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543:, with one spindle for each card denomination, with four counters on each spindle. As a card was played, either winning or losing, one of four counters would be moved to indicate that a card of that denomination had been played. This allowed players to plan their bets by keeping track of what cards remained available in the dealing box. The operator of the case keep is called the "casekeeper" or, colloquially in the American West, the "coffin driver".
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494:) pasted to it in numerical order, representing a standardized betting "layout". Each player laid his stake on one of the 13 cards on the layout. Players could place multiple bets and could bet on multiple cards simultaneously by placing their bet between cards or on specific card edges. A player could reverse the intent of his bet by placing a
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drawn. The player's odds here were 5 to 1, while a successful bet paid off at 4 to 1 (or 1 to 1 if there were a pair among the three, known as a "cat-hop"). This provided one of the dealer's few advantages in faro. If it happened that the three remaining cards were all the same, there would be no final bet, as the outcome was not in question.
498:(6-sided) token called a "copper" on it. Some histories said a penny was sometimes used in place of a copper. This was known as "coppering" the bet, and reversed the meaning of the win/loss piles for that particular bet. Players also had the choice of betting on the "high card" bar located at the top of the layout.
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Rigged dealing boxes: Rigged, or "gaffed", dealing boxes came in several variants. Typically, they allowed the dealer to see the next card prior to the deal, by use of a small mirror or prism visible only to the dealer. If the next card was heavily bet, the box could also allow the dealer to draw two
478:
A game of faro was often called a "faro bank". It was played with an entire deck of playing cards. One person was designated the "banker" and an indeterminate number of players, known as "punters", could be admitted. Chips (called "checks") were purchased by the punter from the banker (or house) from
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Certain advantages were reserved to the banker: if he drew a doublet, that is, two equal cards, he won half of the stakes upon the card which equaled the doublet. In a fair game, this provided the only "house edge". If the banker drew the last card of the pack, he was exempt from doubling the stakes
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Removing the copper: A variant on the use of the thread was to affix it to the copper token used to reverse the bet. If the losing card matched the player's bet, the copper made it a winning bet and no cheat was needed. If, however, the winning card, dealt second, were to match the player's bet the
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When only three cards remained in the dealing box, the dealer would "call the turn", which was a special type of bet that occurred at the end of each round. The object now was to predict the exact order that the three remaining cards, Bankers, Players, and the final card called the Hock, would be
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In the US, Faro was also called "bucking the tiger" or "twisting the tiger's tail", a reference to early card backs that featured a drawing of a Bengal tiger. By the mid 19th century, the tiger was so commonly associated with the game that gambling districts where faro was popular became known as
637:: In concert with the rigged dealing box, the dealer could, when he knew the next card to win, surreptitiously slide a player's bet off of the winning card if it was on the dealer's side of the layout. At a hectic faro table he could often get away with this, though it was obviously a risky move.
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Players would routinely cheat as well. Their techniques employed distraction and sleight-of-hand, and usually involved moving their stake to a winning card, or at the very least off the losing card, without being detected. Their methods ranged from crude to creative, and worked best at a busy,
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The banker's card was the bettor's "losing card"; regardless of its suit, all bets placed on the layout's card that had the same denomination as the banker's card were lost by the players and won by the bank. The player's card was the "winning card". All bets placed on the card that had that
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To give themselves more of an advantage, and to counter the losses from players cheating, dealers would also often cheat. In a fair game the house's edge was low, so dealers increasingly resorted to cheating the players to increase the profitability of the game for the house. This, too, was
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Stacked or rigged decks: A stacked deck would consist of many paired cards, allowing the dealer to claim half of the bets on that card, as per the rules. A rigged deck would contain textured cards that allowed dealers to create paired cards in the deck while giving the illusion of thorough
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The first card in the dealing box was called the "soda" and was "burned off", leaving 51 cards in play. The dealer then drew two cards: the first was called the "banker's card" and was placed on the right side of the dealing box. The next card after the banker's card was called the
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cards in one draw, thus hiding the card that would have paid. This would result in the casekeep not accounting for the hidden card, however. If the casekeeper were employed by the house, though, he could take the blame for "accidentally" not logging that card when it was drawn.
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Moving with a thread: A silk thread or single horse hair would be affixed to the bottom check in the bet, and allowed the stack to be pulled across the table to another card on the layout. This was less risky, as the cheating player would not have to make an overt
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copper would ordinarily make it a loser, but quickly snatching the copper from the stack with the invisible thread turned it into a winner. This held the least risk, as once the copper was yanked from the stack, there was no thread left attached to the bet.
