500:
highly dependent on the sharpness of the edges of the slits. For example, if the transmission of the barrier goes from opaque to transparent sharply as it moves from barrier to slit then this produces a wide diffraction pattern and consequently more crosstalk. If the transition is smoother then the diffraction will not spread so widely and less crosstalk will be produced. This prediction is consistent with experimental results for a slightly soft-edged barrier (whose pitch was 182 micrometers, slit width was 48 micrometers, and transition between opaque and transmissive occurred over a region of about 3 micrometers). The slightly soft-edged barrier has a crosstalk of 2.3%, which is slightly lower than the crosstalk from a harder-edged barrier which was about 2.7%. The diffraction simulations also suggest that if the parallax barrier slit edges had a transmission that decreases over a 10 micrometers region, then crosstalk could become as 0.1. Image processing is an alternative crosstalk countermeasure. The figure shows the principle behind crosstalk correction.
448:
are changed (possible because each slit is formed with an LC shutter). In the new barrier position, the right eye can see the pixels that were hidden in the previous time cycle. These uncovered pixels are set to show the right image (rather than the left image which they showed in the previous time cycle). The same is true for the left eye. This cycling between the two positions of the barrier, and the interlacing pattern, enables both eyes to see the correct image from half the pixels in the first time cycle, and the correct image from the other half of the pixels in the other time cycle. The cycles repeats every 50th of a second so that the switching is not noticeable to the user, but user has the impression that the appearance each eye is seeing an image from all the pixels. Consequently, the display appears to have full resolution.
85:
470:
generally acknowledged that the presence of high levels of crosstalk in a stereoscopic display is detrimental. The effects of crosstalk in an image include: ghosting and loss of contrast, loss of 3D effect and depth resolution, and viewer discomfort. The visibility of crosstalk (ghosting) increases with increasing contrast and increasing binocular parallax of the image. For example, a stereoscopic image with high contrast will exhibit more ghosting on a particular stereoscopic display than will an image with low contrast.
22:
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user and adjusting the parallax barrier so that the left and right views are always directed to the user's eyes correctly. Identification of the user's viewing angle can be done by using a forward-facing camera above the display and image-processing software that can recognise the position of the user's face. Adjustment of the angle at which the left and right views are projected can be done by mechanically or electronically shifting the parallax barrier relative to the pixels.
391:
173:
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the left image from all points on the screen. The display does not work well. b). If the barrier pitch is modified, the views can be made to converge, such that the viewer sees the correct images from all points on the screen. c). Shows the calculation which determines the pitch of the barrier that is needed. p is the pixel pitch, d is the pixel barrier separation, f is the barrier pitch.
405:
The brightness of the display is also reduced. If the slit width is large, light passing the slit does not diffract so much, but the wider slits create crosstalk due to geometric ray paths. Therefore, the design suffers more crosstalk. The brightness of the display is increased. Therefore, the best slit width is given by a tradeoff between crosstalk and brightness.
1300:
486:
made for different outputs from the 3D display. Table b) describe their purpose. Equation c) is used to derive the crosstalk. It is the ratio of the light leakage from the right image into the left image but note that the imperfect black level of the LCD is subtracted out from the result so that it does not change the crosstalk ratio.
1282:
460:
In a standard parallax barrier system, the viewer must position themselves in an appropriate location so that the left and right eye views can be seen by their left and right eyes respectively. In a ‘tracked 3D system’, the viewing freedom can be increased considerably by tracking the position of the
404:
In a parallax barrier system for a high-resolution display, the performance (brightness and crosstalk) can be simulated by
Fresnel diffraction theory. From these simulations, the following can be deduced. If the slit width is small, light passing the slits is diffracted heavily causing crosstalk.
