51:
82:
216:. They are generally equal in proportion, but albumin is much smaller than globulin, and slightly negatively charged, which leads to an accumulation at the end of the electrophoretic gel. The globulins separate out into three regions on the electrophoretic gel, which are the α band, the ÎČ band, and the Îł band.
321:
The three types of paraproteins may occur alone or in combination in a given individual. Note that while most heavy chains or whole immunoglobulins remain within blood vessels, light chains frequently escape and are excreted by the kidneys into urine, where they take the name of Bence Jones protein.
566:
547:
1666:
635:
201:
These are characterized by the presence of any abnormal protein that is involved in the immune system, which are most often immunoglobulins and are associated with the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes.
1410:
433:
MartĂnez-GĂłmez MA, Carril-AvilĂ©s MM, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camañas RM, Medina-HernĂĄndez MJ (2007). "Characterization of antihistamine-human serum protein interactions by capillary electrophoresis".
628:
964:
205:
When a paraproteinemia is present in the blood, there will be a narrow band, or spike, in the serum protein electrophoresis because there will be an excess of production of one protein.
1081:
621:
1671:
1480:
683:
345:
130:
1694:
1046:
1436:
775:
372:
1735:
1126:
1639:
349:
1678:
1224:
969:
1103:
262:
The Îł band is where the immunoglobulins appear, which is why they are also known as gammaglobulins. The majority of paraproteins appear in this band.
1204:
1002:
333:
and may lead to further complications. For example, certain macroglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessel with cold, a phenomenon known as
1628:
1302:
856:
1475:
1294:
845:
1623:
1579:
1199:
997:
881:
1470:
768:
1431:
698:
338:
1661:
1653:
1512:
1390:
1329:
1315:
1209:
1150:
987:
913:
1709:
1619:
1569:
1465:
1194:
978:
58:
1601:
1507:
1490:
1298:
852:
761:
644:
337:. Others may make blood too viscous to flow smoothly (usually with IgM pentamer macroglobulins), a phenomenon known as
114:
1542:
1415:
1121:
467:
Abbas, A.K and
Lichtman, A.H. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Fifth Edition. Elsevier Saunders. Philadelphia. 2005
369:
1457:
717:
705:
296:
276:
175:
1345:
1186:
1108:
225:
1547:
1375:
585:
252:
1013:
352:(MGRS) results in kidney damage and chronic kidney disease due to the effects of monoclonal immunoglobulins.
477:
Leung, Nelson; Bridoux, Frank; Nasr, Samih H. (19 May 2021). "Monoclonal
Gammopathy of Renal Significance".
50:
1564:
1115:
313:. If immunoglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessels with cold, that phenomenon takes the name of
1441:
1420:
1334:
734:
1573:
1163:
1057:
656:
142:
126:
118:
1136:
959:
391:"A case of IgM paraproteinemia in which serum free light chain values were within reference intervals"
1370:
982:
893:
677:
159:
81:
1170:
954:
924:
710:
570:
301:
281:
1634:
502:
185:(no discernible cause): some of these will be revealed as leukemias or lymphomas over the years.
182:
271:
Paraproteinemias may be categorized according to the type of monoclonal protein found in blood:
220:
The α band can be separated into two components: α1 and α2. The α1 region consists mostly of α1-
613:
1714:
1384:
1365:
1354:
1144:
1034:
949:
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596:
494:
450:
412:
330:
314:
256:
70:
1484:
1263:
1131:
1030:
753:
742:
689:
673:
486:
442:
402:
334:
285:
122:
1257:
1252:
1061:
945:
811:
806:
660:
376:
99:
1704:
722:
309:
289:
188:
106:
579:
575:
1729:
1611:
1310:
1219:
1175:
992:
866:
506:
241:
233:
1214:
876:
668:
170:
590:
446:
407:
390:
370:
http://www.use.hcn.com.au/subject.%60Immunoproliferative%20Disorders%60/home.html
888:
248:
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221:
17:
523:
784:
601:
560:
556:
103:
325:
It is also possible for paraproteins (usually whole immunoglobulins) to form
498:
454:
416:
490:
1699:
1527:
1238:
801:
788:
647:
368:
Health
Communication Network. Immunoproliferative disorders- Topic Tree.
