31:
59:
686:
536:
The open marine environments of
Paratethys were short-lived, and halfway through the middle Miocene, progressive uplift of the central European mountain ranges and a eustatic drop isolated Paratethys from the global ocean triggering a salinity crisis in Central Paratethys. The
621:, and characterized by salinities generally ranging between 12 and 14%. During its five-million-year lifetime, the megalake was home to many species found nowhere else, including molluscs and ostracods as well as miniature versions of whales, dolphins and seals. In 2023,
629:
the largest in earth's history. Near the end of the
Miocene, an event known as the Khersonian crisis, marked by rapidly fluctuating environmental factors and sea levels, wiped out much of the unique fish fauna of this megalake.
1213:
986:
Bartol, M.; Mikuž, V.; Horvat, A. (15 January 2014). "Palaeontological evidence of communication between the
Central Paratethys and the Mediterranean in the late Badenian/early Serravalian".
306:. In periods in which the Paratethys or parts of it were separated from each other or from other oceans, a separate fauna developed which is found in sedimentary deposits. In this way, the
1040:
De Leeuw, A.; Bukowski, K.; Krijgsman, W.; Kuiper, K.F. (August 1, 2010). "Age of the
Badenian salinity crisis; impact of Miocene climate variability on the circum-Mediterranean region".
345:
or brackish waters, makes the geologic records from
Paratethys particularly difficult to correlate with those from other oceans or seas because their faunas evolved separately at times.
890:
Palcu, D.V.; Popov, S.V.; Golovina, L.; Kuiper, K.F.; Liu, S.; Krijgsman, W. (March 2019). "The shutdown of an anoxic giant: Magnetostratigraphic dating of the end of the Maikop Sea".
646:
epoch (5.33 to 2.58 million years ago) the former
Paratethys was divided into a couple of inland seas that were at times completely separated from each other. An example was the
943:
Sant, K.; Palcu, D.V.; Mandic, O.; Krijgsman, W. (2017). "Changing seas in the Early–Middle
Miocene of Central Europe: a Mediterranean approach to Paratethyan stratigraphy".
310:
development of the
Paratethys can be studied. Laskerev's description of the Paratethys was anticipated much earlier by Sir Roderick Murchison in chapter 13 of his 1845 book.
472:
and salt evaporitic basins formed in the East
Carpathian region during the early Miocene. The Eastern Paratethys basin, holding most of the water of Paratethys, remained
240:
periods, this part of
Eurasia was covered by shallow seas that formed the northern margins of the Tethys Ocean. However, because Anatolia, the southern boundary of the
142:. These basins were connected with each other and the global ocean by narrow and shallow seaways that often limited water exchange and caused widespread long-term
822:
524:
spread throughout Paratethys from the neighbouring Mediterranean region, probably via the Trans-Tethyan Corridor, an ancient sea-strait located in modern
480:
trapping organic matter in its sediments. The Paratethys anoxia was "shut down" during the middle Miocene, some 15 million years ago, when a widespread
449:
along the southern rim of Eurasia were formed. The combination of a drop in sea level and tectonic uplift resulted in the partial disconnection of the
500:, Paratethys was characterized by open-marine environments. Brackish and lacustrine basins turned into ventilated seas. Rich marine fauna containing
358:
1302:
1075:
Palcu, Dan Valentin; Patina, Irina Stanislavovna; Șandric, Ionuț; Lazarev, Sergei; Vasiliev, Iuliana; Stoica, Marius; Krijgsman, Wout (2021).
1297:
484:, known as the Badenian Flooding, improved connections with the global ocean and triggered the ventilation of the deep waters of Paratethys.
169:
times, but at the onset of the late Miocene epoch, the tectonically trapped sea turned into a megalake from the eastern Alps to what is now
1243:
617:, the ancient sea transformed into a megalake that covered more than 2.8 million square kilometers, from the eastern Alps to what is now
453:
and Paratethys domains. Due to poor connectivity with the global ocean, the Paratethys realm became stratified and turned into a giant
1225:
642:(about 6 million years ago) there were phases when Paratethys water flowed into the deep Mediterranean basins. During the
54:, the complete loss of Indian–Arctic Ocean connections, and the closure of most of the Eocene seaways in the Oligocene time.