386:
The pitch of a parallax barrier should ideally be roughly two times the pitch of the pixels, but the optimum design should be slightly less than this. This perturbation to the barrier pitch compensates for the fact that the edges of a display are viewed at a different angle to that of the centre, it
422:
In a parallax barrier system, the left eye sees only half the pixels (that is to say the left image pixels) and the same is true for the right eye. Therefore, the resolution of the display is reduced, and so it can be advantageous to make a parallax barrier that can be switched on when 3D is needed
185:
The closer the parallax barrier is to the pixels, the wider the angle of separation between the left and right images. For a stereoscopic display the left and right images must hit the left and right eyes, which means the views must be separated by only a few degrees. The pixel- barrier separation
447:
A diagram showing how 3D can be created using time multiplexed parallax barrier. In the first time cycle, the slits in the barrier are arranged in a conventional way for a 3D display, and the left and right eyes see the left and right eye pixels. In the next time cycle, the positions of the slits
394:
a). If the parallax barrier had exactly twice the pitch of the pixels, it would be aligned in synchronisation with the pixel across whole of the display. The left and right views would be emitted at the same angles all across the display. It can be seen that the viewer’s left eye does not receive
75:
for other displays. A disadvantage of the method in its simplest form is that the viewer must be positioned in a well-defined spot to experience the 3D effect. However, recent versions of this technology have addressed this issue by using face-tracking to adjust the relative positions of the pixels
168:
The slits in the parallax barrier allow the viewer to see only left image pixels from the position of their left eye, right image pixels from the right eye. When choosing the geometry of the parallax barrier the important parameters that need to be optimised are; the pixel – barrier separation d,
485:
Measurement of crosstalk in 3D displays. Crosstalk is the percentage of light from one view leaking to the other view. The measurements and calculations above show how crosstalk is defined when measuring crosstalk in the left image. Diagrams a) sketch the intensity measurements that need to be
430:
An autostereoscopic display that is switchable between 2D and 3D. In 3D mode the parallax barrier is formed with an LC cell, in a similar way to how an image is created on an LCD. In 2D mode the LC cell is switched into a transparent state such that no parallax barrier exists. In this case the
499:
Diffraction can be a major cause of crosstalk. Theoretical simulations of diffraction have been found to be a good predictor of experimental crosstalk measurements in emulsion parallax barrier systems. These simulations predict that the amount of crosstalk caused by the parallax barrier will be
469:
Crosstalk is the interference that exists between the left and right views in a 3D display. In a display with high crosstalk, each eye is able to see the image intended for the other eye faintly superimposed. The perception of crosstalk in stereoscopic displays has been studied widely. It is
76:
and barrier slits according to the location of the user's eyes, allowing the user to experience the 3D from a wide range of positions. Another disadvantage is that the horizontal pixel count viewable by each eye is halved, reducing the overall horizontal resolution of the image.
96:
The principle of the parallax barrier was independently invented by
Auguste Berthier, who published an article on stereoscopic pictures including his new idea illustrated with a diagram and pictures with purposely exaggerated dimensions of the interlaced image strips, and by
490:
The crosstalk in a typical parallax-barrier-based 3D system at the best eye position might be 3%. Results of subjective tests carried out to determine the image quality of 3D images conclude that for high-quality 3D, crosstalk should be 'no greater than around 1 to 2%'.
159:
The technology is harder to apply for 3D television sets, because of the requirement for a wide range of possible viewing angles. A Toshiba 21-inch 3D display uses parallax barrier technology with 9 pairs of images, to cover a viewing angle of 30 degrees.
423:
or off when a 2D image is required. One method of switching the parallax barrier on and off is to form it from a liquid crystal material, the parallax barrier can then be created similar to the way that an image is formed in a liquid crystal display.
413:
Note that the parallax barrier may also be placed behind the LCD pixels. In this case, light from a slit passes the left image pixel in the left direction, and vice versa. This produces the same basic effect as a front parallax barrier.
1146:, Graham John Woodgate, David Ezra, Nicolas Steven Holliman, Basil Arthur Omar, Richard Robert Moseley, Jonathan Harrold, "Autostereoscopic display and method of controlling an autostereoscopic display", issued 1995-February-9
1129:
377:
For a typical auto-stereoscopic display of pixel pitch 65 micrometers, eye separation 63mm, viewing distance 30 cm, and refractive index 1.52, the pixel-barrier separation needs to be about 470 micrometers.
1046:
Montgomery, David J. (2001). "Performance of a flat-panel display system convertible between 2D and autostereoscopic 3D modes". In Woods, Andrew J; Bolas, Mark T; Merritt, John O; Benton, Stephen A (eds.).
326:
278:
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101:, who made and exhibited a functional autostereoscopic image in 1901. About two years later, Ives began selling specimen images as novelties, the first known commercial use.
440:
Time multiplexing provides a means of increasing the resolution of a parallax barrier system. In the design shown each eye is able to see the full resolution of the panel.