872:'s story "Spud and Cochise" (1935), the cowboy Spud plays faro when he is in a very good mood. Aware of the widespread dishonesty of American faro dealers in his time, he nevertheless bets heavily, viewing his gambling losses as a form of charity.
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The dealer settled all bets after each two cards drawn. This allowed players to bet before drawing the next two cards. Bets that neither won nor lost remained on the table, and could be picked up or changed by the player prior to the next
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Faro's detractors regarded it as a dangerous scam that destroyed families and reduced men to poverty because of rampant rigging of the dealing box. Crooked faro equipment was so popular that many sporting-house companies began to supply
471:
1051:, in the early stages of the game, plays a game of Faro with a blacksmith but loses after the blacksmith cheats. Arno loses his deceased father's pocket watch and breaks into the blacksmith's house to steal it back.
289:, but Faro was often just as popular due to its fast action, easy-to-learn rules, and better odds than most games of chance. The game of Faro is played with only one deck of cards and admits any number of players.
864:
the character Floyd
Thompson, one of the tenants in the boarding house, is a faro dealer. Faro is also occasionally mentioned in Fitzgerald's corresponding Great Brain series, which focuses on the children of
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denomination were returned to the players with a 1 to 1 (even money) payout by the bank (e.g., a dollar bet won a dollar). A "high card" bet won if the player's card had a higher value than the banker's card.
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The 18th-century Dutch cavalry commander
Casimir Abraham von Schlippenbach (1682–1755) also mentions the game (as Pharaon) in his memoirs. Apparently, he was able to win considerable sums of money with the
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Simple move of their bet: The most basic cheat was simply to move one's bet to the adjacent card on the layout while avoiding the banker noticing. While the simplest, it also carried the greatest risk of
398:"tiger town", or in the case of smaller venues, "tiger alley". Some gambling houses would simply hang a picture of a tiger in their windows to advertise that a game could be played there.
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The old phrase "from soda to hock", meaning "from beginning to end" derives from the first and last cards dealt in a round of faro. The phrase evolved from the better known "
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dealing boxes specially designed so that the bankers could cheat their players; methods of cheating in faro are detailed below. Cheating was so prevalent that editions of
347:, it spread to the United States in the 19th century to become the most widespread and popularly favored gambling game. It was played in almost every gambling hall in the
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began their faro section by warning readers that not a single honest faro bank could be found in the United States. Criminal prosecutions of faro were involved in the
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Popular in North
America during the 19th century, Faro was eventually overtaken by poker as the preferred card game of gamblers in the early 20th century.
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family of games due to the use of a banker and several players. Winning or losing occurs when cards turned up by the banker match those already exposed.
1477:
1031:", Dmitri Karamazov is cheated out of 200 rubles by two Polish officers in a game of faro when they switch an unopened deck of cards for a marked set.
336:. The game was easy to learn, quick, and when played honestly, the odds for a player were considered by some to be the best of all gambling games, as
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editors when describing how faro banks were opened and operated: "To justify the initial expenditure, a dealer must have some permanent advantage."
359:. An 1882 study considered faro to be the most popular form of gambling, surpassing all others forms combined in terms of money wagered each year.
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loved the game so much that, when he was asked why he played at one game that was known to be rigged, he replied, "It's the only game in town."
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1067:, Al Swearengen mentions Faro, rather than poker, is played in his Gem Saloon, and the game is referred to frequently throughout the series.
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deposited on that card. These and the advantage from the odds on the turn bet provided a slight financial advantage to the dealer or house.
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A device, called a "casekeep" was employed to assist the players and prevent dealer cheating by counting cards. The casekeep resembled an
68:
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682:". In turn, "soda" and "hock" are probably themselves derived from "hock and soda", a popular nineteenth-century drink consisting of
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1130:), one of the conmen researching their mark mentions that he "only goes out to play Faro", making him a hard target for the big con.
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826:; it tells of a young lady forced to deal faro to support her family and her ensuing romance with one of the gaming hall's patrons.
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which the game originated. Bet values and limits were set by the house. Usual check values in the US were 50 cents to $ 10 each.
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After the French ban, Pharaoh and Basset continued to be widely played in
England during the 18th century, where it was known as
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323:. Basset was outlawed in 1691, and Pharaoh emerged several years later as a derivative of Basset, before it too was outlawed.
