120:, 6 assessments were conducted at the Games. This resulted in 1 class change. Because of issues in objectively identifying functionality that plagued the post Barcelona Games, the IPC unveiled plans to develop a new classification system in 2003. This classification system went into effect in 2007, and defined ten different disability types that were eligible to participate on the Paralympic level. It required that classification be sport specific, and served two roles. The first was that it determined eligibility to participate in the sport and that it created specific groups of sportspeople who were eligible to participate and in which class. The IPC left it up to International Federations, in this case
804:
Grade 1 drivers with
Profiles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12a/b, 13, 14, 21, 26a, 31a/b and 32 are allowed to use a strap on whip. Grade 1 drivers with Profiles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12a/b, 13, 14, 21, 26a, 31a/b and 32 are allowed to not use gloves. Grade 1 drivers with Profiles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12a/b, 13, 14, 21, 26a, 31a/b and 32 are allowed to have a whip which is held or used by a groom. Grade 1 drivers with Profiles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10a, 12a/b, 13, 14, 26a, 31a/b and 32 are allowed to have a brake operated by a groom. Grade 1 drivers with Profiles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10a, 12a/b, 13, 14, 26a, 31a/b and 32 are allowed to have a strap on feet or foot trough.
1983:
816:
and 27 are allowed to use a strap on whip. Grade 2 drivers with
Profiles 8, 15, 16, 22, 24, 25, 26b, and 27 are allowed to not use gloves. Grade 2 drivers with Profiles 15, 16, 22, 24, 25, 26b, and 27 are allowed to have a whip which is held or used by a groom. Grade 2 drivers with Profiles 8, 10b, 11a/b, 15, 17a/b, 18a/b, 19a/b, 25, 26b, 27, and 28 are allowed to have a brake operated by a groom. Grade 2 drivers with Profiles 8, 10b, 11a/b, 15, 17a/b, 18a/b, 19a/b, 26b, and 27 are allowed to have a strap on feet or foot trough.
548:. Riders may use their voice to guide the horse during competition provided they do so in moderation. Riders from this classification may compete at a higher functionality class, but they must declare their intention to do so by end of the year for competitions in the following year. Grade 3 para-dressage riders with Profiles 8, 10a/b, 11a/b, 14, 17a, 18a, 27, 31a/b, and 32 are allowed to have a hard hand hold. Grade 2 para-dressage riders with Profile 14, and 27 are allowed to use a connecting rein bar.
56:
is open to competitors with impaired muscle power, athetosis, impaired passive range of movement, hypertonia, limb deficiency, ataxia, leg length difference, short stature, and vision impairment. They are grouped into five different classes to allow fair competition. These classes are Grade I, Grade II, Grade III, Grade IV, and Grade V(Grade Names
Changed as of Jan 2017) . The para-equestrian classification does not consider the gender of the rider, as equestrines compete in mixed gender competitions.
562:
241:
105:
required to hold the reins in both arms, riders with hearing loss were given visual signals instead of audio signals at the start of and during an event, and blind riders, when they reached a marker, were given an auditory signal. When the sport was undergoing growth in 1995, a classification system was established in order to provide a level playing field for competitors. The system developed at the time was called "Functional
Profile System for Grading" and was largely created by
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349:
337:
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68:(CP-ISRA). They defined cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain legion that results in impairment. People with cerebral palsy or non-progressive brain damage were eligible for classification by them. The organisation also dealt with classification for people with similar impairments. For their classification system, people with
803:
This class is allowed to use compensating aids. Grade 1 drivers with
Profiles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10a, and 12a/b are allowed to use a safety harness held by a groom. Grade 1 drivers with Profiles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12a/b, 13, 14, 21, 26a, 31a/b and 32 are allowed to use looped or knotted reins.
