2319:
2368:
976:
518:
959:
stay. However, your people are longing for you and it is appropriate that you return to soothe them. The weather is getting colder and the winds are suited for sailing South. It is the right time. You should eat well on your journey and look after yourself, so as to reflect my feelings of concern for you. Now I am conferring upon you, king, a gold and jade belt, ceremonial insignia, two "saddled horses", 100 liang of gold, 500 liang of silver, 400,000 guan of paper money, 2,600 guan of copper cash, 300 bolts of embroidered fine silks and silk gauzes, 1,000 bolts of thin silks ...
578:, pledging his support should the king choose to invade Singapura. In 1398, Majapahit dispatched a fleet of three hundred large ships and hundreds of smaller vessels, carrying no less than 200,000 men. Initially, the Javanese soldiers engaged with the defenders in a battle outside the fortress, before forcing them to retreat behind the walls. The invasion force laid a siege of the city and repeatedly tried to attack the fortress. However, the fortress proved to be impregnable.
623:
778:, who reigned from 1402 till 1424, sent his envoy known as Yin Qing to Malacca in 1405. Yin Qing's visit opened the way for the establishment of friendly relations between Malacca and China. Chinese merchants began calling at the port of Malacca, joining other foreign traders notably the Javanese, Indians, Chinese, and Burmese who came to establish their trading bases and settle in Malacca, soaring its population to 2000 during Parameswara's reign.
734:
33:
896:
1001:" The new Malay sultanate emerged as the primary base in continuing the historic struggles of its predecessors, Singapura and Srivijaya, against their Java-based nemeses. By the mid-15th century, Majapahit found itself unable to control the rising power of Malacca that began to gain effective control of Malacca straits and expands its influence to Sumatra. The
1041:, are said to have studied in Malacca. The expansion of Islam into the interiors of Java in the 15th century led to the gradual decline of Malacca's long standing foe, Hindu-Majapahit, before it finally succumbed to the emerging local Muslim forces in the early 16th century. Ultimately, the period spanning from Malaccan era right until the age of effective
883:
Shah. Based on Malay, Portuguese, and
Chinese writings, Christopher Wake concludes that Parameswara never adopted Islam but was posthumously given the title Iskandar Shah. While there are differing views on when the Islamisation of Melaka actually took place, it is generally agreed that Islam was firmly established in the court by the reign of
368:) recorded that the consort of Parameswara known as Bā-ér-mí-sū-lǐ (八兒迷蘇里) ('Parameswari') attended a banquet together with the king Bai-li-mi-su-la (拜里迷蘇剌, 'Parameswara') in the Ming court. It is more likely that 'Parameswari' ("Supreme Lordess") referred to a title rather than a given name as evidenced by its application in the
967:, carnelian, pearl, hawksbill, coral, crane beak, golden female crane beak, suit, white cloth, Western fabric, Sa-ha-la, rhino horn, ivory, black bear, black ape, white muntjac, turkey, parrot, pian-nao, rosebush dew, su-he oil, gardenia flower, wu-ye-ni, aromatic wood, incense sticks, gold silver incense sticks.
882:
was the first Muslim ruler of Melaka, having converted after a dream. Chinese sources gave the third king's name as Sri
Maharaja, possibly before his conversion. Some scholars believe both Parameswara and his son were given the same title, the elder called Sri Iskandar Shah and the son Megat Iskandar
758:
After the foundation of the new settlement in
Malacca, Parameswara initiated the development of the place and ordered his men to cultivate the lands with banana, sugar cane, yam and other crops for food. Taking the advantage of the harbour that is protected by a hill and sheltered ships well from the
593:
originated from
Palembang, who escaped to Temasek that some believed to be a vassal of Siam. There he assassinated the local ruler who had welcomed Parameswara into the kingdom, and ruled there for five years. There are different suggestions as to who attacked Singapura. One indication was that the
821:
There are significant discrepancies in Malay, Chinese and
Portuguese sources on the early history of Malacca, which created considerable disagreements about the early rulers of the kingdom. While there is consensus that Parameswara was a Hindu as indicated by his Hindu name, scholars have different
487:
who attempted to challenge
Javanese rule over Palembang sometime after 1360. In this version, the Javanese attacked and drove Parameswara out of Palembang, who then escaped to Singapore. Parameswara soon assassinated the local ruler with the title Sang Aji, Sangesinga. Parameswara then ruled for
958:
You, king (refer to
Parameswara), travelled tens of thousands of li across the ocean to the capital, confidently and without anxiety, as your loyalty and sincerity assured you of the protection of the spirits. I (the Yongle Emperor) have been glad to meet with you, king, and feel that you should
581:
After a month, food in the fortress began to run low and the defenders were on the verge of starvation. Sang Rajuna Tapa was then asked to distribute whatever grain left to the people from the royal store. Seeing this opportunity for revenge, the minister lied to the King, saying the stores were
569:
account of the fall of
Singapura and the flight of its last king begins with Iskandar Shah's accusation of one of his concubines of adultery. As punishment, the king had her stripped naked in public. In revenge, the concubine's father, Sang Rajuna Tapa who was also an official in Iskandar Shah's
785:
to pay homage to the Yongle
Emperor. Yongle praised Parameswara and acknowledged him as the rightful ruler of Malacca. He then presented Parameswara with a seal, silk and a yellow umbrella as symbols of royalty and also a letter appointing Parameswara as the ruler of Malacca. Malacca was then
1009:
in 1459, Malacca's territory covered much of the Malay peninsula as well as the Riau-Lingga islands and parts of the east coast of
Sumatra namely Indragiri, Kampar, Siak, Rokan, Haru and Siantan. Malacca was still looking to expand its territory as late as 1506 when it conquered Kelantan.
