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2276:, New York and Auburn: Miller, Orton, & Mulligan, 1856, available on the Gutenberg Project, accessed 2 March 2014. Quote: "That a person held as a slave under the law of one state, and voluntarily carried by his owner for any purpose into another state, is not a fugitive from labor or service within the true intent and meaning of the constitution of the United States, but is subject to the laws of the state into which he has been thus carried; and that by the law of Pennsylvania a slave so brought into this state, whether for the purpose of passing through the same or otherwise, is free."
2008:
1971:, and he and his family and servants were en route from Washington, D.C. to New York City to board a ship to South America. Their train arrived in Philadelphia on the morning of July 18, 1855. Wheeler bought tickets for the 5:00 pm steamboat to New York City, and locked Johnson and her sons in a hotel room while his family toured Philadelphia. A former master had sold Johnson's eldest son, and she was determined that she and her younger sons would be free. Through the locked door, she asked a black porter for his assistance. He contacted
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1916:
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any of the charged men forced her to go; she had long planned to gain freedom in the North, whether in
Philadelphia or New York, during this trip. Her testimony refuted the prosecution and gained acquittal for Still and three of the men; and reduced charges and sentences for two. A reporter said they were proud of their actions and would have repeated them.
2030:. His case attracted extensive press coverage, as northern publications spread the story throughout the country. "Friends comfortably furnished his cell," where he essentially held court. While imprisoned, he received numerous letters and several hundred visitors, including African-American abolitionists
2022:
Like
Williamson, commentators noted that Johnson could not properly be considered as a "fugitive slave" as she had gained freedom while in Pennsylvania, in accordance with its law. She had not reached the state after escaping from slavery, violating laws of the South, and traveling to the North. What
2062:
Claiming that he was illegally imprisoned, Williamson had filed his own writ of habeas corpus with the State
Supreme Court, but it was denied. He was finally freed on November 3, suffering some health effects from jail. He sued Judge Kane for illegal imprisonment, but the case was still unsettled at
2054:
Protected by state and local officials, Jane
Johnson was quickly taken out of the city, eluding federal marshals. She and her children remained free; they moved to Boston, where they settled. Johnson soon married there and worked as a seamstress. Several years later after being widowed, she married
74:
The jailing of
Williamson dramatically expanded news coverage of the case and generated debate about the extension of "Slave Power" over state law, as Pennsylvania did not recognize slavery. It held that slaveowners gave up their property rights in slaves if they brought them into the state; if the
2050:
By August 29, 1855, when Still and the five deckhands were tried on charges brought by
Wheeler, Johnson and her sons were living in New York. She returned for the trial, entering the courtroom hidden by a veil. She caused a dramatic stir by testifying at length that Still had not abducted her, nor
1982:
Still notified
Williamson, and the two men raced to the docks as Wheeler, his family and Johnson and her sons were boarding the steamboat. Williamson informed Johnson (and Wheeler) that Pennsylvania law did not recognize the property rights of slaveholders, and she was free to leave Wheeler if she
1938:
was an enslaved clerk in
Richmond, Virginia. The Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society assisted in his escape to freedom. On March 23, 1849, Brown arranged to be nailed inside a crate and mailed via private express delivery service to Williamson's place of business in Philadelphia. The next day,
2003:
for not revealing the location of
Johnson and her children, but he literally did not know it, as Still had not told him. (This was common practice among the Vigilance Committee, to protect members and fugitives.) Williamson responded, noting that Johnson was not legally a fugitive under the
2019:, which required even citizens of free states to cooperate in returning fugitive slaves to their owners. He had dismissed an affidavit from Jane Johnson, attesting that she had not been forcibly abducted but chose to go, as "immaterial and irrelevant."
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2023:
many perceived as expansion of the
Fugitive Slave Act by Kane outraged many people. Known as a Democrat, he was believed to be sympathetic to Wheeler for his property rights, and had earlier had confrontations with Williamson over slavery law.
1896:, in which some black men tried to resist the capture of four fugitive slaves from Maryland. Their master, Edward Gorsuch, was killed, and other white men were wounded in the incident. United States judge for the Pennsylvania District Court,
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for his radical abolitionism and failure to attend meetings. Later that year, he married Mercie Knowles Taylor in a Quaker ceremony. They had four children together: two girls and two boys. The youngest boy was named Sumner in honor of
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noted that his imprisonment was extremely helpful to the cause, and said that his father Thomas Williamson was "only afraid Passmore will come out of Prison too soon." supporters of Williamson pressed Judge Kane for his release.
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After his father's death in 1871, Williamson invested some of his estate in speculative ventures that did not do well. His family divided over the issue, and his sisters sued him. The outcome of this case is not known.