799:
This class is for people who use a wheelchair on a daily basis, and have limited trunk functionality and impairments in their upper limbs. It also includes people who have the ability to walk but have impairments in all of their limbs. The third class of riders it includes is people with severe arm
146:
During classification, classifiers look at several things including a rider's mobility, strength and coordination. This is done during a bench press, during training and in competition. After riders are classified, they are giving both a classification and a profile. This profile a number 1 to 39
815:
This class is allowed to use compensating aids. Grade 2 drivers with
Profile 8 are allowed to use a safety harness held by a groom. Grade 2 drivers with Profiles 8, 15, 16, 22, 24, 25, 26b, and 27 are allowed to use looped or knotted reins. Grade 2 drivers with Profiles 8, 15, 16, 22, 24, 25, 26b,
611:
defined this classification was "GRADE IV: Riders in this section are mainly able to walk without support, with moderate impairment on one side of the body, moderate impairment in all four limbs or severe arm impairment. They may require a wheelchair to cover longer distances. They must have a total
55:
is a system for para-equestrian sport. It is a graded system based on the degree of physical or visual disability and handled at the international level by the FEI. The sport has eligible classifications for people with physical and vision disabilities. Groups of eligible riders include The sport
625:
defines Grade 3 on their website as "Athletes in grade III have a severe impairment or deficiency of both upper limbs or a moderate impairment of all four limbs or short stature. Athletes in grade III are able to walk and generally do not require a wheelchair in daily life. Grade III also includes
104:
did not have specific classifications for competitors with disabilities. Acknowledging membership needs though, some rules had organically developed that looked like classifications based on rule modification for different disability types. These included acknowledging one-armed riders were not
99:
The CP-ISRA used the classification system designed for field athletics events. In 1983, there were five cerebral palsy classifications. Class 1 competitors could compete in the
Division 1, Class 1 and Class 2 events, while riding with a leader and 2 siderwalkers and/or a backwalker. In 1990, the
142:
The purpose of classification to identify the level of functional disability of a rider, completely independent of their skill level. This is because demonstration of skill is the purpose of competition. Steps are taken before and during the classification process to avoid this. Part of the
757:
defines Grade 5 on their website as "Athletes in Grade V have a mild impairment of range of movement or muscle strength or a deficiency of one limb or mild deficiency of two limbs. Grade V also includes athletes with visual impairment equivalent to B2 with a higher visual acuity than visually
620:
defined this classification as: "Grade IV: Athletes with a physical disability or vision impairment. Riders with moderate unilateral impairment, moderate impairment in four limbs or severe arm impairment. In day to day life, riders are usually ambulant but some may use a wheelchair for longer
395:
defined this classification as: "Grade I: Athletes with a physical disability. Riders with poor trunk balance and/or impairment of function in all four limbs or no trunk balance and good upper limb function. Riders generally use a wheelchair in everyday life. Grade 1 is split into 1a and 1b."
535:
defined this classification as: "Grade III: Athletes with a physical disability. Riders with severe locomotor impairment involving the trunk and with mild to good upper limb function, or severe unilateral impairment. Riders generally use a wheelchair in everyday life." As of July 2016, the
403:. Riders may use their voice to guide the horse during competition provided they do so in moderation. Riders from this classification may compete at a higher functionality class, but they must declare their intention to do so by end of the year for competitions in the following year.
1445:
540:
defines Grade 3 on their website as "Athletes in grade II have severe impairments in both lower limbs with minimal or no impairment of the trunk or moderate impairment of the upper and lower limbs and trunk. Some athletes in this class may use a wheelchair in daily life."
480:
defines Grade 2 on their website as "Athletes in grade 2 have either a severe impairment of the trunk and minimal impairment of the upper limbs or moderate impairment of the trunk, upper and lower limbs. Most athletes in this class use a wheelchair in daily life."
390:
The FEI defines this classification as "Grade I — This is split again into two sections: Grade Ib — At this level the rider will ride walk with some trot work excluding medium trot. Grade Ia — At this level the rider will ride a walk only test." The
464:, they needed to have a percentage of a target score "based on the average overall scores that achieved medals in each grade at the 2010 World Equestrian Games". For Grade 1a classification, the percentage was 71.78%. Competitors in Grade 1a include Australia's
752:
defined this classification as: "Grade V: Athletes with a physical disability or vision impairment. Riders have a physical impairment in one or two limbs (for example limb loss or limb deficiency), or some degree of visual impairment (B2)." As of July 2016, the
167:. There are three types of classification available for Australian competitors: Provisional, national and international. The first is for club level competitions, the second for state and national competitions, and the third for international competitions.