1394:
In ancient times, when digging in the ground, a chief came upon a jewelled head-dress. The beginning of the year is calculated from the rising of the moon, when the chief put on this head-gear and wore his dress to receive the congratulations . Nowadays this custom is still
582:
empty. The grains were not distributed and the people eventually starved. The final assault came when the gates were finally opened under the order of the treacherous minister. The Majapahit soldiers rushed into the fortress and a terrible massacre ensued. According to the
488:
five years before he was driven out. The account by Pires also indicates that Iskandar Shah was the son of Parameswara who became the second ruler of Malacca. Many scholars believe that Parameswara and Iskandar Shah are the same person, although some argued for
1021:, disseminating the religion throughout the Maritime Southeast Asia. The process of Islamisation in the region surrounding Malacca gradually intensified between the 15th and 16th centuries through study centres in Upeh, the district on the north bank of the
462:
do contain similar stories about a fleeing Palembang prince arriving in Singapura and about the last king of Singapura who fled to the west coast of Malay peninsula to found Malacca. However, both accounts differ markedly on the identity of the prince:
1025:. Islam spread from Malacca to Jambi, Kampar, Bengkalis, Siak, Aru and the Karimun Islands in Sumatra, throughout much of the Malay peninsula, Java and even Philippines. The Malay Annals even reveals that the courts of Malacca and
834:
argues that the Ming dynasty sources that gave two different names, Parameswara and Megat Iskandar Shah, had mistaken them as two different persons when Parameswara had merely adopted a new name after converting to Islam in 1414.
509:, indicates that Temasek was ruled by a local chief (before the time of Parameswara). However the word used by Wang indicates that the ruler of Temasek was not independent, rather he was a vassal of another more powerful state.
759:
danger of strong tides, Parameswara laid the foundation of a trading port by building the storage and market facilities to serve as a meeting point to exchange goods. The indigenous inhabitants of Malacca and the strait, the
675:
is formidable; it is best that we establish a kingdom here'. Tradition holds that he named the settlement after the tree he was leaning against while witnessing the portentous event. Today, the mouse deer is part of modern
1985:
830:, as well as the confusion as to whether Parameswara and Iskandar Shah in different sources refer to the same person, led to the conjecture that Parameswara had converted to Islam and took a new name. For example,
954:(r. 1402–1424). Upon arriving, a grand welcoming ceremony was held with sacrification of animals. The historical meeting between Parameswara and the Yongle Emperor was recorded accurately in the Ming chronicle:
586:, "blood flowed like a river" and the red stains on the laterite soil of Singapore are said to be blood from that massacre. Knowing that defeat was imminent, Iskandar Shah and his followers fled the island.
2318:
864:
argues that the Chinese court was unlikely to have confused Parameswara with his son when both had visited the Ming court within a few years of each other. This son is referred to in the
767:
and ferocious pirates, were said to have been employed by Parameswara to patrol the adjacent seas, to repel other petty pirates, and to direct traders to their Malay overlords' port.
2367:
993:. 80 languages were reportedly spoken in Malacca. Malacca became an important port in the far east during the 16th century. It became so rich that the Portuguese writer and trader
2001:
1017:
and its success was admired by kings from neighbouring kingdoms. As a major entreport, Malacca attracted Muslim traders from various part of the world and became a centre of
475:
noted further that the fleeing Palembang prince usurped the throne of Singapura from a Siamese viceroy named "Temagi" sometimes around the 1390s. Portuguese accounts by
646:. Finding that the Muar location was not suitable, he continued northwards. Along the way, he reportedly visited Sening Ujong (former name of present-day city of
770:
Within years, news about Malacca becoming a centre of trade and commerce began to spread all over the eastern part of the world and reached as far as China. The
671:
outwitting his hunting dog into the water when he was resting under the Malacca tree. He thought this boded well, remarking, 'this place is excellent, even the
2298:
471:
identified the fleeing prince and the last king as completely two different persons separated by five generations (Sang Nila Utama and Iskandar Shah).
