1616:
286:, were drawn up with regard to the execution and dispatch of the papal letters, dating back to the twelfth century. Nevertheless, the forging of papal letters was even more frequent in the Middle Ages than in the early Church. Innocent III refers to no less than nine methods of falsification. From the thirteenth century on to January 1909, it sufficed, in order to give a papal document legal force, to post it up at Rome on the
1628:
677:
655:
633:
316:
In the modern period also, papal letters have been constantly issued, but they proceed from the popes themselves less frequently than in the Middle Ages and
Christian antiquity; most of them are issued by the papal officials, of whom there is a greater number than in the Middle Ages, and to whom have
226:
was always understood to be a papal ordinance which regulated ecclesiastical conditions of a general character judicially, in a durable manner and form, for all time; but by a rescript was understood a papal ordinance issued at the petition of an individual that decided a lawsuit or granted a favour.
230:
The above-mentioned distinctions between papal documents were based on the extent of their authority. Other names again had their origin in the form of the papal documents. It is true they all had more or less evidently the form of letters. But essential differences appeared, especially in regard to
485:
The synodal statutes are ordinances issued by the bishop at the diocesan synod, with the advice, but in no way with the legislative co-operation, of the diocesan clergy. The diocesan statutes, regularly speaking, are those episcopal ordinances which, because they refer to more weighty matters, are
144:
If the matter were important, the popes issued the letters not by their sole authority, but with the advice of the Roman presbyters or of a synod. Although these names indicate sufficiently the legal character of the papal letters, the popes repeatedly required from the persons to whom they wrote
427:, from the more important part of their contents. Many papal letters are also found in the collections of the Acts of the Councils. The documents issued by the officials of the Curia and the Congregations of Cardinals contain either resolutions (decisions) for individual cases, or declarations (
470:
Just as the popes rule the Church largely by means of letters, so also the bishops make use of letters for the administration of their dioceses. The documents issued by a bishop are divided according to their form into: pastoral letters, synodal and diocesan statutes, mandates or ordinances or
493:
In order to have legal force the episcopal documents must be published in a suitable manner and according to usage. Civil laws by which episcopal and also papal documents have to receive the approval of the State before they can be published are irrational and out of date according to the
243:, legal instruments almost entirely for important matters, the seal was stamped in wax or lead, seldom in gold, enclosed in a case, and fastened to the document by a cord. For briefs, instruments used as a rule in matters of less importance, the seal was stamped upon the document in wax.
86:, in whose community there was grave dissension. Only a few papal letters of the first three Christian centuries have been preserved in whole or part, or are known from the works of ecclesiastical writers. Among them are three letters by
342:
of 22 January 1587 added to the already existing bodies of papal officials a number of congregations of cardinals with clearly defined powers of administration and jurisdiction. Succeeding popes added other congregations.
462:, which was declared official in 1904. Before 1865, papal documents were not systematically published in documentary fashion and were promulgated by other means such as being affixed to the doors of basilicas in Rome.
145:
that these should bring the letter in question to the notice of others. In order to secure such knowledge of the papal laws, several copies of the papal letters were occasionally made and dispatched at the same time.
239:, these depending in each case on the importance of the contents of the respective document. It was merely the difference in the manner of sealing that led to the distinction between bulls and briefs. For
74:
as well for the entire Church as for individuals, in the form of letters which popes sent either on their own initiative or when application was made to them by synods, bishops or individual
Christians.
168:
also makes mention in 419 of the archives. Nevertheless, forged papal letters appeared even earlier than this. But by far the greater number of the papal letters of the first millennium have been lost.
160:) in which copies of their letters were placed as memorials for further use, and as proofs of authenticity. The first mention of papal archives is found in the Acts of a synod held about 370 under Pope
258:
During the Middle Ages, the letters of the popes were deposited in the papal archives either in the original or by copy. They are still in existence, and almost complete in number, from the time of
390:
are understood all documents drawn up by virtue of papal authorization, and signed with the pope's name but not by the pope personally. Documents signed by the pope personally are called
404:
is a document prepared at the personal initiative of the pope, without previous petition to him, and issued with a partial avoidance of the otherwise customary forms of the chancery.
456:, the first issues of which, at intervals of about twice a month, appeared in 1909. From 1865 to 1908, papal documents had been published in a similar series under the title
1016:
1366:
216:) was the name given especially to general ordinances issued with the advice of the cardinals. On the other hand, ordinances issued for individual cases were called
1529:
407:
By "constitution" is understood, as in the Middle Ages, a papal document of general authority; by "rescript", a similar document applicable to an individual case.
