334:, where certain models are modified for individual customers to meet these requirements at a higher cost than if it had been done by the original manufacturer. This procedure interferes with the marketing scheme of the manufacturer, who might plan to import a less powerful car and force consumers to accept it. The Imported Vehicle Safety Compliance Act of 1988 basically ended the gray market by requiring manufacturer certification of U.S.-bound cars.
1493:
572:
445:
348:
133:
732:, trademark rights exhaustion turned national in 2002, and, as of April 2013, an act is being prepared that could make original goods imported without a permission of the producer officially "counterfeit" (by replacing things on which "a trademark is located illegally" with things "on which an illegally used trademark is located"). He notes that, according to the
779:
from Japan up to twelve months prior to the
European launch. The unusual component of this example is that some importers were selling the console for a higher price than the intended EU price, taking advantage of the relative monopoly they enjoyed. After the release the console was commonly imported
416:
Foodstuffs and toiletry made from different plants may vary in quality because different plants may use materials or reagents (such as water used for washing, food additives) from different sources, although they are usually subject to the same standards by internal QC or public health authorities. A
719:
There is an opinion, not scientifically proven, but very popular among people in Poland that "Western" washing powders are more effective in cleaning than Polish, because chemistry companies allegedly produce items of higher quality for
Western Europe. Because of that, there are companies and online
557:
However, such organisations also warn consumers of certain risks in using parallel-imported products. Although the products may have been made to comply with the laws and customs of their place of origin, these products or their use may not comply with those in places where they are used, or some of
209:
Private enterprise will use product segmentation strategies to legally maximise profit. This often includes varying service levels, pricing and product features to improve the so-called "fit" to the local marketplace. However, this segmentation may mean identical products at higher prices. This can
412:
Due to the nature of hotels, travellers often have little information on where to shop except in the immediate vicinity. Grocery shops opened to serve brand-name hotels often feature parallel-imported foodstuffs and toiletry to cater to travellers so that they can easily recognise the product they
217:
In 1991, the
Australian Government resolved to remove parallel import restrictions from a range of products except cars. It followed this up with legislation making it legal to source music and software CDs from overseas and import them into Australia. An Australian Productivity Commission report
710:
at a low price, and importing the cars into New
Zealand to sell at a price lower than the price offered by Mercedes Benz to New Zealand consumers. There are also many parallel import dealers of electronics hardware. Parallel importing is allowed in New Zealand and has resulted in a significant
650:, which was available from Hong Kong on-line stores for approximately $ 50 AUD but whose retail cost in Australia was close to $ 100. Crysis was sold in Asia using identical versions of the game box and disc, right down to including Australian censor ratings on the box.
107:
for their products in different markets. Parallel importers ordinarily purchase products in one country at a price (P1) which is cheaper than the price at which they are sold in a second country (P2), import the products into the second country, and benefitting from
540:, but by doing so the holder relinquishes sales to those who would be prepared to buy at a price between the monopoly price and the competitive price. The presence of parallel imports in the marketplace prevents the holder from exploiting the monopoly further by
408:
Markets for parallel imports and locally made products sometimes exist alongside each other even though the parallel imports are markedly more expensive. This may be for various reasons, but is mostly observed in foodstuffs and toiletry.
205:
and competition available in the larger global economies. Australia tends to have lower levels of competition in many industries and oligopolies are common in industries like banking, supermarkets, and mobile telecommunications.
66:; according to this concept, when the product is first launched on the market in a particular jurisdiction, parallel importation is authorized to all residents in the state in question. Some countries allow it but others do not.
218:
recommended in July 2009 that legislation be extended to legalise the parallel importing of books, with three years' notice for publishers. The commission also recommended abolishing restrictions on parallel importing of cars.
248:) require the doctrine of international exhaustion to exist between member states, but EU legislation for trademarks, design rights and copyright prohibits its application to goods put on the market outside the EU/EEA.
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their functions may be rendered unusable or meaningless (which may needlessly drive up prices). Electronic devices, however, suffer less from this type of risk because newer models support more than one user language.