1134:拜里迷蘇剌) and Malacca. The translation work was contributed by Dr.Geoff Wade, a senior researcher in the Asia Research Institute, National University of
813:. Some others also believe that he could have been cremated based on the Hindu's ritual belief system, and there is therefore no actual burial place.
1185:
5 October 1414: Son of the king of the country of Malacca, Mǔ-gàn Sā-yúgān-dí ér Shā 母幹撒于干的兒沙 visit Ming court and memorialised that his father
975:
2402:
2397:
2130:
2112:
2054:
2018:
1836:
1676:
1224:
517:
531:
to memorialise Iskandar Shah, the last Raja of Singapura commonly identified with Parameswara due to commonalities in their biographies.
2077:
1490:
1300:
2036:
1995:
1706:
1523:
2291:
907:. In 1403, the first official Chinese trade envoy led by Admiral Yin Qing arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameśwara was escorted by
1823:
467:
identified the fleeing prince and the last king of Singapura as the same person known as "Parameswara", while the more detailed
843:
at the age of 72, and took the name Megat Iskandar Shah. Others suggest he converted in the year 1409 when he was sixty-five.
822:
opinions on whether he converted to Islam. No historical sources explicitly state that Parameswara had converted, however, the
273:
and usurped the throne of Singapura; he was driven out, either by the Siamese or the Majapahit, and went on to found Malacca.
2268:
1760:
1270:
851:
802:
489:
187:
72:
1154:, the native ruler of the country of Malacca followed the Imperial envoy Yin Qing and visit the Ming court to offer tribute.
979:
Depiction of Parameswara (with a perched cartoon cat) by Singaporean artist Foo Swee Chin in the educational graphic novel
903:
The relation with Ming China started in the early 15th century when Parameswara embarked on several voyages to visit the
606:
said that it was the Siamese who attacked Singapura, while Brás de Albuquerque believed that it was the Pattani Kingdom.
1538:
2412:
2392:
2387:
2284:
786:
recognised as a kingdom by the Emperor of China. The envoy returned to Malacca together with a fleet led by Zheng He.
764:
611:
543:
of Singapura was succeeded by his son, Iskandar Shah, in 1389. The use of the peculiar Persian name and title in the
987:
Within decades after its foundation, Malacca grew into an international trading port and heralded the golden age of
394:
which was something common among Malay royals until the present day. Apart from Parameswara the founder of Malacca,
2422:
1373:
417:
and Portuguese sources. The Malay Annals was written during the heyday of Malacca and re-compiled in 1612 by the
1107:
1042:
448:
1189:
had died. And the Imperially commanded that Mǔ-gàn Sā-yúgān-dí ér Shā should inherit his father's title as king.
931:. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and
884:
879:
840:
722:
701:
There are at least two other theories on the origin the naming of Malacca: Tomé Pires explains the name in the
950:
In 1411, Parameswara and his wife together with 540 officials from Malacca went to China to pay homage to the
1667:
Mansor, Suffian; Sundara Raja, Sivachandralingam; Mohd Noor, Arbaiyah; Mohd Rus, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin (2014).
2417:
1014:
681:
627:
805:
who in turn ruled Malacca until 1424. There is an unverified claim that Parameswara had been buried at the
1006:
1045:, saw the domination of Malay-Muslim sultanates in trade and politics that eventually contributed to the
793:
to inform them that his father had died. It is generally believed that he was buried on top of a hill at
2157:
1754:
1111:
831:
379:
433:
said to have founded Singapura. However, historians cast doubts on the accuracy and historicity of the
321:), a concept literally meaning the "Supreme Lord". The word "parama" meaning "the supreme" is added to
2432:
2427:
2307:
2235:
1381:
781:
In 1411, Parameswara, his wife, his son, and a royal party of 540 people left for China with Admiral
590:
422:
378:'s mother-in-law, Queen Parameswari Iskandar Shah, and is in fact still in use today in the form of "
343:
and Malacca. It gives the name Iskandar Shah as the last ruler of Singapura and founder of Malacca.
340:
242:
124:
80:
694:
348:
2105:
Studies on Southeast Asia (Studies on Southeast Asian Art: Essays in Honor of Stanley J. O'Connor)
1552:"The Rise and Fall of the Great Melakan Empire: Moral Judgement in Tun Bambang's "Sejarah Melayu""
1378:
The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
175:
2407:
1742:
1649:
1641:
1606:
1598:
1563:
763:, who were variouslt known as the loyal servants of Malay rulers since the time of Singapura and
282:
1175:, and his wife, children and attendant ministers, a total of over 540 persons, visit Ming Court.
630:, which depicts two mousedeer and a malacca tree as allusions to the founding legend of Malacca.