151:, a more radical group founded in 1789 with members of both races. He also participated in the Acting Committee of its Vigilance Committee, made up of men who directly aided fugitive slaves and resisted the
75:
slave chose freedom, the state would support that decision and not compensate the owner. Thus, Johnson was not literally a fugitive, as she had gained freedom in the state according to state law, after
122:; it did not recognize slavery and held that masters gave up their property rights if they brought slaves to the state. Abolitionism, however, was not supported by everyone and was controversial.
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to Williamson to produce Johnson and her two sons in court. Still and the five black deckhands were later charged with forcible abduction, riot, and assault by Wheeler and tried in August 1855.
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to produce Johnson and her two sons in court. He did not know where they were held, so could not respond; Judge Kane charged him with contempt of court and sentenced him to 90 days.
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into the city of Philadelphia. Like his father, the younger Williamson became a conveyancer, preparing legal documents associated with property, such as deeds and leases.
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circumstances of the case, as Wheeler had voluntarily brought her into the state, where she had the freedom to decide if she wanted to leave slavery.
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Williamson continued to be involved in abolitionism and public service. For instance, he supported voting rights for women from an early stage.
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Appendix: "The case of Passmore Williamson, as stated by himself in his petition for a 'habeas corpus,' to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania"
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Appendix: "The case of Passmore Williamson, as stated by himself in his petition for a 'habeas corpus,' to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania"
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His wife Mercie died in 1878. After his death years later, Williamson was buried next to her and his father in a Quaker cemetery in
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chose. As she and her two sons walked away with Still, five black deckhands helped restrain Wheeler, who tried to stop her.
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1904:. Although 38 men were indicted, only Castner Hanway, a white man, was tried. He was acquitted by the jury in 15 minutes.
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William Still, "TRIAL OF THE EMANCIPATORS OF COL. J.H. WHEELER'S SLAVES, JANE JOHNSON AND HER TWO LITTLE BOYS"
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William Still, "TRIAL OF THE EMANCIPATORS OF COL. J.H. WHEELER'S SLAVES, JANE JOHNSON AND HER TWO LITTLE BOYS"
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and her two sons, Daniel (age 5–6) and Isaiah (age 11–12) gain their freedom from slavery. Their master,
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in 1842, and elected its Secretary in 1848. Pennsylvania was established as a free state soon after the
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In 1852, Williamson and the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society aided the defense of men charged in the
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139:, the US Senator from Massachusetts who gave Williamson support in the Johnson case. (See below.)
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2343:, New York and Auburn: Miller, Orton, & Mulligan, 1856, available on the Gutenberg Project
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Laurie A. Rofini, "History's People: Chester County's Passmore Williamson famed abolitionist"
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Passmore Williamson was born in 1822 as the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Pyle) Williamson, a
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Lithographs of Williamson in prison were sold to raise money for the abolitionist cause.
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In the Shadow of the Civil War: Passmore Williamson and the Rescue of Jane Johnson
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Under petition by Wheeler, US District Court judge John K. Kane issued a writ of
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and a member of its Vigilance Committee, Williamson is best known for helping
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In a case that established legal precedent, he was served with a writ of
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again. Her son Isaiah Johnson served in a Massachusetts Regiment of the
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Williamson served 100 days between July 27 and November 3, 1855, in
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103:. He also had two sisters. In the 1840s, his family moved from
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and her two sons gain freedom from slavery on July 18, 1855.
2297:, The Library Company of Philadelphia, accessed 1 March 2014
2312:, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2007.
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and other members of the Society were present when Rev.
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voluntarily took her there in the course of his travel.
30:(February 23, 1822 – February 1, 1895) was an American
2329:, Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1872, pp. 94–95
1919:
Rescue of Jane Johnson and her children, July 18, 1855.
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Volume 11, Number 1, Page 84, accessed April 16, 2010,
2179:"Horatio Collins King, as a student | House Divided"
1552:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2224:, Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1872, pp. 94-95.
1911:Resurrection of Henry "Box" Brown, March 24, 1849.
1667:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
23:Passmore Williamson in Moyamensing Prison, 1855
1873:
8:
2339:by John Campbell, Baron Campbell, Edited by
2272:by John Campbell, Baron Campbell, Edited by
1672:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2293:, One Book, One Philadelphia, story behind
2015:Kane judged Williamson in violation of the
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2127:The Library Company of Philadelphia, 2003.
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1979:and chairman of its Vigilance Committee.
2362:People from Chester County, Pennsylvania
1900:, ruled that the men could be tried for
1677:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1542:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1522:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
130:In 1848, Williamson was disowned by the
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1564:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1241:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
16:American abolitionist and businessman
7:
2392:Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania
2387:19th-century American businesspeople
1756:Slave marriages in the United States
1360:Human trafficking in the Middle East
1095:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
2080:Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania
2063:the time of Kane's death in 1858.