232:
108:
developed the electronic flat-panel application of this old technology to commercialization, briefly selling two laptops with the world's only 3D LCD screens, including the
1280:, Jonathan Mather, David J. Montgomery, Graham R. Jones, Diana U. Kean, "Multiple-viewer multiple-view display and display controller", issued 2005-January-26
116:
and
SpatialView. Similarly, Hitachi has released the first 3D mobile phone for the Japanese market under distribution by KDDI. In 2009, Fujifilm released the
1223:
59:. Placed in front of the normal LCD, it consists of an opaque layer with a series of precisely spaced slits, allowing each eye to see a different set of
478:
A technique to quantify the level of crosstalk from a 3D display involves measuring the percentage of light that deviates from one view to the other.
598:. The entire LCD matrix is therefore exposed to both eyes, but as seen from each eye's position only one of the interlaced images in it is backlit.
1801:
856:
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The first fully developed "Parallax barrier displays" have precision slits as one of the optical components over the pixels. This blocks each
1344:
1026:
Yamamoto, Hirotsugu (October 2000). "Optimum parameters and viewing areas of stereoscopic full colour LED display using parallax barrier".
760:
A fundamentally new approach to glasses-free 3-D displays could save power, widen the viewing angle and make 3-D illusions more realistic.
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831:
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112:. These displays are no longer available from Sharp but still being manufactured and further developed from other companies like
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882:
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148:, allowing the driver to view (for example) GPS directions, while a passenger watches a movie. It is also used in the
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The design requires a display that can switch fast enough to avoid image flicker as the images swap each frame.
1728:
1622:
1459:
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Atsuo
Hanazato; et al. (2000), "Subjective evaluation of crosstalk disturbance in stereoscopic displays",
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29:
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Berthier's diagram: A-B=glass plate, with a-b=opaque lines, P=Picture, O=Eyes, c-n=blocked and allowed views (
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21:
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44:
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no specified authors . (2015). New
Nintendo 3ds. December 28, 2016, by Nintendo of America Inc Website:
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594:, do not have the parallax barrier in front of the pixels, but behind the pixels and in front of the
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1057:
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860:
726:
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156:'s Optimus 3D and Thrill smartphones, HTC's EVO 3D as well as Sharp's Galapagos smartphone series.
137:
68:
32:. Note: The figure is not to scale. Lenticules can be modified and more pixels can be used to make
390:
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enables the left and right images target the eyes appropriately from all positions of the screen.
113:
1554:
1549:
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1070:
771:
Berthier, Auguste. (May 16 and 23, 1896). "Images stéréoscopiques de grand format" (in French).
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from the visibly lit pixel columns tends to make the adjacent unlit columns less noticeable.
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light from the LCD pixels can go in any direction and the display acts like a normal 2D LCD.
176:
A cross sectional diagram of a parallax barrier, with all its important dimensions labelled.
141:
169:
the parallax barrier pitch f, the pixel aperture a, and the parallax barrier slit width b.
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1474:
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555:
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26:
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120:
digital camera, which features a built-in autostereoscopic LCD measuring 2.8" diagonal.
1738:
1469:
1371:
669:
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519:
Early experimental prototypes that simply put a series of precision slits on a regular
136:
In addition to films and computer games, the technique has found uses in areas such as
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149:
125:
1009:"Toshiba Mobile Display touts 21-inch glasses-free 3D HDTV, raises a few eyebrows"
1127:, Kenneth Erbey, "Apparatus for the generation of a stereoscopic display"
713:
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1534:
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56:
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52:
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33:
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1765:
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has also implemented this technology on its portable gaming console, the
121:
64:
1733:
1670:
1655:
1066:
789:
144:. It is also being used for the navigation system in the 2010-model
810:
Reprinted in Benton "Selected Papers n Three-Dimensional
Displays".
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502:
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389:
171:
83:
60:
20:
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The newest and most convenient displays, in products such as the
644:
1326:
1201:
520:
1311:
857:"Woooケータイ H001 | 2009年 | 製品アーカイブ | au by KDDI"
43:
is a device placed in front of an image source, such as a
906:"BBC NEWS - Technology - Easy 3D X-rays for air security"
727:"Guardian Unlimited - Special reports - The return of 3D"
1162:
Mather, Jonathan (June 2011). "3D TV without glasses".
692:"The Register - Sharp's 3D LCD: how's that work, then?"