2258:
2179:
2126:
2108:
2073:
2067:
2050:
2032:
2014:
1991:
1832:
1702:
1672:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1486:
1480:
1385:
1296:
1266:
1220:
1103:
1058:
839:
similarly states that Paramesvara converted to Islam after marrying a daughter of the king of
806:
622:
603:
599:
528:
480:
314:
306:
262:
246:
199:
182:
163:
144:
44:
1290:
1258:
1214:
483:, which may have been based on a Javanese source, suggest that Parameswara was a prince from
2340:
2334:
1734:
1633:
1590:
823:
746:
552:
265:. Portuguese accounts however, written a hundred years after his death, suggest he was from
789:
The Chinese chronicles mention that in 1414, the son of the first ruler of Malacca visited
2328:
856:
718:
571:
430:
425:, the succession of its rulers and its eventual decline. According to the account by the
418:
395:
375:
344:
1969:
1954:
1939:
1924:
1810:
1322:
1265:. International Zheng He Society / Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 26–41.
650:) before reaching a fishing village at the mouth of the Bertam River (former name of the
1909:
2063:
1692:
1476:
1286:
1091:
1038:
951:
904:
771:
685:
607:
595:
501:
359:
is the same person as Parameswara based on certain commonalities in their biographies.
32:
1894:
733:
589:
Portuguese sources gave different accounts from the Malay Annals. They suggested that
2381:
2145:, Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore
1795:
1653:
1610:
1098:
1022:
847:
836:
651:
476:
444:
439:
383:
289:
258:
2346:
2228:
2199:
1086:
1046:
1034:
1005:
records that, at the height of its power, following the accession to the throne of
924:
912:
870:
798:
794:
790:
775:
663:
655:
639:
540:
413:
391:
370:
335:
233:
209:
155:
98:
398:, the fourth Sultan of Malacca, was also titled "Raja Sri Parameswara Dewa Shah".
2276:
1696:
1126:) - also known as the Veritable Records of the Ming dynasty, has a comprehensive
253:, he ruled Singapura from 1389 to 1398. The king fled the island kingdom after a
1725:
Christopher H. Wake (1964). "Malacca's Early Kings and the Reception of Islam".
989:
936:
861:
738:
506:
411:
There are differing accounts of the origin and life of Parameswara given in the
355:
the Persian title for a king. It has been conjectured that Iskandar Shah of the
261:
in 1402. Within decades, the new city grew rapidly to become the capital of the
1437:
1738:
1637:
1594:
1182:
and his consort Bā-ér-mí-sū-lǐ 八兒迷蘇里 and others in the Interpreters Institute.
1118:
1068:
1030:
994:
928:
760:
672:
668:
643:
364:
1389:
850:
mentioned that Parameswara was succeeded by his son, named Chaquem Daraxa or
684:. The name "Malacca" itself was derived from the fruit-bearing Malacca tree (
1135:
1063:
920:
854:, and that only the latter converted to Islam at the age of 72. The Chinese
810:
751:
635:
575:
556:
484:
266:
254:
128:
1110:
in the early 16th century. Other Portuguese sources such as those given by
1029:
posed theological questions and problems to one another. Of the so-called
895:
874:
as Raja Besar Muda, or Raja Kechil Besar / Sultan Megat. According to the
555:, when he first established relationships with a Sumatran Muslim Kingdom,
908:
782:
742:
647:
219:
1746:
1567:
999:
Whoever is lord of Malacca shall have his hands on the throat of Venice.
911:
and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with
1551:
677:
523:
496:
322:
270:
194:
159:
1645:
1602:
1033:('nine saints') responsible in spreading Islam on Java, at least two,
1013:
The prosperity of Malacca as an international port changed the entire
257:
naval invasion in 1398 and founded his new stronghold on the mouth of
944:
940:
797:(also known as Cape Rachado), adjacent of the modern-day district of
140:
2184:
2140:
1879:
2087:
1216:
Research on the Early Malay Doctors 1900-1957 Malaya and Singapore
1026:
1018:
974:
964:
932:
894:
732:
638:, Parameswara contemplated establishing his new kingdom at either
621:
516:
330:
302:
1581:
Winstedt, R. O. (1948). "The Malay Founder of Medieval Malacca".
916:
860:
considers Megat Iskandar Shah to be the son of Parameswara, and
594:
assassinated ruler of Temasek may be related by marriage to the
451:
and they give a different account of the origin of Parameswara.
352:
2280:
654:). This evolved over time to become the location of modern-day
614:
mentioned Pahang (by which he meant most the Malay Peninsula).
1624:
Winstedt, R. O. (1949). "Malay History from Chinese Sources".
725:(1424–1444), because it was home to many trading communities.
551:
trace back the Islamic influence in Singapura to the reign of
437:
on its accounts of Singapura. Portuguese sources such as the
231:(1344 – c. 1414), thought to be the same person named in the
1556:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
547:
may suggest that he had converted to Islam. Accounts in the
287:
The name Parameswara is found in Portuguese sources such as
2162:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2142:
Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource
713:
themselves suggest that Arab merchants called the kingdom
2029:
The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages & Literature
1147:
28 October 1403: eunuch Yǐn Qìng 尹慶 was sent to Malacca.
1772:
1770:
1161:
visit Ming court and offered tribute of local products.