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comes from Louis XIV's royal gamblers, who chose the name from the motif that commonly adorned one of the French-made
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Russell, Gillian. "'Faro's
Daughters': Female Gamesters, Politics, and the Discourse of Finance in 1790s Britain",
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997:, the main character runs a crooked faro bank, alternatively to his great fortune or ruin. In its film adaptation,
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Scarne on Card Games: How to Play and Win at Poker, Pinochle, Blackjack, Gin and Other
Popular Card Games
915:, the game at the Hotel Transylvania is faro, and Guillot accuses des Grieux and Manon of cheating at it.
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860:. It is one of the primary games played at the Whitehorse Saloon, owned by the character Uncle Will. In
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was known to be a great player of faro. He mentions the game frequently in his autobiography.
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It was also widespread in the German states during the 19th century, where it was known as
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The
Magician and the Cardsharp: The Search for America's Greatest Sleight-of-Hand Artist
519:(English card) or simply the "player's card", and it was placed on the left of the shoe.
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Oxford
Dictionary of Card Games, p. 16, David Parlett – Oxford University Press 1996
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386:("Sweet Milk"). It is recorded in card game compendia from at least 1810 to 1975. In
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848:'s semi-autobiographical Silverlode/Adenville trilogy, which consists of the books
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486:, and had a cutout for the banker. A board was placed on top of the table with one
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Weird
Arizona: Your Travel Guide to Arizona's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets
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episode "Alea lacta est", features a murder plot centered around the fictional
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was a faro dealer. It was said that every faro table in Soapy's Tivoli Club in
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makes mention of playing faro in his memoirs (February 1726 – 25 July 1794).
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319:(French for "Pharaoh") are found in Southwestern France during the reign of
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The hand-book of games, p. 336, H.G. Bohn – Bell & Daldy, London 1867
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902:), Giulietta invites Schlemil to take his place at the table of Pharaoh.
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The book of card games, p. 121, Peter Arnold – Barnes & Noble 1995
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581: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1117:) is a professional gambler and a Faro dealer at the Metropole Saloon.
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episode "Staircase to Heaven" involves a murder during a game of Faro.
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Being caught cheating often resulted in a fight, or even gunfire.
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Our life here would not displease you, for we eat and drink well,
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and the Earl of
Coventry holds a Pharaoh-bank every night to us,
1621:
1020:, Nicholas Rostov loses 43,000 rubles to Dolokhov playing faro.
1007:
servant holds a casekeep showing which cards have been played.
841:, the gambler Gaylord Ravenal specializes in the game of faro.
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351:
from 1825 to 1915. Faro could be played in over 150 places in
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The 18th-century Prussian officer, adventurer, and author
885:, the owner of the bulldog, Tim Keenan, is a faro dealer.
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Soda to hock: The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
1536:, Stamford, Connecticut: US Games Systems Inc., 2000.
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The faro table was typically oval, covered with green
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1147:, becomes a Faro dealer after arriving in Tombstone.
803:(1921) took its name from an alternate name for Faro
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1534:The Hochman Encyclopedia of American Playing Cards
780:as an additional source of income while living in
1070:Numerous references to Faro are made in both the
1476:William M. Breakenridge, Richard Maxwell Brown
1587:"Faro: Favorite Gambling Game of the Frontier"
956:, play a contentious game of faro in Act One.
765:dealt faro for a short time after arriving in
622:Dealers employed several methods of cheating:
340:records in a letter to George Selwyn in 1752.
30:"Paroli" redirects here. For the uniform, see
1633:
315:The earliest references to a card game named
115:Men playing faro in an Arizona saloon in 1895
8:
1680:(Banker and Broker, Dutch Bank, Honest John)
1553:, Volume 12. Kiel: Akademische Buchhandlung.
1480:p. 171. University of Nebraska Press (1992)
1478:Helldorado: bringing the law to the mesquite
1219:(Adapted ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Co.
1126:(1973) on New York gangster Doyle Lonnegan (
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1562:, (London: 1894; reprint, Las Vegas: GBC).
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1375:"United States v. Simms 5 U.S. 252 (1803)"
1614:—Demonstration of how the game is played.
1325:
1323:
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597:Learn how and when to remove this message
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
1496:Wesley Treat, Mark Moran, Mark Sceurman
1347:Lehmann & Handelmann (1858), p. 259.
1264:
1262:
469:
449:Historians have suggested that the name
54:This article includes a list of general
1547:Lehmann, Th. and Dr Handelmann (1858).