460:
The western and central Paratethys basins experienced intense tectonic activity and anoxia during the Oligocene and early
302:. The existence of a separate water body in these periods was deduced from the fossil fauna, including mollusks, fish and
369:
The Paratethys spread over a large area in Central Europe and western Asia. In the west it included in some stages the
833:
1277:
1252:
1214:"The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time: Constraints on the Paleotectonic Evolution of the Mediterranean Domain"
1282:
1169:"Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time"
1168:
639:
1292:
58:
796:
538:
1287:
1021:
Rögl, F. "Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys seaways (Oligocene to Miocene)".
542:
382:
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75:
920:
493:
280:
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899:
756:
481:
350:
245:
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1143:
850:
Laskarev, V. (1924). "Sur les equivalents du Sarmatien superieur en Serbie". In Vujević, P. (ed.).
570:
546:
177:
epoch onward (after 5 million years ago), Paratethys became progressively shallower. Today's
968:
925:
774:
717:
699:
562:
354:
329:
like those that still exist in recent waters of the Caspian Sea. This distinctive fauna in which
241:
558:
38:–Paratethys region during the Paleogene, from a connected Tethys configuration during the early
589:
in the Southern Carpathians, but evaporites are also present in areas west of the Carpathians:
1221:
1190:
1117:
855:
714: – Theoretical refilling of the Mediterranean Sea between the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs
574:
476:
for almost 20 million years (35–15 Mya), and during this time Paratethys acted as an enormous
154:
131:
1180:
1107:
1099:
1057:
1003:
960:
915:
907:
764:
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438:
313:
One of the key characteristics of the Paratethys realm, that is differentiating it from the
225:
80:
541:" spanned between 13.8 and 13.4 Mya. Thick evaporitic beds (salt and gypsum) formed in the
655:
550:
386:
307:
1076:
212:(Peri-Tethys) was separated from the Mediterranean region of the Tethys realm due to the
1095:
1053:
999:
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903:
760:
1112:
711:
651:
582:
446:
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261:
248:, the last remnant of the Paleo-Tethys might be oceanic crust under the Black Sea. The
213:
139:
127:
112:
1271:
972:
929:
778:
720: – Ocean on the margin of Gondwana between the Middle Cambrian and Late Triassic
691:
647:
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473:
454:
370:
143:
135:
51:
702: – Low-lying flatland region encompassing the northern part of the Caspian Sea
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378:
346:
342:
314:
249:
209:
158:
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47:
35:
30:
590:
42:(above) to a fragmented and restricted Paratethys region configuration during the
1007:
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659:
578:
477:
430:
394:
322:
217:
182:
17:
1103:
708: – Former piece of oceanic crust that is seen as part of the Tethys Ocean
681:
618:
566:
421:) sea level and sudden steep cooling of global climates. At the same time the
330:
237:
194:
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104:
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859:
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505:
434:
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43:
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598:
852:
Recueil de Travaux Offert à M. Jovan Cvijic par ses Amis et Collaborateurs
769:
744:
873:
Murchison, Roderick Impey; de Verneuil, P.E.; von Keyserling, A. (1845).
745:"The dire straits of Paratethys: gateways to the anoxic giant of Eurasia"
671:
643:
594:
525:
465:
426:
418:
398:
303:
268:
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233:
186:
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116:
70:
66:
1260:
1216:. In Cavazza W.; Roure F.; Spakman W.; Stampfli G.M.; Ziegler P (eds.).
1244:"Freshened seas or inland lakes: eustacy and history of the Paratethys"
602:
497:
461:
341:
are associated with forms of Cardiacae and Mytili, common to partially
318:
292:
288:
264:
166:
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553:
basins. Salt mines extract this middle-Miocene salt in Transylvania:
469:
442:
410:
284:
229:
39:
298:. This definition was later adjusted also to include the Oligocene
1185:
601:) and, to a lesser extent, in the Pannonian depression in central
509:
501:
260:(Africa, India, Antarctica, Australia and South America) when the
57:
29:
1218:
The TRANSMED Atlas: the Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle
626:
374:
108:
1167:
Braig, Florian; Haug, Carolin; Haug, Joachim T. (2023-12-22).
201:
130:: it consisted of a series of deep basins, formed during the
46:(below). Note the loss of deep-water connections between the
613:
Some 12 million years ago, slightly before the onset of the
876:
On the Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains
658:. Many of these would disappear before the start of the
1144:"Paratethys: The largest lake the Earth has ever seen"
417:
epochs was characterized by a big drop of the global (
353:
which are still used as alternatives for the official
879:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. pp. 297–323.