150:
Each rider's classification has a status. The available statuses for classification include New, Review, Reviewed Fixe Date - Paralympic Games, and
Confirmed. The status of a rider's classification affects their ability to protest their classification.
175:
The classification system in para-equestrian has been criticized by some riders as not fully taking into account disabilities that have fluctuations in a person's regular functional abilities. This criticism specifically related to multiple sclerosis.
526:
defined this classification was "GRADE III: These riders are mainly wheelchair users or people who have severe movement impairment involving the lower half and with mild to good upper limb function, or severe impairment on one side of the body. "
134:, is working on improving classification to be more of an evidence-based system as opposed to a performance-based system so as not to punish elite athletes whose performance makes them appear in a higher class alongside competitors who train less.
1452:
500:, they needed to have a percentage of a target score "based on the average overall scores that achieved medals in each grade at the 2010 World Equestrian Games". For Grade 1b classification, the percentage was 71.95% for Grade 1B.
769:. Riders may not use their voice to guide the horse during competition unless their classifier has specifically allowed for this. Grade 5 para-dressage riders with Profiles 16, and 24 are allowed to use a connecting rein bar.
727:
as follows: "Grade 5 incorporates
Cerebral Palsy, Les Autres, Amputee, Spinal Cord injury and Visually Impaired. This last group comprises ambulant athletes with either impaired vision or impaired arm/leg function. " In 2008,
637:. Riders may not use their voice to guide the horse during competition unless their classifier has specifically allowed for this. Grade 4 para-dressage riders with Profile 15 are allowed to use a connecting rein bar.
776:, they needed to have a percentage of a target score "based on the average overall scores that achieved medals in each grade at the 2010 World Equestrian Games". For Grade 5 classification, the percentage was 69.88%.
651:, they needed to have a percentage of a target score "based on the average overall scores that achieved medals in each grade at the 2010 World Equestrian Games". For Grade 4 classification, the percentage was 70.88%.
555:, they needed to have a percentage of a target score "based on the average overall scores that achieved medals in each grade at the 2010 World Equestrian Games". For Grade 2 classification, the percentage was 69.7%.
1242:
Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International
Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics".
1552:
456:
Grade 1a para-dressage riders with Profiles 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12a, and 13 are allowed to have a hard hand hold. Grade 1a para-dressage riders with Profiles 7, 12a, and 13 are allowed to use a connecting rein bar.
163:. Classification at the national level is handled by different organizations. For example, Australian para-equestrian sport and classification is managed by the national sport federation with support from the
143:
process involves observing the competitor riding and doing a bench press. For this reason, classifiers do not observe a rider on their horse prior to the bench press to avoid assessing skill at functionality.
484:
Grade 2 para-dressage riders with Profiles 4, 6, 9, 10a/b, 11a/b, 12b, and 31a/b are allowed to have a hard hand hold. Grade 2 para-dressage riders with Profile 12b are allowed to use a connecting rein bar.
33:. The reason given is: The FEI has subsequently changed the classification of grading, 1a & 1b have been separated to grade 1 and 2, and every other grade has been moved up (e.g. grade 4 is now grade 5).
386:
defined this classification was "GRADE I: These riders are mainly wheelchair users who have poor trunk balance and/or impaired function in all four limbs or good upper limb control but no trunk balance."
735:
602:
377:
65:
1175:
Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Development and Growth of Paralympic Equestrian Sport 1995 to 1999".
2188:
76:
were eligible provided the condition did not interfere with their ability to compete. People who had strokes were eligible for classification following medical clearance. Competitors with
1963:
453:
defines Grade 1a on their website as "Athletes in grade 1a have severe impairments affecting all limbs and the trunk. The athlete usually requires the use of a wheelchair in daily life."
1348:
124:, to develop their own classification systems within this framework, with the specification that their classification systems use an evidence based approach developed through research.
640:
Riders from this classification may compete at a higher functionality class, but they must declare their intention to do so by end of the year for competitions in the following year.