421:
court. It is the basis for accounts of the founding of
339:, which tell a romanticized history of the kingdoms of
1626:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1583:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1447:
1445:
1157:
16 February 1409: envoy A-bu-la Jia-xin 阿卜剌賈信 sent by
2107:, vol. 29, Southeast Asia Program Publications,
2011:
The Encyclopedia of Malaysia - The Rulers of Malaysia
721:
for 'congregation of merchants') during the reign of
634:
Parameswara fled north to found a new settlement. In
499:(the name used before it was changed to Singapura),
495:
The only Chinese first-hand account of 14th century
333:. However, the name Parameswara is not found in the
1787:
1785:
1314:
1312:
915:granted protection to Malacca against attacks from
899:
Map of 15th century Malacca and its contemporaries.
709:, reflecting Parameswara's history as one, and the
610:on the other hand said it was the Majapahit, while
215:
205:
193:
181:
171:
150:
134:
118:
114:
104:
94:
86:
78:
68:
58:
50:
42:
23:
1168:, on banquet in reward him on visit to Ming court.
429:, Iskandar Shah (Parameswara) was a descendant of
2180:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
2089:Sejarah Melayu - A History of the Malay peninsula
2069:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
1825:Parameswara and Temasek: The Sacking of Singapore
1482:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800
1417:
1415:
1356:
1354:
983:distributed by the Singapore Bicentennial Office.
981:Parameswara and Temasek: The Sacking of Singapore
705:as a transliteration of the term for a fugitive,
1518:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 245–246.
390:is also believed to be a small part of a longer
956:
2160:(1938), "The Malay Annals or Sejarah Melayu",
386:') in the Malay language. Therefore, the name
2292:
1178:17 August 1411: A banquet was conferred upon
963:Tributes that Malacca paid to Ming included:
8:
846:However, the 16th-century Portuguese writer
1863:
1776:
1749:, Papers on Early South-East Asian History.
1421:
2299:
2285:
2277:
2189:
2047:The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, 1512–1515
1671:. University of Malaya Press. p. 34.
31:
20:
1504:
1502:
1463:
1208:
1206:
2013:, vol. 16, Editions Didier Millet,
1851:
1292:A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005
801:. Parameswara was succeeded by his son,
1720:
1718:
1515:The Indianized states of Southeast Asia
1438:Palembang Prince or Singapore Renegade?
1202:
1752:
1406:
1360:
1345:
1333:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1239:
923:and Malacca officially submitted as a
2121:Tsang, Susan; Perera, Audrey (2011),
1451:
1433:
7:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1905:
1890:
1875:
1806:
1791:
1318:
667:, legend has it that the king saw a
1263:Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia
1259:"The first three rulers of Malacca"
737:Malacca (滿剌加) as it appears in the
1987:Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu)
1727:Journal of Southeast Asian History
826:moniker Iskandar Shah used in the
741:, regarded as a record of Admiral
570:court, secretly sent a message to
347:is Persian for "Alexander", after
14:
2185:Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu
2009:Ahmad Sarji, Abdul Hamid (2011),
1090:- a Malay literature compiled by
891:Foreign relations with Ming China
329:is also one of the names of Lord
2366:
2317:
16:Founder of the Malacca Sultanate
1485:. NUS Press. pp. 155–163.
447:were written shortly after the
1213:Abdul Rashid, Faridah (2012).
1108:Portuguese conquest of Malacca
535:Based on the account from the
492:being the son of Parameswara.
449:Portuguese conquest of Malacca
1:
2403:15th-century monarchs in Asia
2398:14th-century monarchs in Asia
1295:. NUS Press. pp. 21–22.
1990:, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,
1261:. In L., Suryadinata (ed.).
2031:, Editions Didlers Millet,
1114:also mentioned Parameswara.
692:) scientifically termed as
2449:
2045:Cortesao, Armando (1990),
1759:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1550:Cheah, Boon Kheng (1998).
1382:University of Malaya Press
280:
37:A depiction of Parameswara
2364:
2324:
2315:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2192:
2027:Asmah, Haji Omar (2004),
1739:10.1017/S0217781100000958
1695:; Goh, Geok Yian (2016).
1638:10.1017/S0041977X00081933
1595:10.1017/S0041977X00083312
1123:
318:
30:
2103:Taylor, Nora A. (2000),
1984:Ahmad, A. Samad (1979),
1701:. Taylor & Francis.
2194:Parameswara of Malacca
2158:Windstedt, Richard Olaf
1698:Ancient South East Asia
1669:Sejarah dan Kesarjanaan
1422:Tsang & Perera 2011
1219:. Xlibris Corporation.
