72:
84:
319:, wanting to defend to the bitter end the headquarters of the proletarian and centrist organizations knowing the devastation that the fascists had done in other places, as in the Ravenna, led by Italo Balbo. While at the national level the strike ended in complete failure, in Parma the idea of resisting takes root more and more. In the popular districts the institutional powers were passed to the
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If the government fails to crush it within forty-eight hours from the proclamation of the strike, the fascists will provide for the need directly. The fascists must, after the aforementioned period of forty-eight hours, and provided that the strike persists, aim at the capitals of their respective
311:
On 6 August, also on the advice of the military officer in command of the local
Military Application School, Lodomez, the PNF realized the impossibility of conquering the city without unleashing a total war, which would have caused carnage, the fascists passed control of public order to the
326:
The
Naviglio district was occupied by the army (Novara Cavalleria) on August 4 following an agreement between the prefect Fusco and Balbo. The state of military siege was instituted by the government starting from midnight on 5 August in all the cities where unrest still persisted following the
289:
In the first days of August, therefore, about 10,000 men were mobilized by the PNF for the occupation of Parma, coming from the towns of the Parma area and the neighboring provinces. After a brief command entrusted to the quadrunvirate formed by Alcide Aimi, Giovanni Botti, Gino
Caramatti and
327:
general strike proclaimed starting from 1 August and officially ending on 3 August. The cities declared in a state of siege, in addition to Parma, were: Ancona, Livorno, Genoa and Rome. On 6 August
Lodomez, military commander of the square, assumed full powers and put an end to the battles.
290:
Giuseppe
Stefanini, the command was passed to Italo Balbo. The number of squads was increased considerably with reinforcements that occurred, precisely because of the resistance opposed by the Proletarian Defense Formations, which increased their ability to repel attacks.
330:
However, the siege of Parma persisted for three more months. The battle only ended on 14 October when Benito
Mussolini ordered the Squadristi to demobilize in Parma, having already suffered numerous losses during the duration of the siege.
261:
created a front including the left-wing interventionists from Parma. The
Parmesan revolutionary syndicalists approached the left, highlighting the difficulties of fascism in finding consensus in Parma, as shown in the diaries of
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The squadristi tried to overcome the barricades, devastating, in the central areas of the city, less defensible and defended, the railway workers' club, offices of numerous democratic professionals, the offices of the newspaper
293:
The whole population actively participated in the clashes, including the women who gave a fundamental contribution both as fighters and for the organization of the rear, and for this reason were praised by Balbo himself.
236:, a union of those who were left-wing trade unions before the advent of the regime, called a legal strike "against fascist violence" and "the indifference of the state towards them". The news leaked ahead of time and
483:, testi immagini e documenti della mostra (30 aprile - 30 maggio 1983), edizione a cura del Comune e della Provincia di Parma e dell'Istituto storico della Resistenza per la Provincia di Parma
25:
315:
The population of the
Oltretorrente and of the Naviglio and Saffi districts prepared for the aggression, building barricades and digging trenches under the command of the anarchist
554:
270:, an internationalist socialist, had also been present, who had a recruiting tank in the Parma proletariat. inclined to radical socialism and anarchism.
490:, scritti in occasione della posa del monumento in ricordo alle barricate del 1922, edizione a cura del Comune di Parma, Parma, 1997
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Brunazzi, Luciana, Parma nel primo dopoguerra 1919-1920, Parma, Istituto storico della resistenza per la provincia di Parma, 1981.
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army, pledging to withdraw. During the midnight on 5 August, the state of military siege had entered into force.
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Here an armed resistance "of excellent military caliber" was organized, according to Italo Balbo, sent by
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Alberghi, Pietro, Il fascismo in Emilia-Romagna: dalle origini alla marcia su Roma, Modena, Mucchi, 1989.
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was able to organize an early resistance by sending a very secret circular to all the federations of the
233:
523:
Bottioni, Graziano, La nascita del PCI a Parma 1921-1926, Parma, Biblioteca “Umberto
Balestrazzi”, 1981.
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Le
Barricate a Parma 1/5 agosto 1922, numero monografico di “PR. Parma Realtà ”, n. 15, dicembre 1972.
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Bonardi, Pietro, La violenza del 1922 nel Parmense, Parma, Centro studi della Val Baganza, 1992.
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503:, a cura di Margherita Becchetti, Giovanni Ronchini e Andrea Zini, Roma, DeriveApprodi, 2002.
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383:"Barricate 1922 a Parma: con Picelli cittĂ simbolo di resistenza che resta viva nei secoli"
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277:, at the request of the fascist deputy Terzaghi, the local quadrunvirate, close to
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Morini, Franco. "Parma in camicia nera" Edizioni Zara, Parma 1987.
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Meanwhile, in Parma the workers joined the strike in force. The
266:. For just over a year, the proletarian defense formations of
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Arditi del Popolo victory and eventual Army interference
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Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)
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Il Ribelle Guido Picelli una vita da rivoluzionario,
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488:Pro Memoria. La cittĂ , le barricate, il monumento
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452:"Quando lo Stato si consegnò al fascismo"
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501:Parma 1922. Una resistenza antifascista
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7:
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259:Proletarian Legion Filippo Corridoni
201:, were a series of battles between
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555:Riots and civil disorder in Italy
508:Orazione civile per la Resistenza
350:, quotidiano socialista di Genova
456:Museo Nazionale della Resistenza
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70:
481:Dietro le barricate, Parma 1922
213:Proletarian Defense Formations
1:
321:Arditi del Popolo directorate
304:, the Union of Labor and the
510:, Bologna, Promomusic, 2012.
323:commanded by Guido Picelli.
249:provinces and occupy them."
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64:
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35:1 August–14 October 1922
427:"Le barricate di Parma"
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242:National Fascist Party
232:On July 31, 1922, the
545:Anti-fascism in Italy
517:Roma, IMPLIBRI , 2013
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197:), also known as the
157:Casualties and losses
506:Biacchessi, Daniele.
215:against the fascist
499:Balestrini, Nanni,
234:Alleanza del Lavoro
513:Bocchi Giancarlo,
195:Barricate di Parma
88:Fascist Squadristi
381:Curtale, Silvia.
279:Roberto Farinacci
255:Arditi del Popolo
208:Arditi del Popolo
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306:People's Party
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281:'s positions.
257:and the local
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460:. Retrieved
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99:Lead figures
366:Diario 1922
264:Italo Balbo
119:Italo Balbo
52:Resulted in
534:Categories
462:2024-07-11
437:2022-08-17
393:2022-08-17
387:Parmateneo
364:I. Balbo,
335:References
301:Il Piccolo
228:Background
217:Squadristi
348:Il lavoro
238:Mussolini
486:AA.VV.,
479:AA.VV.,
415:21156938
211:and the
40:Location
24:Part of
244:(PNF):
223:History
60:Parties
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176:Deaths
168:Deaths
147:10,000
132:Number
178:: ~40
45:Parma
411:OCLC
189:The
142:~350
32:Date
170:: 3
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