349:
of the Paratethys, therefore, have their own sets of
638:
When parts of the Mediterranean fell dry during the
138:
as an extension of the rift that formed the Central
988:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
854:. Beograd: Drzhavna Shtamparija. pp. 73–85.
749:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
797:"The rise and fall of the world's largest lake"
389:, and further east to the basin of the current
197:and others are remnants of the Paratethys Sea.
1077:"Late Miocene megalake regressions in Eurasia"
65:diversity of the Paratethys megalake included
1023:Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien
790:
788:
283:in 1924. Laskarev's definition included only
149:Paratethys was at times reconnected with the
8:
204:(million years ago) at the beginning of the
107:that stretched from the region north of the
1253:"Reconstructions paléotectoniques globales"
921:1871.1/9f40acfe-86d3-44da-bf25-832c79f4c22f
674:remain of what was once a vast inland sea.
1184:
1111:
919:
768:
244:, is a part of the original continent of
34:Palaeogeographical reorganization of the
27:Prehistoric shallow inland sea in Eurasia
823:"155 Ma - Late Oxfordian (an. M25)"
730:
208:epoch, when the northern region of the
279:The name Paratethys was first used by
7:
1212:Stampfli, G.M.; Borel, G.D. (2004).
743:Palcu, D.V.; Krijgsman, W. (2023).
317:, is the widespread development of
126:Paratethys was peculiar due to its
569:; in the Eastern and Carpathians:
397:until the current position of the
25:
684:
256:(Eurasia and North America) and
1:
1303:Seas of the Mediterranean Sea
795:Perkins, Sid (June 4, 2021).
333:of freshwater origin such as
1298:History of the Mediterranean
1008:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.009
200:Paratethys formed about 34
1319:
1173:Palaeontologia Electronica
1142:Meulebrouck, Stephan van.
1104:10.1038/s41598-021-91001-z
365:Palaeogeographic evolution
640:Messinian salinity crisis
429:phase by which the Alps,
409:The boundary between the
271:(200 million years ago).
165:and the early and middle
79:went thorough a presumed
1242:Vakarcs, G.; Magyar, I.
912:10.1016/j.gr.2018.09.011
539:Badenian Salinity Crisis
662:. At present, only the
464:and became filled with
153:or its successors (the
1257:University of Lausanne
830:University of Lausanne
623:Guinness World Records
383:Outer Carpathian Basin
232:mountains. During the
84:
55:
770:10.1144/SP523-2021-73
706:Piemont-Liguria Ocean
488:Short-lived open seas
214:formation of the Alps
76:Cetotherium riabinini
61:
33:
482:marine transgression
351:stratigraphic stages
291:from the sea of the
267:broke up during the
103:was a large shallow
1220:. Springer Verlag.
1096:2021NatSR..1111471P
1054:2010Geo....38..715D
1000:2014PPP...394..144B
957:2017TeNov..29..273S
904:2019GondR..67...82P
761:2023GSLSP.523...73P
597:(Solivar mine near
1251:Stampfli, Gérard.
1084:Scientific Reports
821:Stampfli, Gérard.
718:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
700:Caspian Depression
355:geologic timescale
321:fauna, adapted to
289:sedimentary strata
242:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
85:
56:
1278:Historical oceans
965:10.1111/ter.12273
892:Gondwana Research
543:Outer Carpathians
494:Badenian Flooding
308:paleogeographical
281:Vladimir Laskarev
275:Name and research
155:Mediterranean Sea
73:most notably the
16:(Redirected from
1310:
1283:Oligocene Europe
1264:
1259:. Archived from
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634:After Paratethys
496:, in the middle
97:Paratethys realm
93:Paratethys ocean
81:insular dwarfism
21:
18:Paratethys Ocean
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1293:Pliocene Europe
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1206:Further reading
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656:Pannonian Basin
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447:mountain chains
445:and many other
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387:Pannonian Basin
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327:brackish waters
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252:formed between
50:region and the
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23:
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1288:Miocene Europe
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1263:on 2012-01-08.
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1236:External links
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1048:(8): 715–718.
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839:on 2012-01-13.
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423:Alpine orogeny
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347:Stratigraphers
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262:supercontinent
140:Atlantic Ocean
128:paleogeography
113:Central Europe
89:Paratethys sea
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1261:the original
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1151:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1090:(1): 11471.
