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34:. "Passive resistance" refers in this case to the reluctance of any notable and prestigious personalities to take any position or office or to otherwise engage in politics, and also to certain other acts of non-cooperation. This approach characterized Hungarian public life between 1849 and 1865, with a brief intermezzo in 1860–61. In Hungarian historical context, therefore, the meaning of the term
88:, refused to lend support or recognition to the authorities. Through their non-cooperation they managed to undermine the legitimacy and credibility of the institutions of the Austrian oppression, which came to be dependent on foreign (mostly Czech) civil servants and discredited collaborationists collectively known by the sobriquet
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became the chief organ of the movement, which was instrumental in keeping up hope and spirit in a
Hungary fully incorporated into Austria and characterized by reprisals against political dissidents, thousands of treason trials, military governance, centralization, absolutism, censorship and direct
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was seen as curbing
Hungarian autonomy to an extent unacceptable by Hungarians, many of whom were still unwilling to give up their hopes of seceding Hungary from Austria entirely. The constitution was therefore rejected by the Diet, which was, in turn, dissolved by the Emperor with the threat of
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strengthened the support of reform in Vienna, while the diminishing moral and financial reserves of the
Hungarian nobility also proved instrumental in bringing the majority of Hungarian leaders to acquiescing in their inability of achieving the complete independence of Hungary. The necessity of
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requested Deák to participate in a committee of the legislation in order to bring about consolidation between
Austria and Hungary. Deák's response ("After the dismal events in the near past, under the circumstances that still prevail, my cooperation in public matters is impossible") was widely
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Deák, Kemény and other leaders of the resistance carefully avoided any political agitation or criticism of the establishment (which was impossible anyway), and, strictly in the framework of civic organizations, concentrated on national issues of non-political nature, such as the use of the
193:; and in a later edition of this book he reproduced his speech to the first annual convention of the National Council of Sinn Féin, in which he urged that Ireland follow the models of Hungary and Finland in casting off oppressive foreign rule through sustained passive resistance.
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undermined the
Habsburg Empire militarily and financially, increasing Vienna's willingness to come to a compromise with the Hungarians. In 1859 Bach, the symbol of repression was dismissed; this, and the issuance of two successive "constitutions" for the Empire (the
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After the dissolution of the Diet, Deák resumed his policies of passive resistance; however, political fermentation started in 1860-61 proved unstoppable. Deák expressed his willingness to resume negotiations with Vienna in his famous 1865 article (the so-called
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was
Austrian minister of the interior at the time with the mission of transforming Hungarian public administration in such a way that all chance for commotion should be eradicated; the 1850s are therefore also referred to as
84:. Their followers, a considerable part of the intelligentsia and the landed gentry, either completely withdrew to private life or similarly limited themselves to non-political activities and, through various means of
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Besides the absence of authentic personalities from state institutions, passive resistance was increasingly characterised by a widespread refusal to pay taxes, avoidance of military service and desertion.
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is slightly different from in other contexts. Passive resistance, including in the forms practised in
Hungary in this period, represents one form of the broader phenomenon of
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coming to a modus vivendi was therefore increasingly accepted by both parties; eventually, these tendencies and the interdependence of
Austria and Hungary led to the
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movement from 1905 onwards, and who was later to be the Irish
Foreign Secretary. He wrote a notable book, published in 1904, on
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to abandon their passive resistance and actively engage in politics again at the Diet convened by the
Emperor on 2 April 1861.
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However, the Hungarian Estates and the Viennese Court were unable to arrive at an agreement. The constitution proposed by
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was crushed by the Austrians and Russians in August 1849, and became crystallized as a movement under the "leadership" of
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The period of passive resistance in Hungary from 1849 to 1867 attracted the interest of one prominent Irish nationalist,
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26:) is a name attributed to an era of Hungarian politics in the 19th century. It refers to a form of opposition to
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distributed in secret and served as a call for other notables to join Deák's passive resistance. The journal
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By the beginning of the decade, the worsening diplomatic isolation of Austria and events such as the 1859
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The worsening politico-military situation of the Empire, especially the disastrous defeat in the
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Hungarian Political Trends between the Revolution and the Compromise (1849-1867)
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József Pap: A passzív ellenállás, a neoabszolutizmus korának mítosza?
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213:, 3rd edition (Dublin: Whelan & Son, 1918), pp. 139-63.
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Passive resistance began immediately after the 1848-1849
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Tamás Csapody: Deák Ferenc és a passzív rezisztencia
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control of Vienna over every aspect of public life.
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The Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel for Ireland
191:Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel for Ireland
16:Era of Hungarian politics in the 19th century
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275:Learn how and when to remove this message
177:The passive resistance as seen in Ireland
238:This article includes a list of general
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306:Magyarország története a 19. században
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167:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
315:, Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1977.
244:it lacks sufficient corresponding
185:, who was a leading figure in the
117:Second Italian War of Independence
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322:, Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó, 1987.
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103:in Hungarian historiography.)
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111:Political events of 1860-1861
82:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
320:Magyar történelmi kronológia
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308:, Budapest: Osiris, 2003.
336:19th century in Hungary
259:more precise citations.
46:First stage - 1849-1860
148:Road to the compromise
141:Emperor Francis Joseph
67:, edited by novelist
169:and the creation of
60:Anton von Schmerling
162:Austro-Prussian War
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52:war of independence
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78:Hungarian language
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20:Passive Resistance
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