558:
644:
316:
88:
230:
63:
44:
658:, and grows quite fast once established. Extremely moist soil or roots sunken in the water is preferred and the plant can flower all year long. Vegetative propagation is the suggested process of creating new plants. It is done by splitting the rhizomes into small groups and planting normally. It can reach heights of up to 16 feet tall.
402:
1389:
Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar. 2003c. Towards optimal use of tropical wetlands: an economic evaluation of goods derived from papyrus swamps in southwest Uganda. Environmental Change and
Management Working Paper No. 2003-10, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global
502:
may also have been involved in the multiple uses
Egyptians found for the plant. Its flowering heads were linked to make garlands for the gods in gratitude. The pith of young shoots was eaten both cooked and raw. Its woody root made bowls and other utensils and was burned for fuel. From the stems were
1385:
Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar, R.R. 2003b. Social and economic use of wetland resources: a case study from Lake
Bunyonyi, Uganda. Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-09, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of
1461:
347:
can measure up to 29.5 feet (9.0 m) in length, with an additional 18 inches (46 cm) for the inflorescence (a spicate umbel; i.e. each of the up to one thousand rays of the umbel terminates in a spike of small flowers) for a total height of 31 feet (9.4 m). Each culm is a single
306:
In nature, it grows in full sun, in flooded swamps, and on lake margins throughout Africa, Madagascar, and the
Mediterranean countries. It has been introduced outside its range to tropical regions worldwide (such as the Indian subcontinent, South America, and the Caribbean).
515:), sails, mats, cloth, cordage, and sandals. Theophrastus states that King Antigonus made the rigging of his fleet of papyrus, an old practice illustrated by the ship's cable, wherewith the doors were fastened when Odysseus slew the suitors in his hall (
700:
refers to the use of soft papyrus tampons by
Egyptian women in the 15th century BCE. Egyptians made efficient use of all parts of the plant. Papyrus was an important "gift of the Nile" which is still preserved and perpetuated in Egyptian culture.
359:
the longest known of any plant. At Lake
Naivasha, the culms, triangular in cross-section, were as much as 7 inches (18 cm) on a side in width. It forms a grass-like clump of triangular green stems that rise up from thick, woody
695:
In
Ancient Egypt, papyrus was used for various purposes such as baskets, sandals, blankets, medicine, incense, and boats. The woody root was used to make bowls and utensils, and was burned for fuel. The
364:. Each stem is topped by a dense cluster of thin, bright green, thread-like rays around 10 to 30 cm (4 to 10 in) in length, resembling a feather duster when the plant is young. Greenish-brown
1322:
Harper, D.M., K.M. Mavuti and S. M. Muchiri. 1990: Ecology and management of Lake
Naivasha, Kenya, in relation to climatic change, alien species introductions and agricultural development.
883:
572:
of 6.0 to 8.5. It flowers in late summer, and prefers full sun to partly shady conditions. Like most tropical plants, it is sensitive to frost. In the United States, it has become
1368:
Maclean, I.M.D. 2004. An ecological and socio-economic analysis of biodiversity conservation in East
African wetlands. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
1236:
Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, M. Chandler, L. Kaufman and A.E. Keiter. 1996. Refugia for endangered fishes from an introduced predator in Lake
Nabugabo, Uganda.
299:
paper, one of the first types of paper ever made). Parts of the plant can be eaten, and the highly buoyant stems can be made into boats. It is now often cultivated as an
1424:
Thompson, K., P.R. Shewry & H.W. Woolhouse. 1979. Papyrus swamp development in the Upemba Basin, Zaire: Studies of population structure in Cyperus papyrus stands.
764:
1740:
1243:
Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, P.J. Schofield, J.P. Olowo, L. Kaufman, O. Seehausen and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo. 2003. Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa.
1378:
Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, R. Boar, R. and O. Nasirwa. 2003a. Effects of habitat degradation on avian guilds in East African papyrus Cyperus papyrus L. swamps.