1015:Maritime Southeast Asia
628:Coat of arms of Malacca
241:, was the last king of
2245:Kingdom disestablished
984:
961:
900:
755:
689:
631:
532:
305:name derived from the
109:Kingdom disestablished
2049:, Laurier Books Ltd,
1112:Afonso de Albuquerque
1043:European colonisation
978:
898:
749:, as compiled in the
736:
625:
618:Foundation of Malacca
520:
281:Further information:
2253:Position established
2139:Wade, Geoff (2005),
2066:(15 November 2013),
1479:(15 November 2013).
1106:Tom Pires after the
362:The Ming Chronicle (
325:as an intensifier.
245:and the founder of
125:Kingdom of Singapura
2269:Megat Iskandar Shah
2123:Singapore at Random
1822:Foo, S. C. (2019).
1289:(30 October 2009).
1128:150 records or more
803:Megat Iskandar Shah
695:Phyllanthus emblica
490:Megat Iskandar Shah
349:Alexander the Great
301:. Parameswara is a
249:. According to the
188:Megat Iskandar Shah
73:Megat Iskandar Shah
2413:History of Malacca
2393:Sultans of Malacca
2388:Rajas of Singapore
2308:Rajas of Singapura
2004:on 12 October 2013
1409:, pp. 177–178
1384:. pp. 82–83.
1348:, pp. 155–156
1242:, pp. 155–163
1007:Sultan Mansur Shah
985:
901:
756:
632:
533:
283:Parameshwara (god)
2423:Founding monarchs
2375:
2374:
2359:(1389–1398)
2349:(1375–1389)
2343:(1362–1375)
2337:(1347–1362)
2331:(1299–1347)
2275:
2274:
2266:Succeeded by
2259:Sultan of Malacca
2243:Succeeded by
2236:Raja of Singapura
2132:978-981-4260-37-4
2125:, Didier Millet,
2114:978-0-87727-728-6
2056:978-81-206-0535-0
2020:978-981-3018-54-9
1838:978-981-14-4103-5
1678:978-967-0380-40-7
1539:Origin of Malacca
1257:Wang, G. (2005).
1226:978-1-4691-7243-9
1059:Strait of Malacca
878:, the third king
661:According to the
612:Godinho de Erédia
600:Ayutthaya Kingdom
529:Fort Canning Hill
513:Fall of Singapura
263:Malacca Sultanate
226:
225:
145:Malacca Sultanate
81:Raja of Singapura
63:Sultanate founded
45:Sultan of Malacca
2440:
2370:
2341:Sri Rana Wikrama
2335:Sri Wikrama Wira
2321:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2251:Preceded by
2226:Preceded by
2216:
2209:
2190:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2117:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2082:
2059:
2041:
2023:
2005:
2000:, archived from
1972:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1864:Ahmad Sarji 2011
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1796:Search - Malacca
1789:
1780:
1777:Ahmad Sarji 2011
1774:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1589:(3/4): 726–729.
1578:
1572:
1571:
1562:(2 (275)): 109.
1547:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1454:, pp. 69–70
1449:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1380:. Kuala Lumpur:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1210:
1171:14 August 1411:
1150:3 October 1405:
1130:on Parameswara (
1125:
866:Raffles MS no.18
817:Religious belief
747:treasure voyages
729:Reign in Malacca
598:and the Siamese
568:
553:Sri Rana Wikrama
320:
35:
21:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2362:
2329:Sang Nila Utama
2322:
2311:
2305:
2271:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2176:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2120:
2115:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2064:Miksic, John N.
2062:
2057:
2044:
2039:
2026:
2021:
2008:
1998:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1919:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:. Ethos Books.
1828:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1751:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1693:Miksic, John N.
1691:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1580:
1579:
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1367:
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1317:
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1273:
1256:
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1246:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1187:Bai-li-mi-su-la
1180:Bai-li-mi-su-la
1173:Bai-li-mi-su-la
1166:Bai-li-mi-su-la
1164:4 August 1411:
1159:Bai-li-mi-su-la
1152:Bai-li-mi-su-la
1132:Bai-li-mi-su-la
1082:
1080:Primary sources
1077:
1055:
1049:of the region.
973:
893:
868:version of the
857:History of Ming
819:
731:
620:
572:Wikramawardhana
566:
515:
431:Sang Nila Utama
409:
404:
396:Abu Syahid Shah
376:Sang Nila Utama
285:
279:
222:
167:
139:
123:
38:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Hindu monarchs
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2353:Iskandar Shah
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:Regnal titles
2218:
2217:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2174:External links
2172:
2171:
2170:
2154:
2136:
2131:
2118:
2113:
2100:
2083:
2079:978-9971695743
2078:
2060:
2055:
2042:
2037:
2024:
2019:
2006:
1996:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1958:
1943:
1928:
1913:
1898:
1883:
1868:
1856:
1854:, p. lxxv
1844:
1837:
1814:
1799:
1781:
1766:
1733:(2): 104–128.
1714:
1707:
1684:
1677:
1659:
1632:(1): 182–183.