595:
as follows: "Grade 4 incorporates Cerebral Palsy, Les Autres, Amputee, Spinal Cord Injury and totally blind athletes with good balance, leg movement and co-ordination." In 2008,
2040:
1655:
900:
109:, who had IPEC classifier status. By 1999, there were four classifications for competitors and 120 accredited equestrian classifiers around the world. At the New York hosted
113:, para-equestrian competition was broken into hearing and vision impaired classifications, amputee classifications, Les Autres, cerebral palsy and spinal cord disabilities.
1559:
380:(LOCOG) defined this classification as: "Riders compete in four mixed disability groups or ‘grades’, with Grade 1 split into two sub-categories (1a and 1b)." In 2008, the
89:
734:
defined this classification was "Grade 5: Ambulant athletes (those able to walk independently) with either impaired vision or impaired arm or leg function" In 2011, the
2181:
812:
Grade II is for riders who are higher functioning than Grade I riders but who would otherwise be at disadvantage when competing against able-bodied competitors.
160:
121:
1477:
621:
distances or due to lack of stamina. Riders with a vision impairment who compete in this class have total loss of sight in both eyes (B1)." As of July 2016, the
1956:
1245:
New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999
514:
as follows: "Grade 3 incorporates Cerebral Palsy, Les Autres, Spinal Cord injury and Amputee riders with reasonable balance and abdominal control. " In 2008,
2409:
348:
336:
116:
At the 1996 Summer Paralympics, classification was done at the venue because classification assessment required watching a competitor play the sport. At the
1724:
2291:
2174:
2033:
1800:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
561:
1949:
240:
1280:. Petersham, N.S.W.: Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Australian Centre for Olympic Studies University of Technology, Sydney. p. 152.
2378:
2221:
738:
defined this classification as: "The visually-impaired compete alongside those with a physical disability in Grades 4 and 5 only." In 2008, the
605:
defined this classification as: "The visually-impaired compete alongside those with a physical disability in Grades 4 and 5 only." In 2008, the
2276:
1359:
222:
206:
190:
2281:
1219:
943:
601:
defined this classification was "Grade 4: Athletes with good balance, leg movement and coordination including blind athletes" In 2011, the
2337:
2286:
2026:
878:
657:
409:
2440:
2404:
868:
740:
607:
522:
382:
376:
defined this classification was "Grade 1: Severely disabled riders with cerebral palsy, les autres and spinal cord injury" In 2011, the
1662:
907:
754:
622:
537:
477:
450:
264:
252:
131:
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2358:
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2226:
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defined this classification was "Grade 3: Athletes with reasonable balance and abdominal control including amputees" In 2008, the
1409:
2368:
2322:
2317:
2301:
744:
defined this classification was "GRADE V: These riders have impairment in one or two limbs or some degree of visual impairment."
2419:
2414:
2342:
2197:
749:
617:
532:
392:
164:
1875:
370:
as follows: "Grade 1 incorporates severely disabled riders with Cerebral Palsy, Les Autres and Spinal Cord Injury." In 2008,
2211:
1801:"RULES FOR PARA-EQUESTRIAN, DRESSAGE EVENTS, 3rd edition, effective 1st January 2011, Including modifications for 01.01.2012"
1252:
1184:
1921:
1850:
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693:
681:
669:
573:
1825:
2399:
2332:
2241:
2373:
2271:
2266:
2261:
873:
433:
421:
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2236:
1481:
1528:
A Geography of Horse-Riding: The Spacing of Affect, Emotion and (Dis)ability Identity through Horse-Human Encounters
1982:
1695:
1276:
Cashman, Richard I; Darcy, Simon; University of Technology, Sydney. Australian Centre for Olympic Studies (2008).
489:
2445:
2246:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
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1034:
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impaired athletes competing in the Grade IV sport class and/ or a visual field of less than 5 degrees radius."
626:
athletes having a visual impairment equivalent to B1 with very low visual acuity and/ or no light perception."
147:
for para-dressage and 1 to 32 for para-driving. This profile impacts what adaptive equipment riders can use.
