289:in November 1943. According to historian
1319:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
241:covered "panzer aces" in several of his
1147:Sherman Firefly vs Tiger: Normandy 1944
1047:
851:
839:
768:
696:
613:
507:
207:tanks destroyed several German tanks.
1341:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
923:
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554:
527:
16:Highly decorated German tank commander
1071:
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878:
863:
637:
575:
277:The most famous German "panzer ace",
87:In the early 2000s, German historian
19:For the Panzer Aces book series, see
7:
1130:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
650:Polikarpov, Mikhail (18 June 2004),
625:
1266:Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare
398:Author Robert Kershaw, in his book
245:accounts. Published in the U.S. by
1209:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
812:. London: Frank Cass. p. 126.
810:Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis
14:
1234:Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift
1107:Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (1986).
285:in the course of a few days near
253:in the 2010s, his popular series
455:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
219:deeds the soldier achieved. The
1190:(2004 ed.). Magpie Books.
652:"Покушение на священные миражи"
418:Contributing factors to success
41:") commanders and crews during
1:
1360:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1315:The Myth of the Eastern Front
1188:Tank Warfare In World War Two
91:and American military author
1205:Kershaw, Robert J. (2008).
1088:Számvéber, Norbert (2018).
654:[Debunking Myths],
589:"Chinese Tank Ace in Cairo"
333:destroyed and by whom. The
1407:
1356:Zaloga, Steven J. (2008).
1248:10.1524/mgzs.2002.61.2.403
1111:. Germany: Podzun-Pallas.
595:. 30 March 1943. p. 8
441:("hunting tank"), such as
375:The grave of "panzer ace"
295:cult status among admirers
247:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing
18:
1145:Hart, Stephen A. (2007).
757:Smelser & Davies 2008
733:Smelser & Davies 2008
721:Smelser & Davies 2008
709:Smelser & Davies 2008
379:and his tank crew in 2007
1297:10.1111/1540-6563.651019
711:, pp. 175–176, 251.
226:Hero of the Soviet Union
1264:Perrett, Bryan (2012).
318:encircled in Stalingrad
70:'s use the term in his
1164:Forty, George (1997).
1126:Buckley, John (2013).
1092:. Helion and Company.
681:Soviet Military Review
668:Soviet Military Review
445:(Senior squad leader)
380:
221:Soviet Military Review
137:
374:
194:Battle of Taierzhuang
127:
1268:. London: Hachette.
249:in the 1990s and by
111:propaganda campaigns
1062:, p. 133, 135.
99:Wartime perceptions
1386:Propaganda legends
1168:. Stroud: Sutton.
1149:. Oxford: Osprey.
987:. 12 February 2015
723:, pp. 5, 159.
593:The New York Times
482:in popular culture
443:SS-Oberscharführer
381:
353:(which led to the
263:(as a member of a
237:The German author
210:In the opinion of
162:United States Army
138:
1391:Panzer commanders
1367:978-1-84603-292-9
1348:978-0-8117-1437-2
1326:978-0-521-83365-3
1275:978-1-78022-524-1
1156:978-1-84603-150-2
1137:978-0-300-13449-0
1118:978-3-7909-0284-6
449:from the 12th SS
351:Operation Citadel
166:Lafayette G. Pool
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377:Michael Wittmann
343:Fremde Heere Ost
339:
311:Cherkassy Pocket
279:Michael Wittmann
233:Contemporary use
170:Creighton Abrams
154:Dennis Showalter
132:tank during the
78:Michael Wittmann
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355:Battle of Kursk
349:At the time of
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315:German 6th Army
251:Stackpole Books
235:
205:Sherman Firefly
199:Similarly, the
190:Hoo Hsien-Chung
134:Battle of Kursk
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64:popular history
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1291:(1): 123–143.
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1027:Számvéber 2018
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773:
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540:Showalter 2002
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487:Ace (military)
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467:Knight's Cross
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412:Lafayette Pool
360:The historian
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283:anti-tank guns
239:Franz Kurowski
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185:New York Times
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1241:: 403–429.
924:Zaloga 2015
828:Zaloga 2015
796:Zaloga 2015
784:Zaloga 2015
745:Zaloga 2015
656:НЕЗАВИСИМАЯ
555:Zaloga 2008
528:Zaloga 2008
451:Panzerjäger
256:Panzer Aces
115:German Army
73:Panzer Aces
35:German tank
21:Panzer Aces
1380:Categories
1072:Forty 1998
1060:Forty 1998
964:Forty 1997
952:Forty 1997
940:Forty 1997
928:Forty 1997
903:Forty 1998
891:Forty 1998
879:Forty 1997
864:Forty 1997
638:Forty 1997
576:Forty 1997
498:References
492:Flying ace
447:Rudolf Roy
428:Matilda II
387:Historian
307:Franz Bäke
265:propaganda
113:. In most
82:Franz Bäke
27:Panzer ace
1305:143532079
1257:185691597
984:The Times
626:Hart 2007
599:2 October
503:Citations
480:Waffen-SS
408:Buck Kite
335:Wehrmacht
303:Waffen-SS
299:Wehrmacht
106:Waffen-SS
60:militaria
48:Wehrmacht
1337:(2015).
1227:(2002).
1186:(1998).
473:See also
400:Tank Men
324:Analysis
216:Red Army
146:Tiger II
53:tank ace
991:12 June
309:in the
297:of the
142:Tiger I
130:Tiger I
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39:panzer
29:(tank
1301:S2CID
1253:S2CID
338:'
1362:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1321:ISBN
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1192:ISBN
1170:ISBN
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1132:ISBN
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1094:ISBN
993:2015
601:2016
465:the
410:and
287:Kiev
180:Yank
175:Yank
168:and
160:The
119:Heer
80:and
62:and
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