1355:
1353:
1333:. Bicycle Playing Cards. Archived from
1196:
714:The 18th-century adventurer and author
1397:"Ex Parte Milburn, 34 U.S. 704 (1835)"
967:" and Tchaikovsky's opera adaptation,
429:Although the game became scarce after
370:. A simplified version played with 32
102:
1299:which we have plundered considerably.
772:The 19th-century dentist and gambler
751:, in 1889 was gaffed (made to cheat).
433:, it continued to be played at a few
7:
1870:
1454:10.1093/acref/9780198609810.001.0001
686:(a sweet German wine) combined with
579:adding citations to reliable sources
420:, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 252 (1803), and
1900:
1895:WikiProject Board & Table Games
1890:
1529:. (1896) Transl. from French, 2017.
1253:"Faro card game - Cheating at faro"
858:Uncle Will and the Fitzgerald Curse
330:, an English alternate spelling of
1272:pg. 163 Dover Publications (2004)
743:The 19th-century American con man
704:, Canada was named after the game.
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
898:(based on three short stories by
844:Faro is mentioned extensively in
740:preferred faro to any other game.
723:Friedrich Freiherr von der Trenck
390:the game was also referred to as
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959:Faro is central to the plot of
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426:, 34 U.S. (9 Pet.) 704 (1835).
285:It is not a direct relative of
1550:Jahrbücher für die Landeskunde
1532:Dawson, Tom and Dawson, Judy.
1290:Blackwood's Edinburgh magazine
1206:, Wizard of Odds. May 17, 2016
808:Literature and its adaptations
262:is a late 17th-century French
1:
754:The 19th-century scam artist
394:(= "money" + "small heaps").
1526:The Faro: Gameplay and Rules
1361:"Faro, or Bucking the Tiger"
1926:17th-century gambling games
1293:vol. 15 pg. 176 London 1844
1087:, and the television drama
1047:(2014), the main character
953:The Girl of the Golden West
944:The Girl of the Golden West
343:With its name shortened to
1957:
1574:Eighteenth-Century Studies
1448:. Oxford Reference. 2005.
474:The layout of a faro board
29:
1845:
1798:
1502:p. 190. Sterling (2007),
1056:Radio and motion pictures
929:" plays faro in Brussels.
813:The well-known author of
191:
108:
27:French gambling card game
1107:In the American western
994:The Luck of Barry Lyndon
888:In the Giulietta act of
761:The 19th-century lawman
490:of cards (traditionally
1556:Maskelyne, John Nevil.
1010:In a famous scene from
820:wrote a novel entitled
270:. It is descended from
75:more precise citations.
36:Paroli (disambiguation)
1215:Johnson, Karl (2005).
1158:Brisbane Faro Society.
1113:(1976), Jack Pulford (
1044:Assassin's Creed Unity
1029:The Brothers Karamazov
804:
475:
441:casinos through 1985.
417:United States v. Simms
408:Hoyle's Rules of Games
34:. For other uses, see
1936:French gambling games
1793:, Between the Sheets)
1363:. Legends of America.
1150:Australian TV series
1061:In the HBO TV series
939:La fanciulla del West
923:John William Polidori
895:The Tales of Hoffmann
862:Mama's Boarding House
854:Mama's Boarding House
850:Papa Married a Mormon
796:
473:
274:, and belongs to the
1905:WikiProject Gambling
1579:.4 (2000): 481–504.