531:
defines this classification as "At this level the rider will ride a novice level test excluding canter." The
72:
were not eligible unless they had medical evidence of loco-motor dysfunction. People with cerebral palsy and
2327:
1599:
773:
761:
Equipment usage for this class differs based on rider profile. In general, competitors in this grade use a
648:
629:
Equipment usage for this class differs based on rider profile. In general, competitors in this grade use a
552:
544:
Equipment usage for this class differs based on rider profile. In general, competitors in this grade use a
497:
465:
461:
399:
Equipment usage for this class differs based on rider profile. In general, competitors in this grade use a
117:
93:
2216:
748:
defines this classification as "At this level the rider will ride an elementary/medium level test" The
1727:. FEI (International Federation for Equestrian Sports) PARA-Equestrian Committee. 2012. Archived from
1628:
106:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2127:
101:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
1661:. London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 2011. p. 32. Archived from
906:. London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 2011. p. 42. Archived from
229:
213:
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81:
77:
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1180:
1157:
1134:
1111:
1088:
1065:
1040:
1013:
939:
1413:
933:
616:
defines this classification as "At this level the rider will ride a novice level test." The
1154:
The development of a policy : Integration Conference 1990 Adelaide, December 3-5, 1990
1152:
Australian Sports Commission; Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled (1990).
88:
were not eligible for classification by CP-ISRA, but were eligible for classification by
1725:"Equestrian sports for elite athletes with disabilities worldwide — Classification"
127:
The fourth edition of FEI's classification system guide was published in January 2015.
35:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
979:
85:
1480:. Homebush Bay, New South Wales: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
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766:
644:
634:
493:
64:
In 1983, classification for cerebral palsy competitors in this sport was done by the
1900:
2049:
1384:
791:
Para-driving utilizes a different classification system than para-dressage events.
69:
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2018:
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Disability type ineligible for FEI governed classification-using competitions
342:
Disability type ineligible for FEI governed classification-using competitions
1262:
730:
723:
597:
591:
516:
510:
372:
366:
1156:. Willoughby, N.S.W.: Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled.
1208:
Richard B. Birrer; Bernard Griesemer; Mary B. Cataletto (20 August 2002).
73:
1247:. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. pp. 379–392.
1179:. Vol. 2. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. pp. 733–741.
1129:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1106:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1083:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1060:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1133:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 13–38.
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
508:
The Grade 3 (Grade III) para-equestrian classification is defined by
364:
The Grade 1 (Grade I) para-equestrian classification is defined by
1110:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 4–6.
1087:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 7–8.
589:
The Grade 4 (Grade IV) Para-equestrian classification is defined by
1064:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. p. 1.
130:
Going forward, disability sport's major classification body, the
2170:
2022:
1945:
1036:
Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete
736:
London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games
721:
Grade 5 (Grade V) Para-equestrian classification is defined by
603:
London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games
378:
London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games
66:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association
15:
1656:"Guide to the Paralympic Games – Sport by sport guide"
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1033:
Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter R. (2011-07-13).
1006:
Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter R. (2016-06-01).
1650:
1648:
1646:
1349:"PARA-EQUESTRIAN CLASSIFICATION MANUAL, Fourth Edition"
1278:
Benchmark games : the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games
779:
Competitors in this classification include Australia's
643:
Competitors in this classification include Australia's
184:
The images below are examples derived from FEI's guide.
895:
893:
282:
Disability type for some Grade 2 dressage competitors
270:
Disability type for some Grade 1b dressage competitors
258:
Disability type for some Grade 1b dressage competitors
1446:"2012 Australian Paralympic Team Nomination Criteria"
330:
Disability type for some Grade 3 dressage competitors
318:
Disability type for some Grade 3 dressage competitors
306:
Disability type for some Grade 3 dressage competitors
294:
Disability type for some Grade 3 dressage competitors
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1506:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee
1177:
New horizons in sport for athletes with a disability
2392:
2351:
2310:
2204:
1387:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1214:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 229.