306:
Moreover, the
Science, State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies, Appropriations Act of 2006 prohibits future free trade agreements from categorically disallowing the parallel import of patented products.
210:
be termed price discrimination. With the advent of the
Internet, Australian consumers can readily compare prices globally and have been able to identify products exhibiting price discrimination, also known as the "
1522:
186:
645:
to purchase computer games at or near half the cost of a retail purchase from the
Australian RRP. Often the versions sold by the Asian retailers are manufactured in Australia to begin with. An example is
115:
Consumers who are able to obtain more competitively priced items and may be able to avoid local sales taxes, are placed on an even footing with consumers who have less access to overseas sales online.
550:
tend to support parallel importation as it offers consumers more choice and lower prices, provided that consumers retain equivalent legal protection to locally sourced products (e.g. in the form of
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Other example is smart phones, which were being imported from China, where an average device could be bought for about $ 100 while a similar device would be retailed for about €200 in the EU.
509:, is the divide over the legitimacy of parallel importation. Some believe that it benefits consumers by lowering prices and widening the selection and consumption of products available in the
1507:
190:
1627:
679:. The goods are bought in markets where the price is lower, and sold in markets where the price of the same goods is, for a variety of reasons, higher. Electronic goods like Apple's
276:
In Hong Kong, parallel importation is permitted under both the Trade Mark and (amended) Copyright
Ordinance before The Copyright (Amendment) Ordinance 2007 came into force 6 July.
1820:
1344:- The Australian Productivity Commission report, released 14 July 2009, presented original research to advocate the removal of parallel import restrictions on books.
287:'s intellectual property rights law prohibits audiovisual articles marketed for export from being sold domestically, and such sale of "re-imported" CDs are illegal.
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Parallel importing is regulated differently in different jurisdictions; there is no consistency in laws dealing with parallel imports between countries. Neither the
327:
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873:
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The practice of parallel importing is often advocated in the case of software, music, printed texts and electronic products, and occurs for several reasons:
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in
Article 6 states that this practice cannot be challenged under the WTO dispute settlement system and so is effectively a matter of national discretion.
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halting all sales in the country. Apple products were already being re-exported and sold in Russia through the scheme, although at a higher price.
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Shayerah Ilias, Ian
Fergusson, "Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade", Congressional research Service, 17 February 2011
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applies to copies of a copyrighted work lawfully made abroad, thus permitting importation and resale of many product categories.
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stores importing Western chemistry supplies to Poland (for example from Germany), even if similar brands are available there.
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are frequently imported in Hong Kong before they're official and resold to South-East Asian early adopters for a premium.
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is a common practice for some wholesale and/or retail stockists. Many consumers now take advantage of on-line stores in
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536:. Intellectual property rights allow the holder to sell at a price that is higher than the price one would pay in a
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Different versions of a product are produced for sale in different markets. For example, the UK edition of
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The Australian market is an example of a relatively small consumer market which does not benefit from the
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736:, illegal use of a trademark can be punished up to 6 years of imprisonment; and a similar article in the
330:. Certain car makers find the required modifications too expensive. In the past, this created demand for
226:
118:
Some advocacy groups support parallel importing on the grounds of enhancing the free flow of information.
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A manifestation of the philosophical divide between those who support various intellectual property and
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Parallel importing of pharmaceuticals reduces price of pharmaceuticals by introducing competition;
52:
1153:
513:, while others believe that it discourages intellectual property owners from investing in new and
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1908:
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874:"Parallel Imports and the Principle of Exhaustion: The First Sale Rule in International Commerce"
510:
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In the United States, courts have established that parallel importation is legal. In the case of
202:
232:
Various Australian Parliament committees have investigated allegations of price discrimination.
1024:"Australia: Productivity Commission Recommends Removal of Parallel Import Protection For Books"
1001:"Winning entry for the Kirby Cup 2012 | Saving the right to parallel import in a digital world"
747:, a parallel import scheme was legalized to allow certain goods into Russia. In September, the
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82:
40:
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Australian Productivity Commission 2009: "Restrictions on the Parallel Importation of Books"
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person may be allergic to the foodstuff or toiletry made by some plants but not others.