1465:
828:
184:
of the synods as of equal value and of equal obligation. The example of
Dionysius was followed afterwards by almost all compilers of the canons, such as
1653:
471:
decrees. The classification depending upon whether they have been drawn up more as letters, or have been issued by a synod or the diocesan chancery.
957:
435:) interpreting laws, or decrees, which are entirely new laws. Some congregations of cardinals have issued official collections of their decisions.
1489:
996:
1417:
698:
1412:
278:
of the papal chancery in use as late as the time of
Gregory VII. The papal letters were forwarded by the papal officials, above all by the
1361:
1021:
413:
The papal documents are still deposited in the Roman archives. There are no official collections of them corresponding to the medieval
359:, papal writings being divided into (apostolic) constitutions, (papal) rescripts, (papal) bulls, (papal) briefs and apostolic letters (
942:
919:
1407:
1402:
1310:
204:, issued for individual cases, should be observed in all analogous ones. According to the teaching of the canonists, above all of
1380:
952:
729:
41:
1556:
1544:
410:
Bulls and briefs are distinguished from each other by characteristics of form which have always remained essentially the same.
91:
1578:
1026:
200:
in the Middle Ages the papal letters grew enormously in number. The popes, following the earlier custom, insisted that their
1588:
795:
751:
1049:
421:(1740–1758). From the sixteenth century, on the other hand, private collections have appeared, some of which are called
269:
1477:
1438:
1064:
866:
398:
are letters of a more hortatory nature, addressed to all or to a majority of the higher officials of the Church. A
1443:
208:, every papal letter of general character was authoritative for the entire Church without further notification.
1583:
1375:
809:
83:
121:. On the other hand, more general letters, especially those of dogmatic importance, were also called at times
1573:
1181:
947:
832:
482:). The mandates, decrees or ordinances are issued either by the bishop himself or by one of his officials.
1632:
1095:
1069:
452:
304:
1539:
1460:
1283:
1117:
1006:
495:
264:
172:
As befitted their legal importance, the papal letters were also soon incorporated in the collections of
176:. The first to collect the epistles of the popes in a systematic and comprehensive manner was the monk
1499:
1433:
1230:
1213:
1148:
722:
317:
been granted large delegated powers, which include the issuing of letters. Following the example of
1620:
1105:
1090:
1044:
863:
223:
272:, many of which appeared unofficially in the Middle Ages, similar in kind to the ancient official
1534:
1472:
1397:
1203:
1161:
1155:
458:
295:
279:
65:
299:
262:(1198–1216). Many papal letters were also incorporated, as their legal nature required, in the
1198:
1143:
694:
487:
351:
259:
177:
1455:
1338:
1193:
1188:
1011:
1001:
981:
901:
896:
747:
205:
1494:
1392:
1385:
1353:
991:
799:
715:
338:
185:
180:, at the beginning of the sixth century. In this way the papal letters took rank with the
450:
papal laws were to be promulgated through publication in an official bulletin called the
1598:
1551:
1521:
1515:
1300:
1293:
1176:
1059:
986:
934:
906:
854:
777:
149:
87:
38:
1647:
804:
681:
659:
637:
527:
274:
236:
197:
79:
1343:
1253:
1220:
1168:
967:
890:
823:
790:
763:
418:
399:
165:
109:, even when the letters were often hortatory in form. Or the letters were called
1563:
1450:
1370:
1305:
1288:
1248:
1054:
443:
356:
244:
1627:
1333:
1208:
1112:
1100:
1074:
972:
590:
522:
395:
334:
240:
671:
649:
627:
474:
The pastoral letters are addressed either to all the members of the diocese (
1482:
1317:
1258:
1127:
504:
287:
181:
173:
161:
71:
17:
672:
Ott, Michael. "St. Anselm of Lucca, the
Younger". The Catholic Encyclopedia
1593:
1568:
1273:
923:
841:
772:
755:
423:
330:
318:
217:
201:
153:
97:
The popes called these letters with reference to their legal character,
1278:
1238:
517:
322:
291:
1036:
346:
326:
53:
1268:
1243:
913:
849:
255:) denoted particularly letters of the popes in political affairs.
45:
680:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
658:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
636:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1263:
845:
787:
738:
674:
Vol. 1. New York: Robert
Appleton Company, 1907. 27 January 2020
652:
Vol. 5. New York: Robert
Appleton Company, 1909. 27 January 2020
630:
Vol. 4. New York: Robert
Appleton Company, 1908. 27 January 2020
486:
prepared with the obligatory or facultative co-operation of the
302:, but since 1909 they acquired force only by publication in the
94:
and could freely spread, the number of papal letters increased.