213:
155:
151:
75:
539:
326:
209:
165:
1247:
551:
1070:
935:
919:
110:
1533:
1427:
1406:
1324:
1066:
1041:
1021:
1017:
904:
822:
817:
27:
Excess myeloma protein or monoclonal gamma globulin in the blood
757:
617:
1273:
1268:
1158:
1411:
Non-mycosis fungoides CD30â cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma
329:
by aggregating with each other; this takes the name of
529:
1687:
1652:
1610:
1592:
1556:
1526:
1499:
1454:
1399:
1353:
1344:
1284:
1246:
1237:
1185:
1095:
1056:
1012:
934:
903:
865:
844:
833:
800:
732:
655:
533:
69:
40:
35:
1481:Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified
346:monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
131:monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
1303:Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
857:Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
147:Causes of paraproteinemia include the following:
1047:Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
208:There are two large classes of blood proteins:
1437:Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large-cell lymphoma
769:
629:
8:
1127:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
1082:immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
1640:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
350:monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance
344:The most common type of paraproteinemia is
125:. It is sometimes considered equivalent to
1679:Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin
1350:
1281:
1243:
1225:Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
970:Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
841:
830:
797:
776:
762:
754:
636:
622:
614:
530:
98:, is the presence of excessive amounts of
80:
49:
32:
406:
129:. The most common form of the disease is
1205:Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
1003:Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
1667:with bandlike and perivascular patterns
1629:Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
428:
426:
361:
1476:Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma
158:of various types, but usually B-cell
113:. It is usually due to an underlying
7:
1624:X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
1736:Lymphocytic immune system disorders
1580:Large granular lymphocytic leukemia
1200:Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
25:
284:). This may be associated with
1432:CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
479:New England Journal of Medicine
1662:Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
1654:Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
1513:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1391:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1330:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
1210:Primary cutaneous immunocytoma
1151:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
162:with a plasma cell component.
1:
1710:Lymphoproliferative disorders
1620:Lymphoproliferative disorders
1570:Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma
1442:Lymphomatoid papulosis type A
1421:Lymphomatoid papulosis type B
1335:Lymphomatoid papulosis type A
1195:Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
699:Waldenström macroglobulinemia
339:Waldenström macroglobulinemia
59:Serum protein electrophoresis
1602:Acute biphenotypic leukaemia
1491:Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma
447:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.054
408:10.1373/clinchem.2006.080317
115:immunoproliferative disorder
1543:Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
1416:Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma
1122:Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
1752:
228:. The α2 region is mostly
176:Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
140:
796:
57:
48:
1695:Hematological malignancy
1548:Blastic NK cell lymphoma
1376:Granulomatous slack skin
1132:Classic Hodgkin lymphoma
1031:Classic Hodgkin lymphoma
253:low-density lipoproteins
247:The ÎČ band consists of
735:hypergammaglobulinemia
389:Ma ES, Lee ET (2007).
379:. Accessed March 2007.