1049:
Stereoscopic
Displays and Virtual Reality Systems VIII
336:
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242:
199:
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1709:
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1037:
1240:Understanding Crosstalk in Stereoscopic Displays
572:Needs twice as much backlight as normal displays
321:{\displaystyle \sin x\approx {\frac {p}{2d}}\,.}
1312:Video explaining how the parallax barrier works
883:"Hitachi Comes Up with 3.1-Inch 3D IPS Display"
625:Uses 20-25% more backlight than normal displays
456:Tracking barriers for increased viewing freedom
714:https://www.nintendo.com/3ds/new-nintendo-3ds/
55:image without the need for the viewer to wear
1338:
953:"Nintendo unveils 3DS handheld games console"
400:Optimum pixel aperture and barrier slit width
273:{\displaystyle \sin y\approx {\frac {e}{2r}}}
8:
666:"Reviews by PC Magazine - Sharp Actius RD3D"
1345:
1331:
1323:
778:(590, 591): 205–210, 227-233 (see 229-231)
1056:
975:"LG unveils world's first 3-D smartphone"
361:
343:
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314:
299:
285:
255:
241:
198:
190:for this case can be derived as follows.
548:from one eye and shows it to the other.
436:Time multiplexing to increase resolution
656:
523:screen to see if it had any potential.
63:, so creating a sense of depth through
1802:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
1222:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1215:
507:The principle of crosstalk correction.
928:"Land Rover e-brochure PDF (page 19)"
368:{\displaystyle d={\frac {rnp}{e}}\,.}
7:
1051:. Vol. 4297. pp. 148–159.
1319:- Java applet illustrating the idea
885:. News.softpedia.com. 12 April 2010
25:Comparison of parallax-barrier and
725:Norris, Ashley (6 December 2002).
515:displays with a parallax barrier:
71:produces for printed products and
14:
794:Journal of the Franklin Institute
1298:
1105:from the original on 30 May 2008
837:from the original on 30 May 2008
1442:Vergence-accommodation conflict
1317:Principle of autostereo display
668:. www.pcmag.com. Archived from
511:There are three main types of
227:{\displaystyle n\sin x=\sin y}
1:
1608:Stereo photography techniques
955:. www.bbc.co.uk. 15 June 2010
859:. Au.kddi.com. Archived from
806:10.1016/S0016-0032(02)90195-X
694:. www.theregister.co.uk. 2004
67:in an effect similar to what
1618:Stereoscopic depth rendition
729:. London: www.guardian.co.uk
1089:"2D/3D Switchable Displays"
821:"2D/3D Switchable Displays"
152:hand-held game console and
118:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W1
1844:
1184:10.1088/2058-7058/24/06/34
788:Ives, Frederic E. (1902).
495:Causes and countermeasures
1633:Stereoscopic video coding
1628:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
1392:Convergence insufficiency
933:. www.landrover.com. 2011
904:Twist, Jo (9 June 2004).
749:"Better glasses-free 3-D"
30:autostereoscopic displays
1729:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
1666:3D-enabled mobile phones
1623:Stereoscopic rangefinder
1460:Active shutter 3D system
418:Techniques for switching
47:, to allow it to show a
34:automultiscopic displays
1701:Virtual reality headset
1696:Stereoscopic video game
1545:Virtual retinal display
1125:US patent US6476850
1593:Multiview Video Coding
1588:Computer stereo vision
1397:Correspondence problem
508:
487:
449:
432:
396:
369:
322:
274:
228:
177:
93:
45:liquid crystal display
36:
1307:at Wikimedia Commons
1278:US patent 8144079
1237:Andrew Woods (2010),
1144:US patent 5808792
664:Howard, Bill (2003).
611:Largest viewing angle
565:Least efficient with
506:
484:
446:
429:
393:
370:
323:
275:
229:
175:
87:
24:
1828:3D computer graphics
1485:Head-mounted display
1417:Kinetic depth effect
1028:IEICE Trans Electron
790:"A novel stereogram"
575:Small viewing angles
537:Lowest image quality
334:
284:
240:
197:
104:In the early 2000s,
1573:2D to 3D conversion
1525:Specular holography
1520:Polarized 3D system
1437:Stereoscopic acuity
1432:Stereopsis recovery
1176:2011PhyW...24f..33M
977:. www.cnn.com. 2011
619:More expensive for
138:molecular modelling
69:lenticular printing
1555:Wiggle stereoscopy
1550:Volumetric display
1515:Parallax scrolling
509:
488:
450:
433:
397:
365:
318:
270:
236:For small angles:
224:
193:From Snell’s law:
178:
94:
37:
1810:
1809:
1771:Sharp Actius RD3D
1691:Stereo microscope
1598:Parallax scanning
1412:Epipolar geometry
1402:Peripheral vision
1377:Binocular rivalry
1303:Media related to
1096:Sharp white paper
1067:10.1117/12.430813
828:Sharp white paper
529:Easily attachable
359:
312:
268:
73:lenticular lenses
16:3D imaging device
1835:
1756:Nvidia 3D Vision
1510:Parallax barrier
1495:Integral imaging
1407:Depth perception
1387:Chromostereopsis
1382:Binocular vision
1347:
1340:
1333:
1324:
1305:Parallax barrier
1302:
1287:
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1234:
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1200:. Archived from
1194:
1188:
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1015:. 27 April 2010.
