96:
312:
Paspahegh harassment and filching tools at the fort then resumes, though eight of them are taken prisoner; the
Paspahegh responded by taking two colonists who wandered outside the fort as their own prisoners. The same night, the colonists escalated hostilities, raiding and burning the nearby Paspahegh villages. At this, Wowinchopunk released the two captives, but the colonists only released one Paspahegh, keeping the rest until chief Powhatan sent a gift of corn along with his own young daughter,
706:
407:. He disagreed with the effort to abandon the colony, and his fleet joined theirs and returned to the fort at Jamestown under Lord De la Warr's command. Although abandoned only a single day, since the colonists leaving Jamestown had not yet picked up those at the outpost at Fort Algernon nearer to the Atlantic Ocean, the latter, now located in the
419:
Powhatan insisted that the colonists either stay in their fort or leave
Virginia. Enraged, De la Warr had the hand of a Paspahegh captive cut off and sent him to the paramount chief with another ultimatum: Return all captive colonists and their property, or the neighboring villages would be burned. Chief Powhatan did not respond.
509:
exchange and followed by a decline. English colonists quickly realized how highly the
Powhatan peoples valued copper. As the English brought more copper into the colony over a nearly 20-year period, its value declined, and it never recovered the prestige it held at the time of English arrival. Copper
311:
Spring, 1608 – An uneasy alliance concluded with chief
Powhatan in the winter — during which time he saved the colonists from starvation by sending them regular supplies of corn — begins to fall apart, when the colonial militia are seen to conducting military drills outside their fort in the Spring.
219:
May 14 – A group of
English colonists begin their occupation of Jamestown Island, an island in Paspehegh territory where Indians sometimes camped, though they did not have permanent habitations. The colonists begin building a defensive fort on the island. A few Paspehegh braves paddled in on canoes
501:
The James River
Institute for Archeology (JRIA) conducted collections from a 31-acre (130,000 m) site when it was threatened with development. More concentrated work was done in an area of 2.1 acres (8,500 m). The site has remants of houses, mortuary structures, elite's houses, and other
418:
July – Lord De la Warr proved harsher and more warlike toward the
Indians than any of his predecessors. He first sent Gates to drive off the Kecoughtan from their village on July 9, then gave chief Powhatan the ultimatum of either returning all captive colonists and their property, or facing war.
347:
Wowinchapuncke (through his orator, Ocanindge) later makes peace, but states that if the colonists use further force against him, he will let them starve them next winter. He tells Smith, "We perceive and well knowe you intend to destroy us, that are here to intreat and desire your friendship..."
346:
Spring, 1609 – Harassment by the
Paspaheghs and other groups continues at the fort; in one skirmish, John Smith, then President of the colony, captured the weroance, Wowinchapuncke. However, he later escaped at which Smith raided his town, stealing two canoes, and killing six at another town.
235:'s 1608 account, Wowinchapuncke indicated that he would grant the settlers "as much land as we would desire to take," although later historians contend that it is highly dubious that he would have said any such thing. The Paspahegh leave in anger after a violent dispute over an English hatchet.
445:
February 9 – In a skirmish near the
Jamestown fort, Wowinchapuncke is mortally wounded. Soon thereafter, his followers avenge his death by luring several colonists out of the fort and killing them. However, the bulk of the broken tribe appear to have merged with the other chiefdoms, and they
264:
and
Powhatan territory, a combined force of 400 Paspahegh, Quiockahannock, Weyanoke, Appomattoc and Chiskiack assault the fort. They withdraw upon receiving gunfire from the colonists; at least three Indians and one colonist are killed, with several wounded on both sides. Indian raiding and
275:
November – The Paspehegh return an English boy who had run away, confirming their intentions are no longer hostile. Faced with starvation, the settlers turn to the neighboring tribes, including the Paspehegh, for help, buying small amounts of corn from them on three occasions. However,
422:
August 9, 1610 – Tired of waiting for a response from Powhatan, De la Warr sent Percy with 70 colonists to attack the Paspahegh capital; they burned the houses and destroyed nearby cornfields. They killed between 65 and 75 Paspahegh during the attack, and captured one of
335:
country, against the chief Powhatan's wishes. The Paspehegh and most other tribes along the James abandoned their villages and hid when a group of colonists came to buy corn that fall. Only a few Indians were found, whom the colonists forced at gunpoint to sell their
291:, brother of the paramount chief Powhatan. Smith is captured and taken around Powhatan territory as an involuntary guest, eventually meeting the paramount chief, who orders the colonists to leave Paspahegh territory. He suggests they take up residence at
181:
tribes was not, in fact, a confederacy, which is more or less a unification of entities which are superior in self-governance to the central point of power. Chief Powhatan's organization is more accurately described by anthropologists as a
398:
a year earlier, but become lost in a hurricane. Gates saw the condition of the men and saw that they were in no condition physically or mentally to endure anymore. He instead decided to evacuate the colony, and their fort at Jamestown was
350:
Several colonists are boarded in Indian towns in the following truce, but relations remain strained. The truce again falls apart when Smith tries unsuccessfully in the summer to establish more fortifications in the territory of the
186:, and he (as well as his several successors) were clearly the central ruler. During the period from 1607 until his death in 1618, these Native Americans are most correctly described as being of Powhatan's "paramount chiefdom".