348:(MGUS). Another form,
1574:Angiocentric lymphoma
1164:AIDS-related lymphoma
988:Splenic marginal zone
491:10.1056/NEJMra1810907
300:only (also known as "
160:non-Hodgkin lymphomas
143:Plasma cell dyscrasia
127:plasma cell dyscrasia
119:hematologic neoplasms
92:Monoclonal gammopathy
36:Monoclonal gammopathy
1672:with nodular pattern
1371:Pagetoid reticulosis
983:marginal zone B-cell
678:Plasma cell leukemia
226:α1-acid glycoprotein
1171:Helicobacter pylori
998:Nodal marginal zone
925:Hairy cell leukemia
791:and related disease
723:Primary amyloidosis
711:Heavy chain disease
645:Immunoproliferative
302:heavy chain disease
282:Bence Jones protein
1715:Lymphoid leukemias
1635:Leukemoid reaction
1471:Angioimmunoblastic
1137:Burkitt's lymphoma
375:2007-09-28 at the
1723:
1722:
1648:
1647:
1588:
1587:
1522:
1521:
1450:
1449:
1366:Mycosis fungoides
1233:
1232:
1091:
1090:
1035:Nodular sclerosis
950:follicular B cell
751:
750:
695:Macroglobulinemia
611:
610:
485:(20): 1931â1941.
331:macroglobulinemia
315:cryoglobulinaemia
257:complement system
89:
88:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1743:
1485:Lennert lymphoma
1351:
1282:
1244:
1109:Primary effusion
842:
831:
798:
778:
771:
764:
755:
743:Cryoglobulinemia
674:Multiple myeloma
638:
631:
624:
615:
531:
526:at patient.info.
524:Paraproteinaemia
511:
510:
474:
468:
465:
459:
458:
430:
421:
420:
410:
386:
380:
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335:cryoglobulinemia
286:multiple myeloma
123:multiple myeloma
94:, also known as
85:
84:
53:
33:
21:
18:Paraproteinemias
1751:
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946:germinal center
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377:Wayback Machine
367:
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310:immunoglobulins
269:
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100:myeloma protein
96:paraproteinemia
79:
44:paraproteinemia
31:
28:
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11:
5:
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1747:
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1705:Leukemia cutis
1702:
1697:
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1462:
1460:
1452:
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1444:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1385:SĂ©zary disease
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1316:Prolymphocytic
1306:
1292:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1112:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1027:
1025:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1000:
995:
990:
974:
973:
967:
962:
957:
941:
939:
932:
931:
929:
928:
916:
914:Prolymphocytic
910:
908:
901:
900:
898:
897:
885:
872:
870:
863:
862:
860:
850:
848:
839:
828:
827:
826:
794:
793:
783:
781:
780:
773:
766:
758:
749:
748:
746:
745:
739:
737:
730:
729:
727:
726:
714:
702:
686:
681:
671:
665:
663:
653:
652:
648:immunoglobulin
643:
641:
640:
633:
626:
618:
609:
608:
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604:
593:
582:
563:
543:
538:
537:
535:
534:Classification
528:
527:
519:
518:External links
516:
513:
512:
469:
460:
435:J Chromatogr A
422:
381:
360:
359:
357:
354:
319:
318:
305:
293:
290:AL amyloidosis
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
245:
198:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
189:AL amyloidosis
180:
179:
178:
173:
168:
141:Main article:
138:
135:
107:gamma globulin
87:
86:
73:
67:
66:
65:spike, or peak
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1748:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1612:Lymphocytosis
1609:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
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1540:
1538:
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1529:
1525:
1514:
1510:
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1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Hepatosplenic
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1311:prolymphocyte
1308:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Plasmacytosis
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1176:MALT lymphoma
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
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1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
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1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
985:
984:
980:
979:marginal zone
976:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
952:
951:
947:
943:
942:
940:
937:
933:
926:
922:
921:
917:
915:
912:
911:
909:
906:
902:
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891:
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813:
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803:
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779:
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772:
767:
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234:macroglobulin
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34:
19:
1563:
1506:
1500:By infection
1381:
1380:
1362:
1323:
1309:
1287:development/
1215:Plasmacytoma
1169:
1157:
1143:
1114:
1102:
1096:By infection
1079:
1040:
977:
944:
918:
887:
877:naive B cell
875:
836:development/
716:
704:
688:
669:Plasmacytoma
595:
584:
565:
546:
482:
478:
472:
463:
441:(2): 261â9.
438:
434:
401:(2): 362â3.