49:
711:
417:. The last official collection is that of the Constitutions of
650:
Gerard, John. "Dionysius
Exiguus". The Catholic Encyclopedia
693:
Annuario
Pontificio 2012 (Libreria Edictrice Vaticana 2012
628:
Chapman, John. "Pope Cornelius". The Catholic Encyclopedia
707:
478:) or only to the clergy, in this case formerly in Latin (
56:, addressed to the faithful in the form of letters.
1508:
1426:
1352:
1326:
1229:
1136:
1083:
1035:
966:
933:
883:
822:
771:
762:
84:
Letter of Pope Clement I (90–99) to the Corinthians
37:are publications or announcements of the organs of
1017:Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province
591:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ecclesiastical Letters"
29:Catholic letters from synods, popes and bishops
723:
616:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
8:
92:the Church was recognized by the Roman State
614:"Clement of Rome, St." Cross, F. L. (ed.),
819:
768:
730:
716:
708:
618:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
958:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
60:Letters of the popes in the early church
1002:Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church
997:Successor of the Prince of the Apostles
539:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
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571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
7:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
312:Letters of the popes in modern times
282:, for whose use the chancery rules,
235:) of the document and the method of
1022:Sovereign of the Vatican City State
82:, the first example of this is the
943:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
920:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
25:
355:of 29 June 1908, reorganized the
1654:Documents of the Catholic Church
1626:
1614:
675:
653:
631:
284:regulae cancellariae Apostolicae
268:. Others are to be found in the
78:Apart from the Epistles of the
70:The popes began early to issue
1027:Servant of the servants of God
388:litterae apostolicae simplices
372:litterae apostolicae simplices
1:
192:Letters of the medieval popes
152:, the popes soon established
148:Following the example of the
1050:Coat of arms of the Holy See
953:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
196:With the development of the
1552:Pontifical colleges in Rome
48:, but more particularly of
1670:
1633:Catholic Church portal
867:properties of the Holy See
63:
1609:
745:
370:are further divided into
300:Piazza del Campo di Fiori
42:ecclesiastical authority
1621:Vatican City portal
1466:for Vatican City State
1096:Apostolic constitution
453:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
349:, in the constitution
305:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
35:Ecclesiastical letters
1589:Sexually active popes
1540:Pontifical university
1284:Ring of the Fisherman
1123:Ecclesiastical letter
1118:Apostolic exhortation
1007:Patriarch of the West
992:Vicar of Jesus Christ
496:First Vatican Council
415:Corpus Juris Canonici
376:brevetti, chirographa
265:Corpus Juris Canonici
107:decretalia constituta
1584:Popes by nationality
1500:Sistine Chapel Choir
1434:College of Cardinals
1065:Regalia and insignia
948:St. Peter's Basilica
368:litterae apostolicae
361:litterae apostolicae
288:doors of St. Peter's
224:(papal) constitution
480:litterae encyclicae
476:litterae pastorales
231:the literary form (
135:epistolae tractoriæ
1535:Pontifical academy
1530:Orders of chivalry
466:Letters of bishops
459:Acta Sanctae Sedis
382:(encyclicals) and
296:Apostolic Chancery
280:Apostolic Chancery
113:, i. e. opinions;
90:. From the moment
66:Early Christianity
1641:
1640:
1408:Prelate of Honour
975:
879:
878:
875:
874:
699:978-88-209-8722-0
595:www.newadvent.org
488:cathedral chapter
440:Sapienti Consilio
352:Sapienti consilio
253:litterae de curia
249:litterae curiales
178:Dionysius Exiguus
16:(Redirected from
1661:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1456:Apostolic Camera
1413:Prince assistant
1339:Sedia gestatoria
1012:Primate of Italy
971:
902:Papal apartments
897:Apostolic Palace
864:extraterritorial
820:
769:
732:
725:
718:
709:
702:
691:
685:
679:
678:
669:
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657:
656:
647:
641:
635:
634:
625:
619:
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21:
1669:
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1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1574:Canonised popes
1504:
1495:Cappella Giulia
1422:
1386:Papal majordomo
1348:
1322:
1225:
1132:
1079:
1031:
970:
962:
935:Major basilicas
929:
871:
826:
818:
800:Diocese of Rome
775:
758:
741:
736:
706:
705:
692:
688:
676:
670:
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654:
648:
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632:
626:
622:
613:
609:
599:
597:
589:
588:
541:
536:
514:
502:, c. iii) (see
468:
339:Immensa aeterni
314:
194:
186:Anselm of Lucca
68:
62:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1599:Western Schism
1591:
1586:
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1557:Major Seminary
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1532:
1527:
1526:
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1516:Papal nobility
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1506:
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1336:
1330:
1328:
1327:Transportation
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1315:
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1301:Sub-cinctorium