1988:
1828:
2052:
545:, in an attempt to demonstrate that ancient African or Mediterranean people could have reached America. He was unsuccessful with this boat. Fishermen in the
1021:
595:
Papyrus sedge forms vast stands in swamps, shallow lakes, and along stream banks throughout the wetter parts of Africa, but it has become rare in the
1688:
1396:
Muthuri, F. M., M. B. Jones, and S.K. Imbamba. 1989. Primary productivity of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) in a tropical swamp - Lake Naivasha, Kenya,
1766:
1701:
1949:
1864:
1352:
Jones, M. B. and F. M. Muthuri. 1997. Standing biomass and carbon distribution in a papyrus (Cyperus Papyrus L) swamp on Lake Naivasha, Kenya.
1178:
1890:
2092:
1110:
1229:
Boar, R. R., D. M. Harper and C. S. Adams. 1999. Biomass Allocation in Cyperus papyrus in a Tropical Wetland, Lake Naivasha, Kenya. 1999.
1639:
1846:
2087:
1371:
Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, M. R. Boar and I. Lake. 2006. Effects of disturbance and habitat loss on papyrus-dwelling passerines.
1359:
Jones M.B. and S. W. Humphries. 2002. Impacts of the C4 sedge Cyperus papyrus L. on carbon and water fluxes in an African wetland.
1452:
2097:
840:
1727:
1410:
Owino, A. O. and P. G. Ryan. 2006. Habitat associations of papyrus specialist birds at three papyrus swamps in western Kenya.
557:
1797:
816:
1928:
383:
are covered by red-brown, papery, triangular scales, which also cover the base of the culms. Technically, these are reduced
1771:
568:
Papyrus can be found in tropical rain forests, tolerating annual temperatures of 20 to 30 °C (68 to 86 °F) and a
1342:
In (ed. Denny) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 203–230).
1975:
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1551:
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344:
1962:
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The "feather-duster" flowering heads make ideal nesting sites for many social species of birds. As in most sedges,
475:
1833:
1792:
87:
2067:
1869:
1967:
2062:
944:(Egyptian Paper Reed, Giant Papyrus, Paper Reed, Papyrus) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
511:
of the Fourth Dynasty showing men cutting papyrus to build a boat; similar boats are still made in southern
423:
which came very close to extinction, but was rediscovered in 1968.) for many purposes, including for making
1670:
1308:
Gaudet, J. and C. Howard-Williams. 1985. "The structure and functioning of African swamps." In (ed. Denny)
1665:
1592:
1569:
1484:
1582:
2072:
906:
Thompson, Keith; et al. (June 1979). "Papyrus Swamp Development in the Upemba Basin, Zaire...etc".
758:
684:
654:
The papyrus plant is relatively easy to grow from seed, though in Egypt, it is more common to split the
421:
204:
1706:
599:. In deeper waters, it is the chief constituent of the floating, tangled masses of vegetation known as
1438:
1403:
Muthuri, F. M. and M. B. Jones. 1997. Nutrient distribution in a papyrus swamp: Lake Naivasha, Kenya.
1036:
1856:
1613:
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742:
492:
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Messenger Dally. 1908 How papyrus defeated South Sydney and assisted in making Eastern Suburbs great
1143:
1062:
643:
2077:
1171:
982:
52:
1820:
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Gaudet, John. 1977. Natural drawdown on Lake Naivasha, Kenya and the formation of papyrus swamps.
335:
can grow 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) high, but on the margins of high altitude lakes such as
2024:
1954:
628:
291:
Papyrus sedge (and its close relatives) has a very long history of use by humans, notably by the
275:
82:
1807:
1122:
315:
1745:
1903:
1600:
488:
428:
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Thompson, K. 1976. Swamp development in the head waters of the White Nile. In (ed.J. Rzoska)
781:
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2016:
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Harper, D. 1992. The ecological relationships of aquatic plants at Lake Naivasha, Kenya.
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Gaudet, John. 1977. Uptake and loss of mineral nutrients by papyrus in tropical swamps.
869:
1993:
1941:
1936:
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Correspondence with Keith Thompson of the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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is by wind, not insects, and the mature fruits after release are distributed by water.
546:
540:
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455:
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112:
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Gaudet, J. and J. Melack. 1981. Major ion chemistry in a tropical African lake basin.
939:
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Jones, M.B. and T. R. Milburn. 1978. Photosynthesis in Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.),
1331:
1016:
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264:
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67:
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clusters eventually appear at the ends of the rays, giving way to brown, nut-like
1556:
1250:
Gaudet, John. 1975. Mineral concentrations in papyrus in various African swamps.