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918:
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913:
908:. news.bbc.co.uk
901:
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672:on 20 April 2008
661:
513:autostereoscopic
409:Barrier position
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181:Pixel separation
142:airport security
99:Frederic E. Ives
41:parallax barrier
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1813:
1812:
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1806:
1785:
1711:
1705:
1643:
1637:
1613:Stereoautograph
1565:
1559:
1500:Lenticular lens
1475:Autostereoscopy
1452:
1446:
1422:Stereoblindness
1360:
1351:
1296:
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1235:
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1207:
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1204:on 16 June 2011
1198:"Archived copy"
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1058:10.1.1.197.3858
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640:Autostereoscopy
636:
621:mass production
556:mass production
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1739:MasterImage 3D
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1164:Physics World
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1744:Nintendo 3DS
1651:3D camcorder
1566:technologies
1509:
1453:technologies
1297:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1249:21 September
1247:, retrieved
1239:
1232:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1192:
1170:(6): 33–36.
1167:
1163:
1157:
1138:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1095:
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1048:
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969:
957:. Retrieved
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877:
865:. Retrieved
861:the original
851:
839:. Retrieved
827:
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797:
793:
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775:
772:
767:
759:
752:. Retrieved
743:
731:. Retrieved
720:
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696:. Retrieved
686:
674:. Retrieved
670:the original
659:
584:Nintendo 3DS
554:Cheaper for
510:
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150:Nintendo 3DS
135:
132:Applications
126:Nintendo 3DS
103:
95:
89:
49:stereoscopic
40:
38:
18:
1776:View-Master
1603:Pseudoscope
1535:Stereoscope
1465:Anaglyph 3D
1354:Stereoscopy
981:15 February
937:29 December
608:Clear image
474:Measurement
330:Therefore:
146:Range Rover
110:Actius RD3D
53:multiscopic
1823:3D imaging
1817:Categories
1790:Miscellany
1681:Digital 3D
1676:Blu-ray 3D
1540:Vectograph
1505:Multiscopy
1490:Holography
1480:Bubblegram
1427:Stereopsis
1365:Perception
1358:3D display
1208:11 October
996:HTC EVO 3D
912:25 January
733:25 January
698:25 January
676:25 January
651:References
588:HTC Evo 3D
57:3D glasses
27:lenticular
1075:122846572
1053:CiteSeerX
800:: 51–52.
596:backlight
567:backlight
465:Crosstalk
297:≈
291:
253:≈
247:
219:
207:
114:Tridelity
90:Le Cosmos
1781:XpanD 3D
1766:RealD 3D
1724:Dolby 3D
1719:AMD HD3D
1712:products
1218:cite web
1100:Archived
1013:Engadget
832:Archived
634:See also
122:Nintendo
92:05-1896)
65:parallax
1749:New 3DS
1734:Infitec
1710:Notable
1671:4D film
1656:3D film
1642:Product
1451:Display
1172:Bibcode
1109:19 June
959:17 June
889:15 June
867:15 June
841:19 June
80:History
1284:
1150:
1131:
1073:
1055:
773:Cosmos
754:1 July
590:, and
164:Design
61:pixels
1644:types
1564:Other
1244:(PDF)
1103:(PDF)
1092:(PDF)
1071:S2CID
931:(PDF)
835:(PDF)
824:(PDF)
616:Cons
605:Pros
600:Glare
562:Cons
551:Pros
546:image
534:Cons
526:Pros
382:Pitch
106:Sharp
1356:and
1251:2012
1224:link
1210:2012
1111:2008
983:2011
961:2010
939:2011
914:2008
891:2010
869:2010
843:2008
756:2011
735:2008
700:2008
678:2008
645:HR3D
280:and
140:and
1265:SID
1180:doi
1063:doi
802:doi
798:153
521:LCD
288:sin
244:sin
216:sin
204:sin
51:or
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