567:Colour guide for understanding fully body diagrams
90:International Sports Organisation for the Disabled
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1451:. Australia: Equestrian Australia. Archived from
901:"Guide to the Paralympic Games – Appendix 1"
246:Colour guide for understanding full body diagrams
1795:
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1787:
1785:
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111:Empire State Games for the Physically Challenged
1924:. Paralympic.org.au. 1992-02-27. Archived from
1878:. Paralympic.org.au. 1961-02-19. Archived from
1853:. Paralympic.org.au. 1990-07-16. Archived from
1828:. Paralympic.org.au. 1962-04-18. Archived from
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1756:
1754:
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1750:
1748:
1746:
647:. For Australian who tried to qualify for the
496:. For Australian who tried to qualify for the
159:Internationally, classification is handled by
2182:
2034:
1957:
8:
1009:Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete
980:"Equestrian Classification & Categories"
772:For Australian who tried to qualify for the
711:Disability type for some Grade 3 competitors
699:Disability type for some Grade 3 competitors
687:Disability type for some Grade 3 competitors
675:Disability type for some Grade 3 competitors
579:Disability type for some Grade 2 competitors
551:For Australian who tried to qualify for the
488:Competitors in Grade 2 include Australia's
460:For Australian who tried to qualify for the
2189:
2175:
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2041:
2027:
2019:
1964:
1950:
1942:
1211:Pediatric Sports Medicine for Primary Care
864:Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
859:Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
854:Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
849:Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
844:Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Paralympics
228:Visualisation of functional vision for a
212:Visualisation of functional vision for a
196:Visualisation of functional vision for a
1553:"Rules/2012 Classification manual_FINAL"
439:Disability type for Grade 1b competitors
427:Disability type for Grade 1b competitors
1768:. Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012
1558:. FEI. 12 February 2012. Archived from
889:
663:Colour guide for understanding diagrams
653:
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415:Colour guide for understanding diagrams
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1698:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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1131:Classification and sport rules manual
1108:Classification and sport rules manual
1085:Classification and sport rules manual
1062:Classification and sport rules manual
7:
1901:"Sharon Jarvis | APC Corporate"
1876:"Joann Formosa | APC Corporate"
1694:McGarry, Andrew (3 September 2008).
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964:
962:
938:. Taylor & Francis. p. 40.
879:Equestrian at the Summer Paralympics
1851:"Grace Bowman | APC Corporate"
869:Riding for the Disabled Association
741:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
608:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
523:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
383:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1922:"Hannah Dodd | APC Corporate"
1696:"Paralympics categories explained"
1600:"A-Z of Paralympic classification"
755:International Paralympic Committee
623:International Paralympic Committee
538:International Paralympic Committee
478:International Paralympic Committee
451:International Paralympic Committee
132:International Paralympic Committee
14:
1826:"Rob Oakley | APC Corporate"
1531:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
746:Federation Equestre International
614:Federation Equestre International
529:Federation Equestre International
2059:
1981:
1629:"Making sense of the categories"
1525:Nosworthy, Cheryl (2014-08-11).
1410:"About Para-Equestrian Dressage"
826:
704:
692:
680:
668:
656:
572:
560:
432:
420:
408:
347:
335:
323:
311:
299:
287:
275:
263:
251:
239:
221:
205:
189:
20:
2198:Disability sport classification
1903:. Paralympic.org.au. 1978-10-31
750:Australian Paralympic Committee
618:Australian Paralympic Committee
533:Australian Paralympic Committee
393:Australian Paralympic Committee
165:Australian Paralympic Committee
1973:Para-equestrian classification
1358:. January 2015. Archived from
935:The Paralympic Games Explained
932:Ian Brittain (4 August 2009).
612:loss of vision in both eyes."
53:Para-equestrian classification
1:
1412:. 2012-07-31. Archived from
874:Therapeutic horseback riding
360:Para-dressage classification
1631:. BBC Sport. 6 October 2000
1602:. BBC Sport. 28 August 2008
787:Para-driving classification
2462:
2441:Parasports classifications
2097:
2066:
2057:
1988:
1979:
1504:"What is Classification?"
1039:. John Wiley & Sons.
1012:. John Wiley & Sons.