442:
was widely cultivated in ancient times. It is for example depicted on a restored
288:
to Africa, and forms tall stands of reed-like swamp vegetation in shallow water.
1980:
1815:
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1516:
621:
480:
324:
151:
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Gaudet, John. 1976. Nutrient relationships in the detritus of a tropical swamp.
43:
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1918:
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1025:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 743–745.
1652:
1626:
878:
655:
581:
504:
484:
409:
340:
17:
1758:
387:, so strictly it is not quite correct to call this plant fully "leafless".
2006:
1882:
1469:
495:, in the 18th century, nor the Napoleonic expedition saw it in the delta.
2001:
1841:
1501:
1453:
University of Connecticut Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Conservatory
673:
1680:
1693:
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Gaudet, John. 1978. Seasonal changes in nutrients in a tropical swamp.
1214:
1086:
632:
577:
569:
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396:
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in Ethiopia, at altitudes around 6,000 feet (1,800 m) the papyrus
296:
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589:
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Gaudet, John. 1991. Structure and function of African floodplains.
401:
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512:
467:
369:
314:
99:
1895:
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Gaudet, John. 1978. Effect of a tropical swamp on water quality.
532:
is supposed to have been placed may have been made from papyrus.
1618:
601:
384:
376:
1482:
1294:
Gaudet, John. 1980. Papyrus and the ecology of Lake Naivasha.
1010:
427:
paper. Its name has an uncertain origin, but was rendered in
1216:, The Ancient Egypt website, retrieved on November 15, 2016.
379:
are apparent above the soil line, the younger parts of the
454:. Currently, only a small population remains in Egypt, in
1310:
The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation.
549:
use small sections of the stem as floats for their nets.
27:
Species of flowering plant in the sedge family Cyperaceae
1421:
Monographiae Biologicae, 29. Dr.W. Junk b.v., The Hague.
884:
Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
498:
Aside from papyrus, several other members of the genus
1317:
Journal of the East African Natural Historical Society
1177:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 22.
1340:
The conservation and management of African wetlands.
1491:
1460:Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014).
1474:. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.
561:Papyrus growing wild on the banks of the Nile in
1390:Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
743:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T164158A120152171.en
1312:Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 154–175).
635:stands over large areas of wetland in Africa.
8:
1296:National Geographic Society Research Reports
763:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1338:Howard-Williams, C. and K. Thompson. 1985.
718:Beentje, H.J. & Lansdown, R.V. (2018).
1479:
1063:"Cyperus papyrus - Useful Tropical Plants"
228:
61:
42:
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1002:
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908:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
647:Egyptian girl harvesting papyrus in the
642:
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774:
710:
609:, and some Mediterranean areas such as
1419:The Nile. Biology of an Ancient River.
971:. New York: Viking Press. p. 273.
756:
539:had a boat built for him of papyrus,
466:(Book iv. 10) states that it grew in
7:
1857:f66bc6b7-a8c1-4987-9c7c-d913fa3b3709
1087:"Cyperus papyrus | PlantZAfrica.com"
934:
932:
930:
811:
809:
807:
805:
580:and has escaped from cultivation in
479:, it was also a native plant of the
2053:IUCN Red List least concern species
1426:Botanical Journal of the Linn. Soc.
729:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
631:sedge that forms highly productive
243:, better known by the common names
412:used the plant (which they called
25:
1968:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330934-2
1009:Thompson, Edward Maunde (1911).
882:. Western Australian Government
817:"Cyperus papyrus - Plant Finder"
450:near the present-day village of
86:
1380:Bird Conservation International
1365:, Volume 488, pp. 107–113.
1184:from the original on 2018-01-05
821:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
1471:African plants – a Photo Guide
1205:June 6, 2006 The Straight Dope
270:belonging to the sedge family
1:
662:is considered to be hardy in
528:in which the Biblical figure
1282:Verh. Internat. Ver. Limnol.
924:Thompson, corresp. loc. cit,
446:fragment from the palace of
2093:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1354:Journal of Tropical Ecology
1152:Royal Horticultural Society
983:"Oxford English Dictionary"
790:Royal Horticultural Society
681:Royal Horticultural Society
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1412:African Journal of Ecology
1324:Environmental Conservation
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1172:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
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83:Scientific classification
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1373:Biological Conservation.