220:
around midnight to investigate what they were doing, but fled when two watchmen sounded the alarm. A few days later, two well-dressed and highly decorated Paspehegh messengers arrive at the fort to announce that their
402:
The next day after Gates and the survivors set sail, as they were moving downstream on the James River, they encountered the remainder of yet another English supply fleet. This one was under a newly appointed governor,
381:
May – After a particularly harsh winter in which many colonists died of starvation, those remaining were reduced to skin and bones. They were so desperate for food that they resorted to cannibalism of those who died.
427:
s wives and her children. Returning downstream, Percy's men threw the children overboard, and, in his own words, shot out "their Braynes in the water". They stabbed the queen to death after bringing her to
510:
was the most important metal in among Powhatan tribes, where it was a mark in life and death of the social hierarchy. The elite were buried with copper items to secure them passage in the spiritual world.
245:
May 20 – Forty Paspahegh braves arrive at the fort with a deer for feasting; they engage in target practice for the colonists, demonstrating that their bows were capable of piercing wood, but not steel.
694:
319:
Fall, 1608 – Again faced with starvation, the colonists attempt to purchase corn from their Indian neighbours, but find them less willing to sell. They were antagonized by Captain Newport's mock
640:"Paspahegh Archaeology: Data Recovery Investigations of Site 44JC308 at the Governor's Land at Two Rivers, James City County, Virginia," ed. Mary Ellen Hodges and Charles Hodges, JRIA, 1994
687:
139:
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210:, an English party first make contact with the Paspahegh, enjoy a feast with them, and listen to, but are unable to understand, an oration by the Paspahegh
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and other tribes to the west. Similarly, the English hoped to use their colony to free themselves of dependence on other European nations for other goods.
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The Paspahegh never recovered from this attack, and abandoned their town. The attack, and other colonial attacks on Indian settlements, ignited the
655:
453:
May 21 – Sir Thomas Dale, Lord de la Warr's new replacement, visits the site of the former Paspehegh capital and finds it overgrown with weeds.
560:
116:
301:, where he would provide them food and security in exchange for metal tools. Smith promises to comply, and is released on January 1, 1608.
150:
238:
May 19 – Percy and three or four other colonists explore the woods on foot and discover a nearby Paspahegh village; they receive gifts of
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242:, but return to the fort quickly after they see an armed brave suddenly plunge into the woods, probably to notify Wowinchapuncke.
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country, Smith stumbles upon a huge communal hunting party of several Powhatan subtribes, including the Paspehegh, being led by
599:
A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Hapned in Virginia Since the First Planting of that Colony,
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957:
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494:. It is located 6 miles (9.7 km) above the English fort at Jamestown. First identified in 1983 by surveyors from the
127:
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143:
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paramount chiefdom, incorporated into the chiefdom around 1596 or 1597. The Paspahegh Indian tribe lived in present-day
495:
131:
53:
411:, can lay claim to the longest "continuously occupied" English-speaking settlement in what later became the state of
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tribe (who lived downriver) and at the location of the original Powhatan tribe, (who lived upriver near what is now
165:, the Paspehegh appear to have been destroyed as a tribe by early 1611 and disappeared from the historical record.
470:. After 1619, they renamed it Southampton Hundred. St. Mary's Anglican Church was established there prior to the
387:
728:
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wrote of one of these occasions in ungrateful terms, calling the Paspahegh a "churlish and treacherous nation".
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in their territory, beginning on May 14, 1607. Because of conflict with the colonists and likely exposure to
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383:
232:
474:, a series of surprise attacks on English settlements in Virginia that devastated the colonial population.
525:
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Seth Mallios and Shane Emmett, "Demand, Supply, and Elasticity in the Copper Trade at Early Jamestown"
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753:
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432:
284:
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have often been mischaracterized by historians as the "Powhatan Confederacy". This group of allied
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359:). Smith left Virginia in October 1609, but that same month the colonists built an fortification (
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498:, the site is one of only a few Early Contact period archeological sites in Virginia.
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harassment continues for a week or two as the colonists hasten to complete their fort.
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272:(Wahunsunacock) announces a ceasefire, causing Paspahegh raids to cease abruptly.
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in Charles City County, was settled by English colonists in 1617, who called it
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The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521–1704
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disappear from the historical record at this point. Subsequent use of the word
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Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia through Four Centuries
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then arrives with more colonists, provisions, and orders from James I to "
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would soon be paying them a visit, and bringing a "fat Deare" with him.
579:, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990, p. 30, citing Percy
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English copper trade freed Chief Powhatan from relations with hostile
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896:
880:
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390:" the Indians. Gate's fleet, also widely known in later times as the
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village structures and artifacts such as ceramics and copper items.
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666:, Vol. 2, Jan. 2004, Historic Jamestowne, accessed April 19, 2010
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520:
Other Paspahegh villages were located on the south bank of the
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in documents is mainly in reference to their former territory.
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and one hundred armed men visit Jamestown fort. According to
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The original capital of the Paspahegh Indians, present-day
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The Paspehegh were among the earliest tribes interact with
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153:, who established their first permanent settlement in the
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May 26 – While half of the English party is away with
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549:Charles M. Hudson; Carmen Chaves Tesser (1994).
323:of paramount chief Wahunsunacock as a supposed "
140:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
664:The Journal of the Jamestown Rediscovery Center
331:, and his leading a military expedition to the
610:Rountree, p. 55, 57, citing Strachey and Percy
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107:by the Department of Historic Resources, 2005
8:
631:, Virtual Jamestown, accessed April 19, 2010
555:. University of Georgia Press. p. 359.
24:
295:, a satellite village near his own capital
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681:
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505:Analysis of the site showed the rise in
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99:Paspahegh historical marker erected in
196:Timeline of interaction with colonists
7:
619:Rountree, p. 55 n., citing Dale 1611
138:. The Powhatan Confederacy included
40:Regions with significant populations
790:Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
775:Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe
963:Native American tribes in Virginia
216:, Wowinchapuncke (Wowinchoppunck).
168:
14:
785:Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia
948:Archaeological sites in Virginia
704:
482:Archaeologists are studying the
953:Extinct Native American peoples
283:December – While exploring the
18:Historic Native American tribe
1:
524:and on the north bank of the
169:Powhatan's paramount chiefdom
316:, to plead for their return.
206:May 4 – While exploring the
175:Tidewater Region of Virginia
144:Eastern Algonquian languages
496:College of William and Mary
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363:) in the territory of the
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173:Indigenous tribes in the
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76:
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44:
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433:First Anglo-Powhatan War
268:June 15 – The paramount
780:Mattaponi Indian Nation
472:Indian Massacre of 1622
711:Native American tribes
658:July 13, 2010, at the
588:Rountree, p. 30, n. 16
486:known as Paspahegh or
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105:Virginia State Route 5
252:exploring upriver in
189:Further information:
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82:Related ethnic groups
958:Powhatan Confederacy
943:Algonquian ethnonyms
734:Chickahominy–Eastern
722:Federally recognized
392:Third Supply Mission
142:who spoke a related
88:Powhatan Confederacy
575:Helen C. Rountree,
530:Charles City County
492:Jamestown, Virginia
484:archaeological site
478:Archaeological site
367:tribe (near modern
250:Christopher Newport
163:infectious diseases
132:James City counties
101:Charles City County
54:James City counties
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522:Chickahominy River
357:Richmond, Virginia
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893:(now in Oklahoma)
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30:Total population
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729:Chickahominy
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601:London, 1608
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488:Site 44JC308
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388:Christianize
329:King James I
298:Werowocomoco
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285:Chickahominy
233:George Percy
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128:Charles City
115:tribe was a
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50:Charles City
21:Ethnic group
15:
856:Nacotchtank
629:"Paspahegh"
526:James River
464:Sandy Point
394:, had left
208:James River
937:Categories
917:Wicocomico
871:Patawomeck
866:Occaneechi
826:Chesapeake
821:Assateague
816:Arrohattoc
811:Appomattoc
536:References
428:Jamestown.
399:abandoned.
365:Kecoughtan
321:coronation
314:Pocahontas
278:John Smith
262:Arrohattoc
258:Appomattoc
179:Algonquian
66:Algonquian
25:Pasapahegh
876:Paspahegh
744:Nansemond
458:Aftermath
448:Paspahegh
353:Nansemond
293:Capahosic
227:May 18 –
159:Jamestown
120:tributary
113:Paspahegh
60:Languages
912:Weyanoke
861:Nottoway
851:Meherrin
841:Manahoac
799:Historic
749:Pamunkey
715:Virginia
656:Archived
413:Virginia
254:Weyanoke
222:weroance
213:weroance
191:Powhatan
184:chiefdom
136:Virginia
124:Powhatan
72:Religion
46:Virginia
891:Shawnee
846:Manskin
806:Accomac
739:Monacan
515:Monacan
490:, near
396:England
333:Monacan
240:tobacco
122:to the
922:Xualae
897:Tutelo
886:Senedo
881:Saponi
831:Chisca
559:
507:copper
325:vassal
103:along
77:Native
907:Westo
336:corn.
327:" of
836:Doeg
557:ISBN
440:1611
376:1610
341:1609
306:1608
201:1607
130:and
111:The
52:and
713:in
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157:at
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645:^
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260:,
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435:.
415:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