1175:Commerce (card game)
575:improve this article
380:("German Pharo") or
1170:Cassino (card game)
970:The Queen of Spades
965:The Queen of Spades
774:John "Doc" Holliday
372:German-suited cards
105:
1855:Card game category
1810:Banking game links
1777:Trente et Quarante
1656:Banking card games
1592:Wild West Magazine
1331:"How to play faro"
1041:In the video game
846:John D. Fitzgerald
805:
789:In popular culture
782:Tombstone, Arizona
776:dealt faro in the
767:Tombstone, Arizona
647:fast-paced table:
476:
357:American Civil War
1913:
1912:
1865:Gambling category
1568:978-0-89650-912-2
1225:978-0-8050-7406-2
1101:Murdoch Mysteries
1025:Fyodor Dostoevsky
961:Alexander Pushkin
900:E. T. A. Hoffmann
890:Jacques Offenbach
800:Bucking the Tiger
778:Bird Cage Theater
756:Canada Bill Jones
738:Charles James Fox
732:The 18th century
680:from soup to nuts
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355:alone during the
295:Variants include
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412:Supreme Court
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264:gambling game
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187:Related games
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174:10–15 minutes
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1817:Banking game
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1678:Blind Hookey
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1404:. Retrieved
1400:
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1379:. Retrieved
1369:
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1335:the original
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1284:
1216:
1211:
1199:
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1145:Kurt Russell
1143:, played by
1134:
1133:In the film
1121:
1115:Hugh O'Brian
1110:The Shootist
1108:
1099:
1093:James Arness
1088:
1078:
1062:
1042:
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1000:Barry Lyndon
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978:Wesley Stace
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919:Lord Ruthven
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700:The town of
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584:
573:Please help
568:verification
565:
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481:
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431:World War II
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305:Ladies' Faro
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171:Playing time
87:
78:
59:
1822:Casino game
1791:Acey Deucey
1760:Speculation
1725:Polish Bank
1128:Robert Shaw
1083:, starring
1049:Arno Dorian
1012:Leo Tolstoy
927:The Vampyre
877:Jack London
833:Edna Ferber
745:Soapy Smith
702:Faro, Yukon
466:Description
455:court cards
392:Pitje-Patje
301:Jewish Faro
297:German Faro
73:introducing
1941:Wyatt Earp
1920:Categories
1885:Wiktionary
1782:Twenty-One
1755:Spanish 21
1715:Monte Bank
1705:Lansquenet
1406:2024-02-01
1401:Justia Law
1191:References
1141:Wyatt Earp
1027:'s novel "
982:Misfortune
963:'s story "
882:White Fang
865:Adenville.
763:Wyatt Earp
688:soda water
668:In culture
652:detection.
642:By players
627:shuffling.
618:By dealers
388:Low German
280:Monte Bank
276:Lansquenet
209:Lansquenet
205:Monte Bank
56:references
1673:Blackjack
1185:Va banque
1136:Tombstone
1123:The Sting
1091:starring
991:'s novel
989:Thackeray
936:'s opera
909:'s opera
892:'s opera
879:'s novel
838:Show Boat
835:'s novel
695:Geography
673:Etymology
587:July 2016
502:Procedure
496:hexagonal
445:Etymology
435:Las Vegas
414:cases of
321:Louis XIV
166:Clockwise
81:July 2021
1696:(Farmer)
1684:Blüchern
1663:Baccarat
1377:. Justia
1164:See also
1139:(1993),
1089:Gunsmoke
1080:Gunsmoke
1064:Deadwood
1014:'s book
950:'s play
736:radical
716:Casanova
547:Cheating
383:Süßmilch
349:Old West
260:Farobank
193:Baccarat
142:Counting
133:Gambling
1875:Commons
1771:Tempeln
1730:Pontoon
1612:YouTube
1381:25 July
1072:Western
1005:Moorish
934:Puccini
709:History
656:action.
451:Pharaon
333:Pharaoh
317:Pharaon
311:History
252:Pharaoh
201:Tempeln
69:improve
1787:Yablon
1735:Quinze
1668:Basset
1581:Online
1566:
1540:
1506:
1484:
1460:
1432:
1312:
1276:
1223:
1153:Harrow
1077:drama
856:, and
541:abacus
492:spades
404:gaffed
364:Pharao
303:, and
272:Basset
266:using
256:Pharao
197:Basset
182:Medium
179:Chance
139:Skills
124:France
121:Origin
58:, but
18:Paroli
1837:Poker
1765:Stuss
1710:Macao
1694:Ferme
1075:radio
1036:Games
912:Manon
729:game.
612:Hoyle
527:draw.
484:baize
461:Rules
368:Pharo
328:Pharo
287:poker
268:cards
258:, or
147:Cards
1700:Faro
1564:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1383:2016
1310:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1204:Faro
1098:The
925:'s "
734:Whig
684:hock
509:shoe
488:suit
439:Reno
437:and
345:Faro
278:and
245:FAIR
217:Faro
163:Play
155:Deck
129:Type
104:Faro
1610:on
1450:doi
1023:In
987:In
980:'s
976:In
921:in
905:In
875:In
868:In
831:In
577:by
366:or
250:),
247:-oh
232:ɛər
1922::
1589:,
1577:33
1456:.
1399:.
1352:^
1320:^
1261:^
1232:^
852:,
457:.
307:.
299:,
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235:oʊ
207:,
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195:,
150:52
1789:(
1641:e
1634:t
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942:(
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585:(
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238:/
229:f
226:ˈ
223:/
219:(
94:)
88:(
83:)
79:(
65:.
38:.
20:)
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