1259:Archiv für Hydrobiologie
969:Doomsday Book of Animals
679:'Nanus' have gained the
493:apostle of Carl Linnaeus
295:(as it is the source of
2098:Garden plants of Africa
1119:Master Gardener Program
1022:Encyclopædia Britannica
736:: e.T164158A120152171.
487:. Neither the explorer
1067:tropical.theferns.info
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565:
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1386:East Anglia, Norwich.
1203:Who invented tampons?
685:Award of Garden Merit
646:
560:
404:
318:
1245:Conservation Biology
1238:Conservation Biology
664:USDA hardiness zones
605:. It also occurs in
416:, or the subspecies
257:Indian matting plant
1439:Purdue University:
967:Day, David (1981).
948:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
470:, and according to
53:Conservation status
1303:Freshwater Biology
1289:Journal of Ecology
1252:Journal of Ecology
687:(confirmed 2017).
652:
566:
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391:Papyrus in history
331:This tall, robust
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263:, is a species of
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841:"Cyperus papyrus"
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1298:. 12: 267–272.
1292:
1285:
1284:20: 2202–2206.
1278:
1271:
1267:Aquatic Botany
1262:
1255:
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1234:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1207:
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1163:
1135:
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1017:Chisholm, Hugh
996:
974:
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801:
770:
709:
708:
706:
703:
692:
689:
672:and the dwarf
640:
637:
554:
551:
547:Okavango Delta
537:Thor Heyerdahl
524:The "rush" or
489:Peter Forsskål
456:Wadi El Natrun
395:Main article:
392:
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309:
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1400:, 18: 1 - 14.
1399:
1395:
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1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:Hydrobiologia
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1335:. 232: 65–71.
1334:
1333:
1332:Hydrobiologia
1328:
1325:
1321:
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1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
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1136:
1125:on 2018-04-17
1124:
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1091:pza.sanbi.org
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851:on 2017-04-24
850:
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766:
760:
744:
739:
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731:
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723:
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704:
702:
699:
698:Papyrus Ebers
690:
688:
686:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
650:
645:
638:
636:
634:
630:
627:Papyrus is a
625:
623:
618:
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612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
564:
559:
552:
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548:
544:
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538:
533:
531:
527:
526:"reed" basket
522:
520:
519:
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501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Amenhotep III
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
419:
418:C. p. papyrus
415:
411:
405:Papyrus paper
403:
398:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
346:
342:
339:in Kenya and
338:
337:Lake Naivasha
334:
333:aquatic plant
326:
322:
317:
310:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
280:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:papyrus sedge
246:
242:
241:
231:
226:
222:
217:
215:
209:
206:
205:Binomial name
202:
198:
197:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
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167:
166:
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150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:Tracheophytes
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
80:
74:
69:
68:Least Concern
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2073:Fiber plants
1492:
1470:
1463:
1440:
1428:78: 299–316.
1425:
1418:
1414:44: 438–443.
1411:
1407:, 56: 35–50.
1404:
1397:
1379:
1372:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1326:17: 328–336.
1323:
1316:
1309:
1305:11: 309–333.
1302:
1295:
1291:67: 953–981.
1288:
1281:
1277:58: 415–422.
1274:
1265:
1261:78: 213–239.
1258:
1254:63: 483–491.
1251:
1247:17: 500–511.
1244:
1240:10: 554–561.
1237:
1230:
1210:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1148:'Nanus' AGM"
1145:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:the original
1118:
1112:
1105:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1070:. Retrieved
1066:
1057:
1047:December 30,
1045:. Retrieved
1038:
1031:
1020:
987:. Retrieved
977:
968:
962:
951:. Retrieved
947:
941:
920:
911:
907:
901:
892:
877:
871:
864:
853:. Retrieved
849:the original
844:
835:
824:. Retrieved
820:
793:. Retrieved
783:
759:cite journal
747:. Retrieved
733:
727:
721:
713:
694:
676:
669:
668:
659:
653:
626:
619:
600:
594:
567:
541:
534:
523:
516:
499:
497:
474:
463:
460:Theophrastus
439:
433:
431:as πάπυρος.