1616:
1573:
1542:
1531:
1524:
1498:
1492:978-9971695743
1491:
1477:John N. Miksic
1468:
1464:Windstedt 1938
1456:
1441:
1426:
1411:
1399:
1365:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1308:
1302:978-9971694302
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1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1122:(Chinese:
1115:
1095:
1092:Tun Sri Lanang
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1039:Sunan Kalijaga
972:
969:
952:Yongle Emperor
905:Yongle Emperor
892:
889:
832:R. O. Winstedt
818:
815:
807:Bukit Larangan
772:Yongle Emperor
730:
727:
619:
616:
608:Diogo do Couto
604:João de Barros
596:Patani Kingdom
514:
511:
502:Dao Yi Zhi Lue
481:João de Barros
408:
405:
403:
400:
293:, and written
278:
275:
224:
223:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
185:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
164:Bukit Larangan
154:
152:
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147:
138:1414 (aged 70)
136:
132:
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120:
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2327:
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2261:
2260:
2249:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:, NUS Press,
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2038:981-3018-52-6
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1997:983-62-5601-6
1993:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1866:, p. 119
1865:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:Cortesao 1990
1848:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1779:, p. 116
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:9781317279037
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
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1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1525:9780824803681
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1510:Cœdès, George
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1424:, p. 120
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Paul Wheatley
1369:
1366:
1363:, p. 162
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1336:, p. 154
1335:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1287:C.M. Turnbull
1282:
1279:
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1245:
1241:
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1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:- written by
1101:
1100:
1099:Suma Oriental
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:Malacca River
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
982:
977:
970:
968:
966:
960:
955:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
897:
890:
888:
886:
885:Muzaffar Shah
881:
880:Muhammad Shah
877:
873:
872:
867:
863:
859:
858:
853:
852:Iskandar Shah
849:
844:
842:
838:
837:George Coedes
833:
829:
825:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
784:
779:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
754:
753:
748:
744:
740:
735:
728:
726:
724:
723:Muhammad Shah
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:Suma Oriental
699:
697:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
670:
666:
665:
659:
657:
653:
652:Malacca River
649:
645:
641:
637:
629:
624:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
587:
585:
579:
577:
573:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
530:
526:
525:
519:
512:
510:
508:
504:
503:
498:
493:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Suma Oriental
470:
466:
465:Suma Oriental
461:
457:
456:Suma Oriental
452:
450:
446:
442:
441:
440:Suma Oriental
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
406:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
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358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
324:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
290:Suma Oriental
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:Iskandar Shah
236:
235:
230:
221:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
201:
198:
196:
192:
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186:
184:
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149:
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137:
133:
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126:
121:
117:
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110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2354:
2352:
2347:Sri Maharaja
2257:
2234:
2229:Sri Maharaja
2212:
2205:
2200:Sang Sapurba
2197:
2168:, The Branch
2165:
2161:
2147:, retrieved
2141:
2122:
2104:
2093:, retrieved
2088:
2068:
2046:
2028:
2010:
2002:the original
1986:
1978:Bibliography
1961:
1946:
1931:
1916:
1901:
1886:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1824:
1817:
1802:
1755:cite journal
1730:
1726:
1697:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1534:
1514:
1481:
1471:
1466:, p. 32
1459:
1429:
1402:
1393:
1377:
1368:
1341:
1329:
1291:
1281:
1262:
1235:
1215:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1097:
1087:Malay Annals
1085:
1047:Malayisation
1035:Sunan Bonang
1012:
1003:Malay Annals
1002:
998:
988:
986:
980:
962:
957:
949:
925:protectorate
902:
876:Malay Annals
875:
871:Malay Annals
869:
865:
855:
845:
828:Malay Annals
827:
820:
799:Port Dickson
795:Tanjung Tuan
788:
780:
776:Ming dynasty
769:
757:
750:
714:
711:Malay Annals
710:
706:
702:
700:
693:
690:Pokok Melaka
682:coat of arms
664:Malay Annals
662:
660:
656:Malacca City
640:Biawak Busuk
633:
588:
584:Malay Annals
583:
580:
564:Malay annals
563:
561:
549:Malay Annals
548:
545:Malay Annals
544:
541:Sri Maharaja
537:Malay Annals
536:
534:
522:
500:
494:
472:
469:Malay Annals
468:
464:
460:Malay Annals
459:
455:
453:
438:
435:Malay Annals
434:
427:Malay Annals
426:
414:Malay Annals
412:
410:
392:regnal title
387:
371:Malay Annals
369:
363:
361:
357:Malay Annals
356:
336:Malay Annals
334:
326:
310:
298:
294:
288:
286:
259:Bertam river
251:Malay Annals
250:
238:
234:Malay Annals
232:
228:
227:
210:Sri Maharaja
176:Puteri Ratna
156:Tanjung Tuan
108:
99:Sri Maharaja
62:
18:
2433:1414 deaths
2428:1344 births
2357:Parameswara
2310:(1299–1398)
2086:Sabrizain,
1407:Miksic 2013
1361:Miksic 2013
1346:Miksic 2013
1334:Miksic 2013
1240:Miksic 2013
990:Alam Melayu
937:Middle East
862:Wang Gungwu
739:Mao Kun map
591:Parameswara
527:erected on
507:Wang Dayuan
505:written by
388:Parameswara
327:Parameśvara
311:Parameśvara
229:Parameswara
166:, Singapore
95:Predecessor
59:Predecessor
24:Parameswara
2382:Categories
2263:1402–1414
2240:1389–1398
2149:6 November
2095:6 November
1968:, p.