1749:last survivors of American slavery
14:
2125:"The Liberation of Jane Johnson,"
1977:Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society
710:Field slaves in the United States
577:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
149:Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society
48:Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society
2291:"The Liberation of Jane Johnson"
2234:"In the shadow of the Civil War"
587:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
582:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
411:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
181:
2308:Brandt, Nat, and Yanna Brandt.
2199:"The Philadelphia Slave Case,"
2059:during the American Civil War.
1537:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1088:East, Southeast, and South Asia
101:Westtown Township, Pennsylvania
1236:Slave raiding in Easter Island
116:Pennsylvania Abolition Society
1:
2382:Suffragists from Pennsylvania
2183:hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu
2040:Chester County History Center
63:by federal US District Court
2057:United States Colored Troops
1527:Temporary Slavery Commission
1188:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
1963:, had been appointed U. S.
1547:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
592:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
155:after its passage in 1850.
147:Williamson also joined the
46:years. As secretary of the
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2203:17 August 1855, p. 131: 2.
2017:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
1732:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1569:Anti-Slavery International
1334:North Africa and West Asia
120:American Revolutionary War
69:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
1828:Emancipation Proclamation
1500:Opposition and resistance
1258:Sex trafficking in Europe
1246:Blackbirding in Polynesia
809:Trans-Saharan slave trade
114:as an adult, joining the
2327:The Underground Railroad
2222:The Underground Railroad
1999:charged Williamson with
1608:Compensated emancipation
819:Indian Ocean slave trade
83:Early life and education
2377:Burials in Pennsylvania
1532:1926 Slavery Convention
1288:Germany in World War II
905:North and South America
427:Contract of manumission
110:He became committed to
2357:American abolitionists
2201:Boston (MA) Liberator,
2012:
1947:pried open the crate.
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1920:
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1013:British Virgin Islands
565:Circassian slave trade
531:Safavid imperial harem
526:Ottoman Imperial Harem
92:
42:, a free state in the
24:
2010:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1252:Europe and North Asia
1212:Australia and Oceania
912:Pre-Columbian America
484:Slave raid of Suðuroy
416:Slavery in al-Andalus
338:Black Sea slave trade
267:21st-century jihadism
91:Williamson c. 1856-60
90:
22:
2295:The Price of a Child
1707:Indentured servitude
1635:Underground Railroad
1435:United Arab Emirates
824:Zanzibar slave trade
791:By country or region
604:Atlantic slave trade
506:Ma malakat aymanukum
390:Venetian slave trade
2097:Dickinson College.
1793:Slave Route Project
924:Americas indigenous
814:Red Sea slave trade
804:Contemporary Africa
667:Topics and practice
437:Crimean slave trade
432:Bukhara slave trade
385:Genoese slave trade
262:Contemporary Africa
242:Forced prostitution
126:Marriage and family
34:and businessman in
28:Passmore Williamson
2239:2011-07-14 at the
2168:(West Chester, PA)
2032:Frederick Douglass
2028:Moyamensing Prison
2013:
1975:, a member of the
1955:Williamson helped
1945:James Miller McKim
1928:
1921:
1913:
1574:Blockade of Africa
881:Somali slave trade
797:Sub-Saharan Africa
489:Turkish Abductions
447:Khivan slave trade
442:Khazar slave trade
395:Balkan slave trade
353:Prague slave trade
153:Fugitive Slave Act
132:Society of Friends
93:
25:
2337:Atrocious Judges,
2270:Atrocious Judges,
2246:North & South
2001:contempt of court
1961:John Hill Wheeler
1931:Henry "Box" Brown
1890:
1889:
1840:Freedmen's Bureau
1662:Third Servile War
1657:International law
1224:Human trafficking
986:Human trafficking
661:Thirteen colonies
479:Sack of Baltimore
247:Human trafficking
77:John Hill Wheeler
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2341:Richard Hildreth
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2274:Richard Hildreth
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2185:. Archived from
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2166:Daily Local News
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2123:Phil Lapsansky,
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2067:Other activities
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1852:Emancipation Day
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1652:Slave Trade Acts
343:Byzantine Empire
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1936:Henry Box Brown
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1761:Slave narrative
1717:Fugitive slaves
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2189:on 2016-03-04.