417:
413:
408:
375:Although no
374:
330:
320:
305:
290:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
238:
237:
213:
211:
195:
194:
182:
145:
132:
119:
106:
35:
29:
18:Papyrus reed
1816:NatureServe
1715:iNaturalist
1517:Wikispecies
666:9 and 10.
639:Cultivation
622:pollination
521:xxi. 390).
509:bas-reliefs
481:Niger River
325:Kew Gardens
311:Description
152:Commelinids
126:Angiosperms
2078:Nile Delta
2047:Categories
1942:kew-237889
1937:Plant List
1590:Calflora:
1231:Biotropica
1188:24 January
1157:2020-05-17
1129:2018-04-17
1111:"Papyrus,
1096:2018-04-17
1072:2018-04-17
989:16 October
953:2021-02-20
855:2015-03-12
826:2021-02-20
795:2012-10-16
705:References
677:C. papyrus
670:C. papyrus
660:C. papyrus
649:Nile Delta
607:Madagascar
597:Nile Delta
586:California
505:reed boats
436:Nile Delta
279:herbaceous
274:. It is a
272:Cyperaceae
261:Nile grass
253:paper reed
172:Cyperaceae
1671:242357697
1653:FloraBase
1448:Floridata
1443:factsheet
914:(4): 300.
879:FloraBase
656:rootstock
633:monotypic
582:Louisiana
507:(seen in
485:Euphrates
410:Egyptians
350:internode
341:Lake Tana
282:perennial
190:Species:
96:Kingdom:
2002:Tropicos
1916:PalDat:
1842:NSWFlora
1821:2.158830
1746:11209777
1733:330934-2
1502:Wikidata
1270:3: 1-47.
1179:Archived
749:22 March
674:cultivar
613:and the
574:invasive
483:and the
362:rhizomes
327:, London
168:Family:
139:Monocots
73:IUCN 3.1
2083:Papyrus
2058:Cyperus
2007:9902745
1994:2493-60
1896:1491854
1793:MoBotPF
1694:2716311
1619:1121657
1508:Q158808
1398:Biomass
1275:Ecology
1233:3: 411.
1019:(ed.).
578:Florida
570:soil pH
553:Ecology
518:Odyssey
500:Cyperus
472:Pliny's
452:Malkata
434:In the
425:papyrus
397:Papyrus
381:rhizome
356:
352:
297:papyrus
265:aquatic
245:papyrus
183:Cyperus
178:Genus:
158:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
1950:PLANTS
1909:738914
1883:137596
1854:NZOR:
1798:279798
1785:164158
1720:161469
1681:CYPPAP
1678:FoIO:
1645:187627
1583:423804
1565:ARKive
1544:156733
1541:APDB:
1531:AoFP:
615:Levant
611:Sicily
590:Hawaii
588:, and
563:Uganda
444:stucco
385:leaves
377:leaves
370:fruits
366:flower
286:native
276:tender
162:Poales
2014:WoI:
1989:SANBI
1955:CYPA8
1926:PFI:
1865:NZPCN
1834:76434
1805:NAS:
1772:39950
1759:17503
1741:IRMNG
1707:12905
1658:18198
1640:EUNIS
1632:CYPPA
1606:33D3R
1557:98415
1182:(PDF)
1175:(PDF)
1015:. In
985:. OED
530:Moses
513:Sudan
503:made
491:, an
468:Syria
345:culms
323:) at
259:, or
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
1981:5206
1963:POWO
1929:8454
1891:OBIS
1870:4349
1829:NCBI
1808:2997
1780:IUCN
1767:ITIS
1728:IPNI
1702:GRIN
1689:GBIF
1627:EPPO
1593:8543
1578:BOLD
1552:APNI
1534:1976
1190:2018
1049:2014
991:2019
786:AGM"
765:link
751:2022
734:2018
691:Uses
602:sudd
414:aaru
2025:WFO
2017:229
1976:RHS
1754:ISC
1666:FNA
1614:EoL
1601:CoL
1041:L."
738:doi
683:'s
576:in
462:'s
2049::
2027::
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1991::
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1468:.
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757:{{
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886:.
874:"
870:"
858:.
829:.
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782:"
767:)
753:.
740::
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420:,
354:—
75:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