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1183:
1176:"Proszki do praniaNiemiecka chemia, kawa i słodycze – sklep internetowy – luna24.pl"
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In 2022, following the exit of various Western firms from Russia as a result of the
1640:
812:
104:
112:, sell the products in that country at a price which is usually between P1 and P2.
1645:
1407:
1325:
Australian Library and Information Association - Statement on Parallel Importing
1276:"The grey Zara market: How 'parallel imports' give comfort to Russian consumers"
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The United States has unique automobile design legislation administered by the
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has ruled that parallel imported items with valid trademarks are subject to
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is officially sold in Australia. However, some unofficial distributors in
1655:
755:, stated that Russian consumers would be able to buy the newly announced
740:
makes goods with an illegal copy of a trademark subject to confiscation.
707:
672:
551:
533:
1329:
924:"WTO - Intellectual property (TRIPS) - fact sheet - pharmaceuticals - 2"
703:
596: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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157: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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products. Some also believe that parallel imports tend to facilitate
103:
Companies, either the manufacturer or the distributor, set different
1224:"Параллельный импорт: бизнес-омбудсмены выступили против корпораций"
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with international effect), and competition is not diminished.
27:
Importation without permission from intellectual property owner
565:
438:
341:
126:
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governs parallel importation, subject to the EU rules above.
1199:"Proszki do prania z Niemiec - niemiecka chemia pralinka.pl"
544:, i.e. by applying different prices to different consumers.
43:
imported from another country without the permission of the
1330:
Statement on parallel import and export, or parallel trade
1115:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
780:
from the USA where it was retailed for much lower price.
975:"Q & as on parallel import restrictions on books"
878:
Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs
430:
Avoidance of risk due to products by different plants
1321:
is a blog dedicated to parallel market legal issues.
420:
To sum up, the major reasons for such a market are:
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1839:
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1046:"Cheaper second-hand imported cars a step closer"
47:owner. Parallel imports are often referred to as
328:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1538:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
1363:
1296:"Russian Minister Promises iPhone 14 Imports"
8:
775:video game consoles were imported into the
473:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
376:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1623:
1370:
1356:
1348:
193:explicitly prohibit parallel importation.
64:exhaustion of intellectual property rights
62:Parallel importing is based on concept of
1104:Seven arrested for copyright infringement
612:Learn how and when to remove this message
493:Learn how and when to remove this message
396:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
1088:"12 arrested for copyright infringement"
297:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
839:
711:lowering of margins on many products.
524:This tension essentially concerns the
1067:"House of Representatives Committees"
299:, the US Supreme Court held that the
236:European Union/European Economic Area
7:
1150:"How To: Win the Car-Importing Game"
872:Kyle C. Williams (28 January 2020).
594:adding citations to reliable sources
471:adding citations to reliable sources
374:adding citations to reliable sources
266:doctrine of international exhaustion
155:adding citations to reliable sources
1806:International Trademark Association
848:"WTO - Glossary - parallel imports"
338:Parallel-imported foodstuffs, etc.
86:is officially sold in the UK, and
25:
823:Parallel importing in video games
227:Section 123 of the Trade Mark Act
1491:
633:and computer game hardware from
570:
443:
346:
131:
51:and are implicated in issues of
1826:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
1712:Protected designation of origin
581:needs additional citations for
221:The Federal Court of Australia
142:needs additional citations for
1249:Irina Fursova (9 April 2013).
899:"Parallel Imports/Gray Market"
691:The practice exists of luxury
1:
1857:Unregistered trademark symbol
1692:Electronic registration marks
660:Parallel trading in Hong Kong
507:those who are critical of it
96:also sell the UK edition of
1847:Registered trademark symbol
745:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1999:
1438:Initial interest confusion
793:Counterfeit consumer goods
657:
314:
1978:Intellectual property law
1942:
1489:
413:have been using at home.