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1739:List of slaves
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1989:habeas corpus
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171:Forced labour
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60:habeas corpus
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2336:
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2309:
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2200:
2195:
2187:the original
2182:
2173:
2165:
2102:. Retrieved
2092:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2025:
2021:
2014:
1997:John K. Kane
1994:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1957:Jane Johnson
1954:
1951:Jane Johnson
1939:Williamson,
1934:
1898:John K. Kane
1891:
1788:Slave patrol
1625:Freedom suit
1601:Sierra Leone
1591:Colonization
1507:Abolitionism
1487:Baháʼí Faith
1460:Christianity
1410:Saudi Arabia
1266:Penal Labour
1231:Blackbirding
1137:Debt bondage
1125:penal system
951:Contemporary
941:Field slaves
929:U.S. Natives
888:South Africa
759:Galley slave
732:Slave market
722:House slaves
695:Blackbirding
673:Conscription
597:21st century
560:Umm al-walad
404:Muslim world
373:Emancipation
277:Wage slavery
257:Penal labour
235:Wife selling
225:Bride buying
210:Conscription
200:Child Labour
193:Contemporary
146:
143:Abolitionism
129:
112:abolitionism
109:
94:
73:
65:John K. Kane
58:
56:
52:Jane Johnson
40:Pennsylvania
36:Philadelphia
32:abolitionist
27:
26:
2372:1895 deaths
2367:1822 births
1803:court cases
1680: [
1630:Slave Power
1618:Manumission
1465:Catholicism
1340:Afghanistan
1081:Puerto Rico
993:The Bahamas
971:Slave codes
774:Shanghaiing
764:Impressment
656:Slave Coast
536:Qajar harem
496:Concubinage
469:slave trade
2351:Categories
2086:References
1818:J.Q. Adams
1808:Washington
1778:Slave name
1727:convention
1702:Common law
1075:Encomienda
871:Seychelles
856:Mauritania
779:Slave ship
646:Panyarring
641:New France
290:Historical
99:family in
67:under the
44:antebellum
1969:Nicaragua
1813:Jefferson
1470:Mormonism
1405:Palestine
1219:Australia
1149:Indonesia
1040:Lei Áurea
1023:Code Noir
1003:Caribbean
976:Treatment
715:Treatment
688:Devshirme
550:Odalisque
368:In Russia
309:Babylonia
297:Antiquity
2248:magazine
2237:Archived
2104:11 March
1965:Minister
1845:Iron bit
1835:40 acres
1798:breeding
1613:Freedman
1448:Religion
1308:Portugal
1193:Thailand
1183:Maldives
1178:Malaysia
1171:Kwalliso
1115:Booi Aha
1067:Restavek
1047:Colombia
1018:Trinidad
1008:Barbados
898:Zanzibar
846:Ethiopia
727:Saqaliba
621:Database
572:Saqaliba
333:Ancillae
163:a series
161:Part of
1902:treason
1823:Lincoln
1696:Related
1596:Liberia
1482:Judaism
1420:Tunisia
1395:Morocco
1385:Lebanon
1350:Bahrain
1345:Algeria
1313:Romania
1278:Denmark
1271:Slavery
1205:Vietnam
876:Somalia
866:Nigeria
841:Comoros
769:Pirates
678:Ghilman
611:Bristol
501:history
474:pirates
363:History
252:Peonage
175:slavery
2335:, In:
1995:Judge
1744:owners
1380:Kuwait
1375:Jordan
1328:Sweden
1318:Russia
1303:Poland
1298:Norway
1120:Laogai
1105:Brunei
1100:Bhutan
1062:revolt
1035:Brazil
998:Canada
961:partus
946:female
831:Angola
700:Coolie
683:Mamluk
636:Nantes
616:Brazil
545:Cariye
380:Thrall
348:Kholop
314:Greece
97:Quaker
2325:, in
2268:, In
2220:, in
1771:songs
1766:films
1684:]
1640:songs
1477:Islam
1455:Bible
1430:Yemen
1425:Qatar
1415:Syria
1390:Libya
1355:Egypt
1323:Spain
1293:Malta
1166:Korea
1154:Japan
1132:India
1110:China
1057:Haiti
917:Aztec
893:Sudan
861:Niger
753:Naval
626:Dutch
555:Qiyan
541:Jarya
516:Harem
358:Serfs
304:Egypt
2106:2010
2034:and
1722:laws
1584:U.S.
1579:U.K.
1517:U.S.
1512:U.K.
1400:Oman
1370:Iraq
1365:Iran
1052:Cuba
956:maps
851:Mali
836:Chad
422:Baqt
319:Rome
215:Debt
173:and
1967:to
2353::
2281:^
2258:^
2243:,
2208:^
2181:.
2164:,
2132:^
2114:^
2082:.
2042:.
1682:fa
165:on
38:,
2250:,
2108:.
1881:e
1874:t
1867:v
1077:)
1073:(
543:/
418:
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