354:
315:
577:
125:
199:
281:
406:
an undulating surface. In addition to producing variation, iteration can be a powerful tool for both optimization and minimizing the time needed to achieve that optimization. Using a fluid parametric system, which can give immediate feedback, a designer can generate solutions and test them rapidly by iterating through many possibilities, each created with a different set of parameters.
25:
296:, he created a model of strings weighted down with birdshot to create complex vaulted ceilings and arches. By adjusting the position of the weights or the length of the strings, he could alter the shape of each arch and observe the impact on the connected arches. He placed a mirror at the bottom of the model to see how it would appear when built right-side-up.
66:
405:
In the case of parametric architecture, iteration can, in principle, create variation at every pass through the same set of instructions. Examples may include varying the size and shape of a floor plate as one builds a skyscraper, or changing the angle of a modular cladding system as it is tiled over
591:
An open source graphical scripting tool (or visual programming environment) for the design industries that is built into the Mac and
Windows versions of Vectorworks software. It enables designers to create custom application algorithms that build interactive parametric objects and streamline complex
310:
The vertex locations of the points on the strings serve as the model's outcomes. The outcomes are derived using explicit functions, in this case, gravity or Newton's law of motion. By modifying individual parameters of these models, GaudĂ could generate different versions of his model while ensuring
266:
usually signifies a variable term in equations that determine other values. A parameter, as opposed to a constant, is characterized by having a range of possible values. One of the most seductive powers of a parametric system is the ability to explore many design variations by modifying the value of
246:
In parametric design software, designers and engineers are free to add and adjust the parameters that affect the design results. For example, materials, dimensions, user requirements, and user body data. In the parametric design process, the designer can reveal the versions of the project and
435:
The parametric design method brings industrial designers more design possibilities. The parametric design method gives furniture designers opportunities to challenge more complex furniture structures and create more complex shapes. When dealing with ergonomic problems parametric design methods can
422:
Parametric design techniques enable architects and urban designers to better address and respond to diverse urban contexts, environmental challenges, and social issues. By integrating data and analysis into the design process, parametric urbanism allows for more informed and adaptive solutions to
242:
The principle of parametric design can be defined as mathematical design, where the relationship between the design elements is shown as parameters which could be reformulated to generate complex geometries, these geometries are based on the elements’ parameters, by changing these parameters; new
234:
Propagation-based systems, where algorithms generate final shapes that are not predetermined based on initial parametric inputs. Constraint systems, in which final constraints are set, and algorithms are used to define fundamental aspects (such as structures or material usage) that satisfy these
238:
Parametric tools enable reflection of both the associative logic and the geometry of the form generated by the parametric software. The design interface provides a visual screen to support visualization of the algorithmic structure of the parametric schema to support parametric modification.
570:
Like any programming environment, Grasshopper allows you to create algorithms, or sets of instructions, for telling a computer what to do. In traditional, text-based programming, these instructions are written using text that follows strict formatting rules and has a specific vocabulary for
364:
Nature has often served as inspiration for architects and designers. Computer technology has provided designers and architects with the tools to analyze and simulate the complexity observed in nature and apply it to structural building shapes and urban organizational patterns. In the 1980s,
418:
identifies occupying and connecting as the two fundamental processes involved in all urbanization. Parametric processes can help optimize pedestrian or vehicle circulation, block and façade orientations, and instantly compare the different performances of multiple urban design options.
512:(BIM) software used by architects and other building professionals. It creates three-dimensional parametric models that include both geometry and non-geometric design and construction information. It updates all components, views and annotations automatically when changes are made.
612:, developed by Agilicity d.o.o. (LLC). Its primary goal is to help the users create conceptual urban massing. It allows users to design buildings with key urban parameters such as number of stories and gross floor area, and calculates key urban control parameters on the fly (e.g.
431:
With the development of technology and the improvement of people's quality of life, there are more and more factors that affect the final result of interior and furniture design. Space, form, color, line, light, color, pattern, and texture are all influencing elements.