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834:the original
816:
804:. Retrieved
800:
752:
748:
637:
615:late Miocene
612:
535:
522:nanoplankton
518:foraminifera
491:
459:
408:
405:Anoxic Giant
379:Vienna Basin
368:
338:
334:
315:Tethys Ocean
312:
278:
250:Tethys Ocean
210:Tethys Ocean
199:
159:Indian Ocean
148:
125:
121:Central Asia
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
74:
48:Indian Ocean
1179:(3): 1–23.
994:: 144–157.
668:Caspian Sea
660:Pleistocene
654:sea in the
625:named this
587:Ocnele Mari
532:Salt Giants
478:carbon sink
431:Carpathians
395:Caspian Sea
218:Carpathians
183:Caspian Sea
173:. From the
1272:Categories
1153:2023-12-27
1029:: 279–310.
945:Terra Nova
898:: 82–100.
725:References
619:Kazakhstan
593:, eastern
559:Ocna Mures
492:After the
455:anoxic sea
238:Cretaceous
195:Namak Lake
191:Lake Urmia
171:Kazakhstan
105:inland sea
101:Paratethys
63:Megafaunal
1195:1094-8074
973:134172069
930:134737570
860:760139740
779:245054442
664:Black Sea
591:Maramureș
571:Wieliczka
551:Pannonian
506:megalodon
466:sediments
435:Dinarides
415:Oligocene
391:Black Sea
339:Neritinex
331:univalves
304:ostracods
222:Dinarides
206:Oligocene
179:Black Sea
163:Oligocene
132:Oxfordian
71:pinnipeds
67:cetaceans
44:Oligocene
1148:phys.org
1122:34075146
678:See also
672:Aral Sea
670:and the
652:brackish
644:Pliocene
609:Megalake
595:Slovakia
526:Slovenia
468:. Local
427:tectonic
419:eustatic
399:Aral Sea
393:and the
269:Triassic
258:Gondwana
254:Laurasia
246:Cimmeria
234:Jurassic
187:Aral Sea
175:Pliocene
117:Aral Sea
99:or just
1113:8169904
1092:Bibcode
1050:Bibcode
1042:Geology
996:Bibcode
953:Bibcode
900:Bibcode
757:Bibcode
603:Hungary
575:Bochnia
504:(e.g.,
498:Miocene
462:Miocene
357:of the
319:endemic
293:Neogene
285:fossils
265:Pangaea
167:Miocene
157:or the
115:to the
1224:
1193:
1127:6 June
1120:
1110:
971:
928:
858:
806:6 June
777:
599:Prešov
585:; and
579:Cacica
510:corals
502:sharks
474:anoxic
470:gypsum
451:Tethys
443:Elburz
439:Taurus
411:Eocene
385:, the
381:, the
377:; the
343:saline
335:Limnex
300:series
296:system
230:Elburz
226:Taurus
151:Tethys
144:anoxia
40:Eocene
36:Tethys
1080:(PDF)
969:S2CID
926:S2CID
837:(PDF)
826:(PDF)
775:S2CID
567:Praid
555:Turda
323:fresh
111:over
1222:ISBN
1191:ISSN
1129:2021
1118:PMID
856:OCLC
808:2021
650:, a
627:lake
581:and
565:and
549:and
520:and
425:, a
413:and
375:Alps
337:and
325:and
287:and
236:and
228:and
109:Alps
87:The
69:and
1181:doi
1108:PMC
1100:doi
1058:doi
1004:doi
992:394
961:doi
916:hdl
908:doi
765:doi
753:523
508:),
359:ICS
202:Mya
119:in
1274::
1255:.
1189:.
1177:26
1175:.
1171:.
1146:.
1116:.
1106:.
1098:.
1088:11
1086:.
1082:.
1056:.
1046:38
1044:.
1027:99
1025:.
1002:.
990:.
967:.
959:.
949:29
947:.
924:.
914:.
906:.
896:67
894:.
828:.
799:.
787:^
773:.
763:.
751:.
747:.
733:^
666:,
605:.
577:,
573:,
561:,
557:,
545:,
528:.
516:,
512:,
457:.
441:,
437:,
433:,
401:.
361:.
224:,
220:,
216:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
181:,
146:.
123:.
95:,
91:,
1246:.
1230:.
1197:.
1183::
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1131:.
1102::
1094::
1064:.
1060::
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1010:.
1006::
998::
975:.
963::
955::
932:.
918::
910::
902::
862:.
810:.
781:.
767::
759::
537:"
83:.
20:)
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