1953:, p.
1938:, p.
1923:, p.
1908:, p.
1893:, p.
1878:, p.
1809:, p.
1794:, p.
1452:Ahmad 1979
1436:, p.
1395:continued.
1321:, p.
1272:9812303294
1119:Ming Shilu
1104:Portuguese
1075:References
1069:Orang Laut
1031:Wali Sanga
995:Tome Pires
929:Ming China
848:Tomé Pires
791:Ming China
761:Orang Laut
673:mouse deer
669:mouse deer
644:Kota Buruk
477:Tomé Pires
445:Tomé Pires
380:Permaisuri
365:Ming Shilu
299:Parimicura
295:Paramicura
2408:Palembang
2198:House of
1966:Wade 2005
1951:Wade 2005
1936:Wade 2005
1921:Wade 2005
1906:Wade 2005
1891:Wade 2005
1876:Wade 2005
1807:Wade 2005
1792:Wade 2005
1654:162728998
1611:162273586
1434:Sabrizain
1390:504030596
1319:Wade 2005
1198:Citations
1136:Singapore
1064:Hang Tuah
921:Majapahit
811:Singapore
765:Srivijaya
752:Wubei Zhi
576:Majapahit
557:Peureulak
485:Palembang
423:Singapura
402:Biography
341:Singapura
277:Etymology
267:Palembang
255:Majapahit
243:Singapura
129:Palembang
105:Successor
90:1389–1398
69:Successor
54:1402–1414
26:ڤارميسوار
1747:20067505
1568:41493366
1512:(1968).
1376:(1961).
1094:in 1612.
1053:See also
909:Zheng He
783:Zheng He
743:Zheng He
648:Seremban
345:Iskandar
319:परमेश्वर
315:Sanskrit
307:Sanskrit
220:Hinduism
216:Religion
2215:c. 1414
824:Persian
774:of the
715:Malakat
678:Malacca
524:keramat
497:Temasek
323:Ishvara
271:Sumatra
247:Malacca
200:Malacca
160:Malacca
2211:
2129:
2111:
2076:
2053:
2035:
2017:
1994:
1835:
1745:
1705:
1675:
1652:
1646:609071
1644:
1609:
1603:608731
1601:
1566:
1522:
1489:
1388:
1299:
1269:
1223:
997:said "
971:Legacy
945:Europe
941:Africa
809:Park,
719:Arabic
707:Malaqa
642:or at
407:Origin
351:, and
206:Father
172:Spouse
151:Burial
141:Melaka
2355:alias
2213:Died:
2206:Born:
1829:(PDF)
1743:JSTOR
1650:S2CID
1642:JSTOR
1607:S2CID
1599:JSTOR
1564:JSTOR
1027:Pasai
1019:Islam
965:agate
933:India
841:Pasai
686:Malay
567:'
454:Both
419:Johor
384:Queen
331:Shiva
309:word
303:Hindu
195:House
183:Issue
87:Reign
51:Reign
2208:1344
2151:2012
2127:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2097:2012
2074:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2033:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1880:Home
1833:ISBN
1761:link
1703:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1386:OCLC
1297:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1037:and
943:and
919:and
917:Siam
913:Ming
636:Muar
626:The
562:The
479:and
458:and
382:" ('
353:Shah
135:Died
122:1344
119:Born
79:5th
43:1st
2166:XVI
1970:881
1955:774
1940:770
1925:664
1910:387
1895:311
1811:786
1735:doi
1634:doi
1591:doi
1323:776
1124:明實錄
927:of
745:'s
680:'s
574:of
443:by
374:to
297:or
269:in
237:as
162:or
127:or
2384::
2164:,
1784:^
1769:^
1757:}}
1753:{{
1741:.
1729:.
1717:^
1648:.
1640:.
1630:13
1628:.
1605:.
1597:.
1587:12
1585:.
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1558:.
1554:.
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1444:^
1414:^
1392:.
1353:^
1311:^
1247:^
1205:^
947:.
939:,
935:,
887:.
698:.
688::
658:.
602:.
559:.
539:,
521:A
317::
158:,
143:,
2300:e
2293:t
2286:v
1841:.
1763:)
1737::
1731:5
1711:.
1681:.
1656:.
1636::
1613:.
1593::
1570:.
1528:.
1495:.
1305:.
1275:.
1229:.
1138:.
717:(
313:(
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