235:
constraints. Form-finding processes are often implemented through propagation-based systems. These processes optimize certain design objectives against a set of design constraints, allowing the final form of the designed object to be "found" based on these constraints.
353:
571:
describing computer operations. With visual programming, the instructions are described in a visual interface using a set of nodes, or components, that describe operations, and a set of lines, or wires, that create connections between them.
311:
the resulting structure would stand in pure compression. Instead of manually calculating the results of parametric equations, he could automatically derive the shape of the catenary curves through the force of gravity acting on the strings.
258:
The word parameter derives from the Greek for para (besides, before or instead of) + metron (measure). If we look at the Greek origin of the word, it becomes clear that the word means a term that stands in for or determines another measure.
544:
that allows users to model and manipulate geometry, apply rules and relationships, or define complex forms and systems through algorithms. It supports many industry standard file formats and can integrate with
Building Information Modeling
491:
A 3D computer graphics software for interactive 3D applications, including video games, animated film, TV series, or visual effects. It has a node graph architecture, a scripting language called Maya
Embedded Language (MEL), and supports
439:
Using design tables in the furniture industry to implement parametric design is useful when a large order needs to be fulfilled with different sizes of the same model of furniture, as it reduces work time and the possibility of error.
250:
In the parametric design process, Any change of parameters like editing or developing will be automatically and immediately updated in the model, which is like a “short cut” to the final model.
561:
that provides a visual programming language interface to create and edit geometry. It is based on graphs that map the flow of relations from parameters through user-defined functions (nodes).
402:
is an approach to continuously improving a concept, design, or product. Creators produce a prototype, test it, tweak it, and repeat the cycle with the goal of getting closer to the solution.
395:
In the general architectural design, all design aspects and their dimensions can be considered as parameters, such as location, orientation, shape, solar radiation and so on.
247:
the final product, without going back to the beginning, by establishing the parameters and establishing the relationship between the variables after creating the first model.
479:
An open source graphical programming environment for design. It extends building information modeling with the data and logic environment of a graphical algorithm editor.
1228:
467:
A 3D modeling software for games, film, and motion graphics. It uses modifiers, wired parameters, and Max
Creation Graph to control its geometry and functionality.
2872:
1336:
213:
processes rather than direct manipulation. In this approach, parameters and rules establish the relationship between design intent and design response. The term
528:
for his curvilinear buildings such as the
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. It is the basis of Digital Project, a parametric design software by Gehry Technologies.
2941:
381:
358:
802:
Woodbury, Robert; Williamson, Shane; Beesley, Philip (2006). "Parametric
Modeling as a Design Representation in Architecture: a process account".
220:
While the term now typically refers to the use of computer algorithms in design, early precedents can be found in the work of architects such as
1089:
2946:
1360:
365:
architects and designers began using computers running software developed for the aerospace and moving picture industries to "animate form".
1727:
2890:
1685:
1203:
999:
975:
745:
38:
134:
2900:
1269:
1253:
Proceedings of the 23th
International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (ECAADe)
1124:
720:
185:
167:
106:
52:
596:
software. It is built in the Python programming language and consists of nodes that are linked together in a flowchart arrangement.
1293:
3131:
2750:
1424:
669:
664:
333:
German architect Frei Otto also experimented with non-digital parametric processes, using soap bubbles to find optimal shapes of
304:
GaudĂ's analog method incorporated the main features of a computational parametric model (input parameters, equation, output):
2253:
3308:
2895:
342:
1048:
Cruz, Renato Godoi da; Arcipreste, Cláudia Maria; Pinheiro, Rafael
Lemieszek; Ribas, Rovadávia Aline de Jesus (2021-08-02).
2966:
2519:
2042:
1619:
1609:
509:
493:
293:
632:
application for industrial design, freeform organic surface, and solids modeling. It can reverse engineer scanned meshes.
2772:
2755:
2477:
2317:
1752:
1668:
1641:
1382:
1050:"Generative design: information flow between genetic algorithm and parametric design in a steel structure construction"
2069:
1631:
681:
84:
3136:
2998:
2910:
2280:
1819:
314:
3093:
2762:
2377:
2372:
2302:
2243:
2047:
2032:
1843:
1759:
563:
Grasshopper is a visual programming environment built on top of Rhino. It allows you to create visual scripts or
392:. It serves as an example of the use of parametric design and production technologies in a large-scale building.