155:Classification governance
60:History of classification
29:This article needs to be
1385:"Classification History"
2410:Intellectual disability
774:2012 Summer Paralympics
649:2012 Summer Paralympics
553:2012 Summer Paralympics
498:2012 Summer Paralympics
462:2012 Summer Paralympics
118:2000 Summer Paralympics
138:Classification process
2338:Wheelchair basketball
1806:. FEI. 1 January 2012
808:Grade II Para Driving
449:As of July 2016, the
795:Grade I Para Driving
476:As of Jan 2017 the
102:Equestrian Australia
94:Games of Les Autres
2384:Wheelchair curling
2364:Para-nordic skiing
2359:Para-alpine skiing
2297:Wheelchair fencing
984:www.paralympic.org
82:muscular dystrophy
78:multiple sclerosis
2428:
2427:
2369:Para-snowboarding
2323:Football 7-a-side
2318:Football 5-a-side
2302:Wheelchair tennis
2205:Individual Sports
2164:
2163:
2016:
2015:
1484:on 15 August 2012
1365:on March 30, 2016
1221:978-0-7817-3159-1
945:978-0-415-47658-4
50:
49:
2453:
2420:Wheelchair sport
2393:Disability types
2343:Wheelchair rugby
2191:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2063:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2020:
1985:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1762:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1731:on 7 August 2012
1721:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1668:on 26 April 2012
1667:
1660:
1652:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1596:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1353:
1345:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1003:
994:
993:
991:
990:
976:
957:
956:
954:
952:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
913:on 26 April 2012
912:
905:
897:
836:
831:
830:
829:
708:
696:
684:
672:
660:
576:
564:
436:
424:
412:
351:
339:
327:
315:
303:
291:
279:
267:
255:
243:
225:
209:
193:
107:Christine Meaden
45:
42:
36:
24:
23:
16:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2446:Para-equestrian
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2388:
2347:
2306:
2257:Para-equestrian
2227:Disability golf
2212:Adaptive rowing
2200:
2195:
2165:
2160:
2101:Adaptive rowing
2093:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2017:
2012:
1986:
1975:
1970:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1860:
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1849:
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1835:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
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1799:
1798:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1711:
1701:
1699:
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1692:
1681:
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1669:
1665:
1658:
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1627:
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1615:
1605:
1603:
1598:
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1568:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1478:"Summer Sports"
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1458:on 17 July 2012
1455:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1390:
1388:
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1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1285:
1275:
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1270:
1255:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1005:
1004:
997:
988:
986:
978:
977:
960:
950:
948:
946:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
910:
903:
899:
898:
891:
887:
832:
827:
825:
822:
810:
797:
789:
719:
712:
709:
700:
697:
688:
685:
676:
673:
664:
661:
587:
580:
577:
568:
565:
506:
474:
447:
440:
437:
428:
425:
416:
413:
362:
355:
352:
343:
340:
331:
328:
319:
316:
307:
304:
295:
292:
283:
280:
271:
268:
259:
256:
247:
244:
233:
226:
217:
210:
201:
194:
182:
173:
157:
140:
62:
46:
40:
37:
34:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Cerebral palsy
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2333:Sitting volley
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Para-athletics
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:classification
2048:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1913:
1892:
1867:
1842:
1817:
1779:
1742:
1709:
1679:
1642:
1613:
1576:
1544:
1537:
1517:
1495:
1469:
1426:
1398:
1376:
1283:
1268:
1253:
1234:
1220:
1200:
1185:
1167:
1144:
1121:
1098:
1075:
1052:
1045:
1025:
1018:
995:
958:
944:
924:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
838:
837:
821:
818:
809:
806:
796:
793:
788:
785:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:
703:
701:
698:
691:
689:
686:
679:
677:
674:
667:
665:
662:
655:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
571:
569:
566:
559:
505:
502:
473:
470:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
431:
429:
426:
419:
417:
414:
407:
361:
358:
357:
356:
353:
346:
344:
341:
334:
332:
329:
322:
320:
317:
310:
308:
305:
298:
296:
293:
286:
284:
281:
274:
272:
269:
262:
260:
257:
250:
248:
245:
238:
235:
234:
227:
220:
218:
211:
204:
202:
195:
188:
181:
178:
172:
169:
156:
153:
139:
136:
86:arthrogryposis
61:
58:
48:
47:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2458:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Sledge racing
2377:
2375:
2374:Sledge hockey
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:Winter Sports
