179:. It could be used to organize raids or naval operations in support of the embargo on trade with the Muslims. The rise of the particular expedition at the expense of the general signified a practical turn in crusade strategy.
111:
was an "old-style, grand international crusading expedition" that included, besides the well-trained and professional military classes, numerous poorly trained but enthusiastic volunteers. Its goal was the recovery of the
230:
took the cross. Gregory X was the first pope to combine plans for a general crusade with plans for smaller interventions, a "dual crusading policy". This policy was endorsed by the
53:
originally meant a "passing over", "crossing" or "transit". It could refer to any journey by sea and eventually any journey at all. It was already the common term for a
491:
190:(1291), but the terminology does not definitively appear before 1309. Many scholars see 1274 as a turning point in crusade strategy from the
175:
and could be led by a single leader, eliminating rivalries. It was a more professional undertaking, often even relying on the use of
455:: A Commercial Blockade of the Mediterranean in the Early Fourteenth Century?". In Georgios Theotokis; Aysel Yıldız (eds.).
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A Military
History of the Mediterranean Sea: Aspects of War, Diplomacy, and Military Elites
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163:(small passage), that is, either a preliminary venture preparing the way for a later
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124:. In fact, "Gregory was the last pope to come close to launching a traditional
198:. Many earlier crusades, however, are sometimes viewed as particular passages
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when, in the early 12th century, it became the common term for a crusade.
231:
442:
Dickson, Gary (2006). "Passagium
Particulare". In Alan V. Murray (ed.).
68:(1309), a distinction had was being drawn by crusade planners between a
31:
433:
Dickson, Gary (2006). "Passagium
Generale". In Alan V. Murray (ed.).
141:
120:(1271–1276) and remained for a long time the ultimate goal of all
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or else simply a smaller crusade with limited objectives. The
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and
Anthony Leopold. He himself rejects this turning point.
471:. Translated by Jean Birrell. Cambridge University Press.
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446:. Vol. 4 vols. ABC-CLIO. vol. 3, pp. 934–935.
353:, p. 2 and n. 4, cites Sylvia Schein,
437:. Vol. 4 vols. ABC-CLIO. vol. 3, p. 934.
242:. In 1289, in implementing the theory of the
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116:. Such an expedition was the primary aim of
136:became an unrealistic dream. Both types of
451:Bontea, Cornel (2018). "The Theory of the
88:concerning a future expedition involving
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64:(1274) and certainly by the time of the
46:depending on their scale and objective.
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186:was probably conceptualized before the
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250:sent 20 galleys and 1,500 soldiers to
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214:, may be seen as early instances of
132:took precedence in practice and the
14:
492:Catholic Church legal terminology
426:Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
84:in 1276 in a letter to Emperor
76:(particular passage). The term
38:were being qualified as either
424:Baldwin, Philip Bruce (2014).
202:. The expeditions led by King
1:
444:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
435:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
210:in 1239–1241, the so-called
34:. By the late 13th century,
469:The Crusades, c.1071–c.1291
218:. Plans for a more limited
508:
459:. Brill. pp. 202–219.
86:Michael VIII Palaiologos
60:Perhaps as early as the
254:for one year after the
140:were authorized by the
98:Afonso III of Portugal
72:(general passage) and
62:Second Council of Lyon
453:Passagium Particulare
357:, Elizabeth Siberry,
244:passagium particulare
216:passagium particulare
204:Theobald I of Navarre
184:passagium particulare
169:passagium particulare
153:passagium particulare
130:passagium particulare
128:". Increasingly, the
74:passagium particulare
428:. The Boydell Press.
355:Jonathan Riley-Smith
90:Philip III of France
208:Richard of Cornwall
171:was cheaper than a
159:(first passage) or
94:Rudolf I of Germany
66:Crusade of the Poor
228:Louis IX of France
165:passagium generale
155:could be either a
146:plenary indulgence
134:passagium generale
126:passagium generale
109:passagium generale
102:Charles of Salerno
78:generale passagium
70:passagium generale
409:, pp. 77–78.
236:James I of Aragon
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222:gave way to the
161:passagium parvum
157:primum passagium
144:and came with a
122:crusade planning
26:) was a general
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82:Pope Innocent V
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224:Eighth Crusade
118:Pope Gregory X
28:medieval Latin
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339:Dickson 2006b
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322:, p. 1.
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308:Bontea 2018
196:particulare
177:mercenaries
44:particulare
30:term for a
481:Categories
226:when King
55:pilgrimage
467:(1999) .
206:and Earl
138:passagium
114:Holy Land
51:passagium
49:The term
19:passagium
16:The term
487:Crusades
232:Templars
192:generale
173:generale
40:generale
36:passagia
24:passagia
22:(plural
417:Sources
234:, King
194:to the
32:crusade
142:papacy
262:Notes
252:Acre
238:and
182:The
100:and
42:or
483::
327:^
270:^
258:.
246:,
151:A
148:.
107:A
104:.
96:,
92:,
341:.
286:.
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