209:
is a design method in which features, such as building elements and engineering components, are shaped based on
138:
3098:
2855:
2767:
2529:
2216:
2146:
2007:
1863:
1774:
1648:
687:
2191:
3063:
3028:
2956:
2915:
2867:
2725:
2544:
2502:
2467:
2447:
2211:
2583:
2452:
2417:
1868:
1769:
1742:
1680:
338:
88:
44:
1251:
567:
that describe a design through a series of relationships between operations, geometries, and other data.
76:
3318:
3264:
3048:
2931:
2745:
2551:
2524:
2514:
2482:
2472:
2437:
2352:
2297:
2292:
2275:
2221:
2059:
2012:
1873:
1737:
1658:
1514:
586:
307:
The string length, birdshot weight, and anchor point location function as independent input parameters.
377:
1141:
937:
857:
818:
3218:
3073:
3033:
2787:
2740:
2561:
2509:
2432:
2422:
2322:
2285:
2265:
2196:
2186:
1594:
1584:
1541:
1519:
1474:
1417:
1093:
535:
322:
228:) by attaching weights to a system of strings to determine shapes for building features like arches.
3013:
2936:
2845:
2730:
2578:
2556:
2462:
2442:
2307:
2166:
2151:
2064:
1831:
1784:
1565:
385:
423:
urban design challenges, ultimately leading to more resilient and sustainable urban environments.
3250:
3126:
3078:
3053:
2492:
2327:
2312:
2171:
1987:
1858:
1804:
1536:
1275:
781:
3278:
436:
help designers create real-use digital scenarios and provide more comfortable design concepts.
3233:
3203:
3008:
2961:
2817:
2807:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2588:
2412:
2367:
2357:
2342:
2337:
2270:
2206:
2201:
2104:
1939:
1836:
1814:
1764:
1722:
1712:
1626:
1504:
1444:
1265:
1161:
1120:
1071:
957:
918:
877:
838:
741:
716:
652:
373:
2248:
1314:
3208:
3173:
3148:
2861:
2835:
2797:
2603:
2539:
2487:
2392:
2382:
2362:
2238:
2156:
2109:
2079:
2054:
2022:
1982:
1922:
1853:
1692:
1257:
1153:
1061:
949:
908:
869:
830:
773:
646:
613:
609:
462:
288:
One of the earliest instances of parametric design was the upside-down model of churches by
225:
3313:
3198:
3178:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3038:
2673:
2663:
2648:
2608:
2573:
2566:
2497:
2457:
2226:
2099:
2089:
1997:
1954:
1934:
1663:
1614:
1410:
623:
541:
474:
414:
Parametric urbanism focuses on the study and prediction of settlement patterns. Architect
389:
221:
368:
One of the first architects and theorists to use computers to generate architecture was
3223:
3168:
3121:
3103:
2905:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2613:
2407:
2387:
2260:
2231:
2181:
2114:
2084:
2074:
2037:
1959:
1917:
1912:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1697:
1675:
1509:
1499:
576:
552:
503:
1250:
Steinø, Nicolai; Veirum, Niels Einar (2005). "A Parametric
Approach to Urban Design".