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Paratriathlon
2270:
2268:
2267:Para-swimming
2265:
2263:
2262:Para-shooting
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1928:on 2012-07-12
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1882:on 2012-07-12
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1857:on 2012-07-12
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1832:on 2012-07-12
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1565:on 2 May 2013
1561:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1538:9781443865524
1534:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1416:on 2014-03-22
1415:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
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1322:
1320:
1318:
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1314:
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1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
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1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1235:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1046:9781444348286
1042:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1019:9781119045120
1015:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1000:
996:
985:
981:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
959:
947:
941:
937:
936:
928:
925:
909:
902:
896:
894:
890:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:
835:
834:Sports portal
824:
819:
817:
813:
807:
805:
801:
794:
792:
786:
784:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
767:double bridle
764:
759:
756:
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
732:
726:
725:
716:
707:
702:
695:
690:
683:
678:
671:
666:
659:
654:
652:
650:
646:
645:Sharon Jarvis
641:
638:
636:
635:double bridle
632:
627:
624:
619:
615:
610:
609:
604:
600:
599:
594:
593:
584:
575:
570:
563:
558:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
539:
534:
530:
525:
524:
519:
518:
513:
512:
503:
501:
499:
495:
494:Joann Formosa
491:
486:
482:
479:
471:
469:
467:
463:
458:
454:
452:
444:
435:
430:
423:
418:
411:
406:
404:
402:
397:
394:
388:
385:
384:
379:
375:
374:
369:
368:
359:
350:
345:
338:
333:
326:
321:
314:
309:
302:
297:
290:
285:
278:
273:
266:
261:
254:
249:
242:
237:
231:
230:B3 classified
224:
219:
215:
214:B2 classified
208:
203:
199:
198:B1 classified
192:
187:
185:
179:
177:
170:
168:
166:
162:
154:
152:
148:
144:
137:
135:
133:
128:
125:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
57:
54:
44:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2292:Table tennis
2277:Powerlifting
2256:
2252:Para-cycling
2237:Para-archery
2050:Blind sports
1972:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1916:
1905:. Retrieved
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1870:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1770:. Retrieved
1766:"Equestrian"
1733:. Retrieved
1729:the original
1700:. Retrieved
1670:. Retrieved
1663:the original
1633:. Retrieved
1604:. Retrieved
1567:. Retrieved
1560:the original
1547:
1527:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1418:. Retrieved
1414:the original
1389:. Retrieved
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1360:the original
1355:
1277:
1271:
1244:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1210:
1203:
1176:
1170:
1153:
1147:
1130:
1124:
1107:
1101:
1084:
1078:
1061:
1055:
1035:
1028:
1008:
987:. Retrieved
983:
949:. Retrieved
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2282:Racquetball
781:Hannah Dodd
763:snaffle bit
631:snaffle bit
546:snaffle bit
401:snaffle bit
41:August 2021
2435:Categories
2415:Les Autres
1932:2012-06-18
1907:2012-06-18
1886:2012-06-18
1861:2012-06-18
1836:2012-06-18
1420:2016-07-22
1254:1841260363
1186:1841260371
989:2016-07-22
885:References
466:Rob Oakley
232:competitor
216:competitor
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2247:Paracanoe
2124:Athletics
1569:22 August
1488:19 August
1227:21 August
1195:492107955
1162:221061502
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951:21 August
731:BBC Sport
724:BBC Sport
598:BBC Sport
592:BBC Sport
517:BBC Sport
511:BBC Sport
373:BBC Sport
367:BBC Sport
171:Criticism
2328:Goalball
2142:Swimming
1369:July 22,
1263:48404898
820:See also
180:Diagrams
92:for the
74:epilepsy
2287:Sailing
2070:General
2008:Grade 4
2003:Grade 3
1998:Grade 2
1993:Grade 1
1810:18 June
1772:18 June
1735:18 June
1702:9 April
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1510:30 July
1462:18 June
1391:30 July
917:9 April
717:Grade 5
585:Grade 4
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765:or a
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2232:Judo
1812:2012
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1533:ISBN
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1371:2016
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1249:ISBN
1229:2012
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1041:ISBN
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2156:S13
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2138:T13
2133:T12
2128:T11
1356:FEI
633:or
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2089:B4
2084:B3
2079:B2
2074:B1
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