398:
394:
384:
364:
343:
324:
320:
307:
297:Heavy chains
295:
277:Light chains
275:
270:
207:
204:
200:
171:Plasmacytoma
146:
95:
91:
90:
62:
1382:aggressive:
1355:MF+variants
894:Mantle cell
889:mantle zone
718:light chain
706:heavy chain
249:transferrin
238:antiplasmin
230:haptoglobin
222:antitrypsin
41:Other names
1458:peripheral
955:Follicular
785:Leukaemias
597:DiseasesDB
395:Clin. Chem
356:References
183:Idiopathic
104:monoclonal
1593:Lymphoid+
1363:indolent:
1346:Cutaneous
1187:Cutaneous
965:GCB DLBCL
960:Burkitt's
789:lymphomas
650:disorders
507:234791002
280:only (or
259:proteins.
197:Diagnosis
156:lymphomas
152:Leukemias
71:Specialty
1730:Category
1700:leukemia
1258:leukemia
1253:lymphoma
812:leukemia
807:lymphoma
499:34010532
455:17339039
417:17259251
373:Archived
327:polymers
214:globulin
76:Oncology
1688:General
1595:myeloid
1557:T or NK
1528:NK cell
882:CLL/SLL
591:D010265
210:albumin
166:Myeloma
109:in the
1532:(most
1508:HTLV-1
1400:Non-MF
1289:marker
1262:(most
1248:T cell
920:CD11c+
838:marker
816:(most
802:B cell
733:Other
505:
497:
453:
415:
308:Whole
255:, and
240:, and
137:Causes
78:
61:shows
1455:Other
1325:CD30+
1071:CD138
1042:CD20+
936:CD79a
580:273.2
576:273.1
561:D89.2
557:D47.2
503:S2CID
267:Types
236:, α2-
232:, α2-
111:blood
63:gamma
1534:CD56
1428:CD30
1407:CD30
1295:TdT+
1239:T/NK
1104:KSHV
1080:see
1067:CD38
1058:PCDs
1022:CD30
1018:CD15
993:MALT
905:CD22
846:TdT+
823:CD20
818:CD19
684:MGUS
657:PCDs
602:9614
586:MeSH
571:9-CM
495:PMID
451:PMID
439:1147
413:PMID
224:and
212:and
154:and
1565:EBV
1430:+:
1409:-:
1299:ALL
1274:CD8
1269:CD4
1264:CD3
1159:HIV
1145:HCV
1116:EBV
1020:+,
867:CD5
853:ALL
690:IgM
567:ICD
548:ICD
487:doi
483:384
443:doi
403:doi
304:");
288:or
117:or
102:or
1732::
1297::
1285:By
1073:+)
1069:+/
1062:PP
1024:+)
1014:RS
834:By
787:,
661:PP
600::
589::
578:-
574::
559:,
555::
552:10
501:.
493:.
481:.
449:.
437:.
425:^
411:.
399:53
397:.
393:.
341:.
251:,
133:.
1631:)
1622:(
1576:)
1572:/
1568:(
1536:)
1530:/
1515:)
1511:(
1487:)
1483:(
1337:)
1328:(
1318:)
1314:(
1305:)
1301:(
1276:)
1260:)
1255:,
1251:(
1178:)
1174:(
1166:)
1162:(
1111:)
1107:(
1065:(
1060:/
1049:)
1045:(
1037:)
1033:(
1016:(
1005:)
986:(
981:/
972:)
953:(
948:/
938:+
927:)
923:(
907:+
896:)
892:(
884:)
880:(
869:+
859:)
855:(
825:)
814:)
809:,
805:(
777:e
770:t
763:v
725:)
721:(
713:)
709:(
701:)
697:/
693:(
680:)
676:(
659:/
637:e
630:t
623:v
569:-
550:-
540:D
509:.
489::
457:.
445::
419:.
405::
317:.
292:.
244:.
20:)
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