1024:
896:
3302:
3228:
3213:
3193:
3116:
3018:
2850:
2840:
2668:
2658:
2633:
2598:
2161:
2094:
2017:
1992:
1944:
1929:
1636:
1556:
1279:
1179:
658:
558:
486:
289:
1066:
1049:
785:
3111:
3088:
3058:
3043:
2332:
1949:
1890:
1702:
1653:
1604:
1579:
1531:
1524:
149:
1319:
ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS - Series: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS, and ENGINEERING
1261:
198:
834:
3188:
3183:
3163:
3083:
3003:
2812:
2717:
2027:
2002:
1974:
1903:
1848:
1826:
1574:
1551:
1546:
1489:
1484:
593:
525:
280:
1157:
953:
873:
3285:
2802:
2397:
2176:
1898:
1878:
1732:
1570:
675:
629:
334:
1165:
1075:
961:
922:
881:
842:
380:
are early examples of computer-generated architecture. The new
Terminal 3 of
3271:
3257:
3068:
2792:
2777:
2735:
2347:
1907:
1747:
415:
369:
318:
210:
145:
913:
897:"Parametric Modelling in Furniture Design A Case Study: Two Door Wardrope"
2402:
1449:
284:
An upside-down force model of the Sagrada FamĂlia, Sagrada FamĂlia Museum
819:"Thinking difference: Theories and models of parametric design thinking"
690: – Book about the geometry and philosophy of architectural surfaces
3023:
2951:
1561:
603:
1229:"Parametricism - A New Global Style for Architecture and Urban Design"
2782:
1433:
326:
777:
764:
Frazer, John (2016). "Parametric Computation: History and Future".
1494:
1204:"Introduction - Parametric Design for Architecture [Book]"
1000:"Introduction - Parametric Design for Architecture [Book]"
976:"Introduction - Parametric Design for Architecture [Book]"
575:
519:
352:
313:
279:
197:
217:
refers to the input parameters that are fed into the algorithms.
2534:
231:
Parametric modeling can be classified into two main categories:
2987:
2690:
2135:
1462:
1406:
224:. GaudĂ used a mechanical model for architectural design (see
118:
59:
18:
684: – Programming language written graphically by a user
1402:
1294:"The 7 elements of interior design – Inspiration corner"
1142:"Parametric design and daylighting: A literature review"
938:"Parametric design and daylighting: A literature review"
858:"Parametric design and daylighting: A literature review"
804:
Cumulative Index of Computer Aided Architectural Design
384:, completed in 2013, was designed by Italian architect
1313:
Buna, Zsolt; Badiu, Ionuţ; Éles, Arnold (2015-06-29).
1180:"All about the Iterative Design Process | Smartsheet"
388:
with parametric design support from engineering firm
329:, are an example of a non-digital parametric process.
2924:
2883:
2826:
2716:
1968:
1887:
1803:
1711:
1593:
1473:
1315:"ON USING PARAMETRIC MODELING IN FURNITURE DESIGN"
901:The European Journal of Research and Development
608:A parametric urban design software plug-in for
1418:
1337:"The construction - Guggenheim Museum Bilbao"
8:
87:. There might be a discussion about this on
1140:Eltaweel, Ahmad; Su, Yuehong (2017-06-01).
936:Eltaweel, Ahmad; Su, Yuehong (2017-06-01).
856:Eltaweel, Ahmad; Su, Yuehong (2017-06-01).
321:'s tensegrity structures, designed for the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2984:
2713:
2687:
2132:
1470:
1459:
1425:
1411:
1403:
797:
795:
447:
148:. Please do not remove this message until
1065:
912:
672: – Approach to computer-aided design
524:A 3D modeling software used by architect
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
2942:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
1146:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
942:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
862:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
759:
757:
144:Relevant discussion may be found on the
700:
540:A parametric CAD software developed by
649: – Computing as applied to design
2947:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
1043:
1041:
706:
704:
382:Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport
359:Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport
262:In parametric CAD software, the term
7:
1090:"Parametric Design: a Brief History"
616:or required number of parking lots).
243:shapes are created simultaneously.
2891:American Institute of Graphic Arts
1383:"Getting started with Grasshopper"
1117:Parametric Design for Architecture
713:Parametric Design for Architecture
661: – Modern architectural style
14:
2901:Design and Industries Association
895:Felek, Seval Ă–zgel (2022-06-07).
34:This article has multiple issues.
670:Responsive computer-aided design
655: – Iterative design process
123:
64:
23:
1361:"Computational Design Software"
1067:10.1590/s1678-86212021000400569
42:or discuss these issues on the
2896:Chartered Society of Designers
1256:. CUMINCAD. pp. 679–686.