949:"Your Question ANswered"
1707:Geographical indication
1947:Category:Trademark law
1934:World Trademark Review
1919:Trademark infringement
1651:Unregistered trademark
1433:Functionality doctrine
777:European Economic Area
548:Consumer organisations
519:copyright infringement
246:European Economic Area
123:International approach
1682:Collective trademarks
1468:Reputation parasitism
1423:Coexistence agreement
1335:13 April 2018 at the
1251:"Импорту параллельно"
57:intellectual property
45:intellectual property
1687:Defensive trademarks
1636:Registered trademark
1533:Community Trade Mark
1483:Well-known trademark
1428:Confusing similarity
798:Exhaustion of rights
590:improve this article
467:improve this section
370:improve this section
332:grey import vehicles
151:improve this article
1893:Washington Redskins
1852:Service mark symbol
1735:Hologram trademarks
1672:Certification marks
1453:Secondary liability
1443:Good faith doctrine
1304:. 8 September 2022.
1094:on 14 December 2007
808:Grey import vehicle
542:market segmentation
424:Lack of information
317:Grey import vehicle
301:first-sale doctrine
53:international trade
1914:Trademark examiner
1909:Trademark attorney
1255:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
1197:InterMedia, Trol.
1186:on 6 October 2012.
1156:on 3 February 2015
1003:. 22 November 2012
538:competitive market
264:has held that the
203:economies of scale
89:Top Gear Australia
1965:
1964:
1957:WP:MOS/Trademarks
1789:
1788:
1740:Motion trademarks
1730:Colour trademarks
1403:Generic trademark
1284:. 12 August 2022.
1148:Robinson, Aaron.
981:on 25 August 2010
818:Importation right
730:Anatoliy Semyonov
622:
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614:
503:
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398:
262:Bundesgerichtshof
183:
182:
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98:Top Gear Magazine
83:Top Gear Magazine
16:(Redirected from
1990:
1755:Sound trademarks
1750:Shape trademarks
1745:Scent trademarks
1722:Non-conventional
1624:
1528:Singapore Treaty
1513:Madrid Agreement
1508:Paris Convention
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1301:The Moscow Times
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1152:. Archived from
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1090:. Archived from
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1044:Charlwood, Sam.
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1022:Hudson, Andrew.
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18:Parallel imports
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1924:Trademark share
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1677:Chartered marks
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1518:Madrid Protocol
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1393:Distinctiveness
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1376:
1337:Wayback Machine
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1281:TheGuardian.com
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828:Track and trace
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664:Importation of
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629:Importation of
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532:of a protected
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71:TRIPS agreement
34:parallel import
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1458:Nominative use
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1418:Priority right
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955:on 15 May 2013
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767:European Union
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753:Denis Manturov
749:trade minister
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631:computer games
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1098:14 December
1072:16 November
1051:16 November
1029:16 November
1007:16 November
959:16 November
928:www.wto.org
852:www.wto.org
803:Grey market
697:New Zealand
695:dealers in
687:New Zealand
311:Automobiles
38:counterfeit
1972:Categories
834:References
759:, despite
669:toothpaste
658:See also:
552:warranties
515:innovative
483:April 2021
386:April 2021
1952:Case laws
1888:Ugg boots
1873:Budweiser
1574:Hong Kong
1554:Australia
1226:. RAPSI (
757:iPhone 14
677:Hong Kong
654:Hong Kong
639:Hong Kong
625:Australia
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357:does not
272:Hong Kong
197:Australia
110:arbitrage
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36:is a non-
1866:Disputes
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1234:10 April
787:See also
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708:Malaysia
704:vehicles
673:Thailand
641:and the
602:May 2021
562:Examples
534:monopoly
223:decision
189:nor the
163:May 2021
1902:Related
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1764:Related
1584:Ireland
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699:buying
666:Colgate
475:removed
460:sources
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252:Germany
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1776:Emblem
1559:Canada
1208:6 June
1124:6 June
985:21 May
933:6 June
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857:6 June
724:Russia
715:Poland
648:Crysis
530:duties
526:rights
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435:Issues
260:, the
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1771:Brand
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771:Some
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675:into
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285:Japan
280:Japan
244:(and
1831:CIPO
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1594:Oman
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