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1080:
1078:
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1062:
1060:Keys of Heaven
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
987:Bishop of Rome
984:
978:
976:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
939:
937:
931:
930:
928:
927:
917:
911:
910:
909:
907:Sistine Chapel
904:
894:
887:
885:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
870:
869:
860:
859:
858:
855:Lateran Treaty
838:
836:
817:
816:
815:
814:
813:
812:
783:
781:
778:Full communion
766:
760:
759:
746:
743:
742:
737:
735:
734:
727:
720:
712:
704:
703:
686:
664:
642:
620:
607:
538:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
525:
520:
513:
510:
498:(session III,
467:
464:
433:comprehensivae
313:
310:
193:
190:
150:Roman emperors
88:Pope Cornelius
61:
58:
39:Roman Catholic
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1666:
1655:
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1612:
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1592:
1590:
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1567:
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1531:
1528:
1523:
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1513:
1511:
1507:
1501:
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1479:
1478:Congregations
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
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1384:
1383:
1382:
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1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
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1319:
1316:
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1309:
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1291:
1290:
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1255:
1252:
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1190:
1187:
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1163:
1159:
1158:
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1135:
1129:
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1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:Infallibility
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:Proclamations
1082:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Coats of arms
1043:
1042:
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1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
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1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
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993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
974:
969:
965:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
938:
936:
932:
925:
921:
918:
915:
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908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
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886:
882:
868:
865:
861:
856:
853:
852:
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834:
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808:
807:
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779:
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749:
744:
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1169:Urbi et Orbi
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891:Vatican City
884:Headquarters
824:Vatican City
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764:Jurisdiction
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18:Papal letter
1564:Swiss Guard
1483:Dicasteries
1461:Commissions
1451:Roman Curia
1371:Swiss Guard
1144:Arbitration
973:Papal names
862:along with
444:Pope Pius X
396:Encyclicals
392:chirographa
357:papal curia
298:and in the
270:formularies
241:papal bulls
139:tractatoriæ
44:, e.g. the
1418:Theologian
1362:Camerlengo
1334:Popemobile
1194:Consistory
1189:Coronation
1162:Pontifical
1149:Deposition
1137:Activities
1113:Encyclical
1075:Umbraculum
748:Episcopate
701:), p. 1821
600:August 30,
534:References
523:Papal bull
500:De eccles.
429:extensivae
380:encyclicae
335:papal bull
72:canon laws
64:See also:
1439:cardinals
1393:Gentlemen
1381:Palatinus
1367:Commander
1354:Household
1318:Zucchetto
1259:Flabellum
1231:Vestments
1214:High Mass
1199:Diplomacy
1128:Interdict
505:Exequatur
290:, of the
247:letters (
222:. Thus a
219:rescripta
202:rescripts
174:canon law
162:Damasus I
111:sententiæ
1648:Category
1594:Antipope
1569:Papabile
1473:Councils
1398:Preacher
1376:Chaplain
1294:Slippers
1274:Mozzetta
1177:Conclave
1156:Blessing
924:cathedra
842:Enclaved
773:Holy See
512:See also
424:bullaria
331:Sixtus V
319:Paul III
158:scrinium
154:archives
127:indiculi
115:præcepta
1579:Legends
1545:in Rome
1509:Related
1403:Prefect
1369:of the
1279:Pallium
1239:Camauro
1037:Symbols
833:outline
810:History
805:Primacy
798:of the
791:Francis
750:of the
518:Regesta
333:by the
323:Pius IV
292:Lateran
237:sealing
214:decreta
210:Decrees
206:Gratian
103:statuta
99:decreta
54:bishops
1490:Synods
1264:Mantle
1254:Ferula
1221:Travel
968:Titles
857:, 1929
796:bishop
752:bishop
739:Papacy
697:
347:Pius X
327:Pius V
294:, the
245:Curial
233:stylus
182:canons
46:synods
1522:Black
1427:Staff
1306:Tiara
1289:Shoes
1269:Mitre
1249:Fanon
1244:Falda
1055:Cross
914:Italy
850:Italy
829:index
386:. By
1444:list
1311:List
1209:Mass
1182:List
1106:List
1101:Bull
1070:Rota
846:Rome
788:Pope
756:Rome
695:ISBN
602:2023
366:The
325:and
123:tomi
52:and
50:pope
844:in
794:as
754:of
508:).
448:all
442:of
431:or
374:or
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251:or
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