825:. Parametric Design Thinking.
343:1972 Summer Olympics in Munich
267:a few controlling parameters
1:
2967:Prince Philip Designers Prize
1610:Architectural lighting design
1262:10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.679
738:Elements of Parametric Design
678: – Art of arranging type
510:building information modeling
2773:Electronic design automation
2756:Virtual home design software
1728:Automotive suspension design
835:10.1016/j.destud.2017.06.001
1632:Environmental impact design
1387:Introduction to Grasshopper
1227:Schumacher, Patrik (2009).
817:Oxman, Rivka (2017-09-01).
682:Visual programming language
150:conditions to do so are met
3335:
2911:International Forum Design
2281:Engineering design process
1381:Nagy, Danil (2020-05-29).
1158:10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.011
954:10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.011
874:10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.011
300:Features of GaudĂ's method
276:Analogue parametric design
202:Sharan Architecture+Design
3246:
2994:
2983:
2712:
2686:
2142:
2131:
2033:Integrated circuit design
1955:Stage/set lighting design
1844:Hardware interface design
1760:Hardware interface design
1469:
1458:
1440:
1119:. London: Laurence King.
1025:"A History of Parametric"
736:Woodbury, Robert (2010).
715:. London: Laurence King.
16:Engineering design method
2868:Industrial design rights
2856:Fashion design copyright
2768:Design quality indicator
2217:Creative problem-solving
2008:Electrical system design
1864:Sonic interaction design
1775:Photographic lens design
1649:Healthy community design
1341:Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
688:IJP The Book of Surfaces
292:. In his design for the
271:History (early examples)
3064:New product development
3029:Enterprise architecture
2957:IF Product Design Award
2916:Design Research Society
2468:Reliability engineering
1233:AD Architectural Design
1092:. AIACC. Archived from
294:Church of Colònia Güell
2520:Top-down and bottom-up
1869:User experience design
1770:Packaging and labeling
1743:Electric guitar design
1681:Landscape architecture
914:10.56038/ejrnd.v2i2.29
772:(March/April): 18–23.
580:
361:
339:Munich Olympic Stadium
330:
299:
285:
203:
3309:Computer-aided design
3049:Innovation management
2932:European Design Award
2698:Intellectual property
2515:Theory of constraints
2478:Responsibility-driven
2318:For manufacturability
2222:Creativity techniques
2060:Nuclear weapon design
1874:User interface design
1738:Corrugated box design
1659:Interior architecture
1115:Jabi, Wassim (2013).
711:Jabi, Wassim (2013).
579:
356:
335:tensegrity structures
317:
283:
201:
3094:Unintelligent design
3074:Philosophy of design
2788:Design specification
2741:Comprehensive layout
2313:For behaviour change
2286:Probabilistic design
2048:Power network design
1585:Visual merchandising
1542:Instructional design
1520:Postage stamp design
766:Architectural Design
536:GenerativeComponents
323:1972 Summer Olympics
77:confusing or unclear
3014:Creative industries
2937:German Design Award
2846:Design infringement
2731:Architectural model
2070:Organization design
2065:Nucleic acid design
2013:Experimental design
1566:Traffic sign design
1054:Ambiente ConstruĂdo
386:Massimiliano Fuksas
341:, designed for the
137:of this article is
85:clarify the article
3079:Process simulation
3054:Intelligent design
2378:Intelligence-based
2373:Integrated topside
2303:Framework-oriented
1988:Behavioural design
1859:Information design
1537:Information design
1184:www.smartsheet.com
581:
362:
357:Departure Hall of
331:
286:
204:
3296:
3295:
3242:
3241:
3009:Conceptual design
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2962:James Dyson Award
2818:Website wireframe
2808:Technical drawing
2682:
2681:
2530:Transgenerational
2271:Ecological design
2147:Activity-centered
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2105:Spacecraft design
1899:Public art design
1837:Video game design
1815:Experience design
1785:Production design
1765:Motorcycle design
1723:Automotive design
1627:Ecological design
1505:Film title design
653:Generative design
638:
637:
592:workflows within
427:Industrial design
400:iterative process
378:fold architecture
207:Parametric design
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
170:
117:
116:
109:
57:
3326:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
2985:
2862:Geschmacksmuster
2836:Community design
2714:
2688:
2448:Process-centered
2244:Design–bid–build
2212:Cradle-to-cradle
2192:Concept-oriented
2133:
2110:Strategic design
2080:Processor design
2055:Mechanism design
2023:Geometric design
1983:Algorithm design
1923:Jewellery design
1854:Immersive design
1748:Furniture design
1693:Landscape design
1471:
1460:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
972:
966:
965:
933:
927:
926:
916:
892:
886:
885:
853:
847:
846:
814:
808:
807:
799:
790:
789:
761:
752:
751:
733:
727:
726:
708:
647:Design computing
614:floor area ratio
610:Trimble SketchUp
463:Autodesk 3DS Max
448:
226:analogical model
191:
184:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
127:
126:
119:
112:
105:
101:
98:
92:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3238:
3039:Futures studies
2990:
2971:
2920:
2879:
2828:
2822:
2708:
2707:
2678:
2584:Value sensitive
2574:User innovation
2453:Public interest
2418:Object-oriented
2138:
2119:
2100:Software design
2090:Research design
2043:Physical design
1998:Database design
1972:
1970:
1964:
1940:Property design
1935:Game art design
1889:
1883:
1806:
1799:
1714:
1707:
1664:Interior design
1615:Building design
1596:
1589:
1476:
1465:
1454:
1436:
1431:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1272:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1208:www.oreilly.com
1202:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1096:on 14 June 2019
1088:
1087:
1083:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:Davis, Daniel.
1022:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1004:www.oreilly.com
998:
997:
993:
984:
982:
980:www.oreilly.com
974:
973:
969:
935:
934:
930:
894:
893:
889:
855:
854:
850:
816:
815:
811:
801:
800:
793:
778:10.1002/ad.2019
763:
762:
755:
748:
735:
734:
730:
723:
710:
709:
702:
697:
665:Parametrization
643:
624:Power Surfacing
542:Bentley Systems
475:Autodesk Dynamo
446:
429:
412:
390:Knippers Helbig
351:
337:such as in the
302:
278:
273:
256:
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
163:
157:
154:
143:
128:
124:
113:
102:
96:
93:
82:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3332:
3330:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3106:
3104:Wicked problem
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:Related topics
2988:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Design Council
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2873:European Union
2865:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2552:Usage-centered
2549:
2548:
2547:
2545:Design for All
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Transformation
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Research-based
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Platform-based
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:KISS principle
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Fault-tolerant
2295:
2293:Error-tolerant
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2276:Energy neutral
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2232:Design fiction
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2115:Systems design
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Protein design
2082:
2077:
2075:Process design
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Circuit design
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1960:Textile design
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1918:Costume design
1913:Fashion design
1910:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1795:Service design
1792:
1790:Sensory design
1787:
1782:
1780:Product design
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1698:Spatial design
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1676:Keyline design
1673:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1642:Computer-aided
1634:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1510:Graphic design
1507:
1502:
1500:Exhibit design
1497:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1373:
1352:
1328:
1305:
1285:
1270:
1242:
1219:
1195:
1171:
1132:
1125:
1107:
1081:
1060:(4): 271–289.
1037:
1015:
991:
967:
928:
887:
848:
823:Design Studies
809:
791:
753:
747:978-0415779876
746:
728:
721:
699:
698:
696:
693:
692:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
662:
656:
650:
642:
639:
636:
635:
633:
626:
620:
619:
617:
606:
600:
599:
597:
589:
583:
582:
573:
557:A plug-in for
555:
553:Grasshopper 3D
549:
548:
546:
538:
532:
531:
529:
522:
516:
515:
513:
506:
504:Autodesk Revit
500:
499:
497:
489:
483:
482:
480:
477:
471:
470:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
452:
445:
442:
428:
425:
411:
408:
350:
347:
301:
298:
277:
274:
272:
269:
255:
252:
194:
193:
176:
175:
131:
129:
122:
115:
114:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3331:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:specification
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:architectural
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Visualization
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Cultural icon
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:Organizations
2882:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Design patent
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Design around
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2701:Organizations
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:User-centered
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Tableless web
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Participatory
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:For Six Sigma
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Domain-driven
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:architect-led
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Configuration
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Brainstorming
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Social design
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Filter design
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Boiler design
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Scenic design
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Floral design
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:Garden design
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:Passive solar
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1595:Environmental
1592:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:Retail design
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1475:Communication
1472:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:0-9541183-3-2
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:: 1086–1103.
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1126:9781780673141
1122:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
981:
977:
971:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:: 1086–1103.
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:: 1086–1103.
867:
863:
859:
852:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
810:
805:
798:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
758:
754:
749:
743:
740:. Routledge.
739:
732:
729:
724:
722:9781780673141
718:
714:
707:
705:
701:
694:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
666:
663:
660:
659:Parametricism
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
640:
634:
631:
627:
625:
622:
621:
618:
615:
611:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
595:
590:
588:
585:
584:
578:
574:
572:
568:
566:
560:
559:Rhinoceros 3D
556:
554:
551:
550:
547:
543:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
527:
523:
521:
518:
517:
514:
511:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
490:
488:
487:Autodesk Maya
485:
484:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
450:
449:
443:
441:
437:
433:
426:
424:
420:
417:
409:
407:
403:
401:
396:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
360:
355:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
297:
295:
291:
290:Antonio Gaudi
282:
275:
270:
268:
265:
260:
253:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
200:
190:
187:
172:
169:
161:
158:December 2015
151:
147:
141:
140:
136:
130:
121:
120:
111:
108:
100:
97:November 2016
90:
89:the talk page
86:
80:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3319:Architecture
3089:STEAM fields
3059:Lean startup
3044:Indie design
2860:
2827:Intellectual
2579:Value-driven
2557:Use-centered
2463:Regenerative
2443:Policy-based
2427:
2403:Mind mapping
2308:For assembly
2249:Design–build
2167:By committee
2152:Adaptive web
1950:Sound design
1908:glass design
1906: /
1891:applied arts
1832:Level design
1703:Urban design
1654:Hotel design
1605:Architecture
1580:Video design
1573: /
1564: /
1532:Illustration
1525:Print design
1495:Brand design
1390:. Retrieved
1386:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1288:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1198:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1116:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1084:
1057:
1053:
1028:. Retrieved
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
983:. Retrieved
979:
970:
945:
941:
931:
907:(2): 62–74.
904:
900:
890:
865:
861:
851:
826:
822:
812:
803:
769:
765:
737:
731:
712:
569:
564:
562:
438:
434:
430:
421:
413:
410:Urban design
404:
399:
397:
394:
367:
363:
349:Architecture
332:
309:
306:
303:
287:
263:
261:
257:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
222:Antoni GaudĂ
219:
214:
206:
205:
182:
164:
155:
133:
103:
94:
83:Please help
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3127:competition
3084:Slow design
3034:Form factor
3004:Concept art
2813:HTML editor
2493:Sustainable
2328:For testing
2172:By contract
2028:Work design
2003:Drug design
1975:engineering
1849:Icon design
1827:Game design
1805:Interaction
1753:Sustainable
1686:Sustainable
1575:Type design
1552:Photography
1547:News design
1490:Book design
1485:Advertising
1464:Disciplines
1366:25 February
594:Vectorworks
565:definitions
526:Frank Gehry
454:Description
211:algorithmic
3303:Categories
3287:Wiktionary
3280:Wikisource
3234:technology
3204:principles
2803:Storyboard
2629:management
2624:leadership
2589:Privacy by
2428:Parametric
2398:Metadesign
2368:Integrated
2358:High-level
2343:Generative
2338:Functional
2207:Continuous
2202:Contextual
2177:C-K theory
2137:Approaches
1879:Web design
1733:CMF design
1713:Industrial
1571:Typography
1392:2024-04-10
1346:2017-05-20
1299:2024-04-10
1213:2024-04-10
1189:2024-04-10
1009:2024-04-10
985:2024-04-10
695:References
676:Typography
630:SolidWorks
587:Marionette
215:parametric
135:neutrality
79:to readers
39:improve it
3273:Wikiquote
3259:Wikibooks
3209:rationale
3174:knowledge
3149:education
3069:OODA loop
2793:Prototype
2778:Flowchart
2736:Blueprint
2604:computing
2540:Universal
2488:Safe-life
2393:Low-level
2383:Iterative
2363:Inclusive
2348:Geodesign
2239:Defensive
2187:Co-design
2157:Affective
1280:113462702
1166:1364-0321
1076:1415-8876
962:1364-0321
923:2822-2296
882:1364-0321
843:0142-694X
416:Frei Otto
370:Greg Lynn
319:Frei Otto
264:parameter
254:Parameter
146:talk page
45:talk page
3266:Wikinews
3199:paradigm
3179:language
3159:engineer
3154:elements
3144:director
2829:property
2674:thinking
2664:strategy
2649:research
2609:controls
2567:Empathic
2498:Systemic
2458:Rational
2413:New Wave
2227:Critical
1450:Designer
829:: 4–39.
786:63435340
641:See also
545:systems.
451:Software
444:Software
139:disputed
3252:Commons
3224:studies
3169:history
3137:student
3122:classic
3110:Design
3024:.design
2952:Graphex
2654:science
2644:pattern
2639:methods
2614:culture
2597:Design
2408:Modular
2261:Diffuse
2182:Closure
1904:Ceramic
1562:Signage
1445:Outline
1100:5 April
1030:5 April
604:Modelur
75:may be
3314:Design
3229:studio
3214:review
3194:museum
3117:change
2925:Awards
2798:Sketch
2783:Mockup
2763:CAutoD
2704:Awards
2669:theory
2659:sprint
2634:marker
2599:choice
1973:&
1971:design
1807:design
1715:design
1597:design
1515:Motion
1477:design
1434:Design
1278:
1268:
1164:
1123:
1074:
960:
921:
880:
841:
784:
744:
719:
494:Python
457:Image
372:. His
327:Munich
3112:brief
2999:Agile
2718:Tools
2695:Tools
2333:For X
1969:Other
1888:Other
1276:S2CID
782:S2CID
520:CATIA
3189:load
3184:life
3164:firm
2751:CAID
2619:flow
2535:TRIZ
2423:Open
1368:2016
1325:(2).
1266:ISBN
1239:(4).
1162:ISSN
1121:ISBN
1102:2014
1072:ISSN
1032:2014
958:ISSN
919:ISSN
878:ISSN
839:ISSN
742:ISBN
717:ISBN
398:The
376:and
374:blob
132:The
2746:CAD
2726:AAD
2503:SOD
2483:RWD
2353:HCD
1820:EED
1669:EID
1258:doi
1154:doi
1062:doi
950:doi
909:doi
870:doi
831:doi
774:doi
325:in
3305::
1385:.
1339:.
1323:58
1321:.
1317:.
1274:.
1264:.
1237:79
1235:.
1231:.
1206:.
1182:.
1160:.
1150:73
1148:.
1144:.
1070:.
1058:21
1056:.
1052:.
1040:^
1002:.
978:.
956:.
946:73
944:.
940:.
917:.
903:.
899:.
876:.
866:73
864:.
860:.
837:.
827:52
821:.
794:^
780:.
770:86
768:.
756:^
703:^
628:A
508:A
345:.
48:.
1426:e
1419:t
1412:v
1395:.
1370:.
1349:.
1302:.
1282:.
1260::
1216:.
1192:.
1168:.
1156::
1129:.
1104:.
1078:.
1064::
1034:.
1012:.
988:.
964:.
952::
925:.
911::
905:2
884:.
872::
845:.
833::
806:.
788:.
776::
750:.
725:.
496:.
189:)
183:(
171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
152:.
142:.
110:)
104:(
99:)
95:(
91:.
81:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
