830:
destroys the appearance of any outline the object may have. Though the idea of disruptive coloration, which is clearly a camouflage technique, seems counterintuitive in aposematism, it has been demonstrated that the same coloration pattern on a moth can act as either a warning signal or a camouflage depending on the backdrop. Wood tiger moths exhibit a behavior where they essentially 'feign death' by dropping suddenly on to the ground in the presence of a predator and taking on a specific, rigid posture with folded legs. Once on the ground, the moths are much more difficult to detect. This suggests that the hindwing pattern of the wood tiger moth can switch instantly from conspicuous to camouflage, which has obvious adaptive advantages.
821:
immune variation. A 2013 study demonstrated that male yellow and white larvae saw different survival rates when reared in aggregations; yellow male survived to pupate better in aggregations than white males did, which may reflect different immune investments. In aggregations, white males saw better ability to encapsulate pathogens, while yellow males had higher hemolymph (equivalent to insect 'blood') lytic activity (virus attacking). Thus the two types of wood tiger moth may be maintained in populations because they have different immune investments. This is advantageous in thriving in heterogeneous environments with differential risk factors for immune challenges.
1089:
1065:
582:, meaning their colorations serve to deter predators from attacking. In populations of aposematic species, it is common to have a single coloration phenotype dominate, because predators better learn to avoid the more common phenotype and rare phenotypes suffer higher predation. Rare phenotypes are often selected against because predators are less familiar with their aposematic signal. Thus, other selective pressures exist to perpetuate weaker aposematic signals in exchange for other adaptive benefits.
606:
1031:
across all treatment groups. In groups with higher frequencies of yellow morphs, overall flying activity for both morphs was considerably lower. The data suggest that white male morphs invest less in producing costly warning signals and thus have more energy to invest in flight for both avoiding predation and finding mates. Yellow males, which in previous studies have been shown to be less sexually favored by females than whites, tend to be most active at peak female-calling periods.
703:, meaning their diet can vary significantly. Eating different host plants can result in different immune function and overall life history traits; one example of this is shown by wood tiger moth caterpillars that feed on ribwort plantain. These plant contain high levels of iridoid glycosides, which help caterpillars produce defensive chemicals. A 2015 study showed that the iridoid glycosides present in plantain-eating larvae is sufficient to deter both ants and parasitoids.
716:
74:
817:, are, however, almost always polymorphic, with males exhibiting varying degrees of either yellow or white melanized banding patterns. Yellow morphs show stronger warning signals and experience lower predation rates and longer predator-hesitation. White morphs are preyed upon significantly more by birds than yellow morphs, but persist as a frequent phenotype in many populations, suggesting there are other selection pressures favoring white morphs.
1077:
1053:
that due to the various climatic conditions of populations of wood tiger moth, there are different costs and benefits to produces more melanin, which serves to maintain the global diversity of warning signals that we see throughout the species. In both yellow and white male phenotypes, individuals with more melanin had a heightened ability to trap heat but an increased predation rate due to its weaker and less effective signal.
56:
738:
42:
630:
streaks at the margin of the cell and before the anal margin. In the female, the hindwing is red above with the base strongly black. Numerous aberrations have been found and named, which often occur predominantly, and only exceptionally among typical specimens. Major aberrations are listed by Seitz, 1913.
1030:
vary between color morphs and are under frequency dependent selection. In outdoor cage experiments of populations with various frequencies of yellow and white male morphs, researches found that white morphs were significantly more active and had longer periods of sustained activity than yellow morphs
1052:
confers thermoregulatory advantages by increasing a male moth's ability to absorb radiation. This increased melanization comes at a cost, however, as it is costly to produce, and thus male moths with more melanization suffer increased predation as their warning signals are weaker. Thus it is thought
842:
to secrete two different chemical fluids as defense mechanisms in response to two different types of predators. Along with its colorful, conspicuous hindwing color patterns, these moths secrete defense fluids from their abdomen and thoracic glands. The abdominal fluids deterred ants and not birds,
829:
Though the aposematic signal of a wood tiger moth is highly conspicuous against vegetative scenery, its patterning is less easy to detect when it drops to the ground. Disruptive coloration is when a pattern creates an illusion that makes discerning the edges of an object difficult. It essentially
629:
is 32–38 mm. Normally, it has a black forewing in both sexes, with moderately broad, ivory yellow bands. In the male, the hindwing is yellow or white with an irregular marginal band, which is often interrupted, and two or three submarginal spots. The basal portion of the hindwing bears black
638:
There are populations throughout the globe, but most common in northern latitudes of North
America and Eurasia. The North American populations range from Alaska to Manitoba, and south through the Rocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico, with isolated populations occurring in Arizona and the
820:
A possible explanation for the persistence of white morphs despite their higher predation rates is selection heterogeneity; in other words, due to the wide geographic distribution of the wood tiger moth, different populations experience vastly different selective pressures. One consideration is
808:
species; it is an adaptive mechanism in which prey produce conspicuous warning signals. In the wood tiger moth, conspicuous coloration patterns communicate a poisonous, toxic, or otherwise unpalatable or unprofitable effect to predators. Typically, aposematic species experience strong selection
711:
Though it may benefit caterpillars to intake more plant compounds that can help produce defensive chemicals (depending on the plant), this process can be costly and energy intensive for caterpillars. As polyphagous larvae, this process of detoxification and toxin sequestration can be especially
766:
intake from their diet significantly increases their ability to encapsulate pathogens. Encapsulation is an important, innate immune response that occurs in invertebrates to protect against a variety of parasites and pathogens. The antioxidants serve to protect cells from damage incurred by the
790:
Selection by predation can impact host immune defense, as demonstrated by an experiment measuring the virulence of a pathogen
Serrate marcescens in Arctia plantaginis larvae. Larvae with smaller warning signals had higher survival rates than those with larger warning signals, suggesting that
993:
Yellow morphs are able to avoid predation more readily than white morphs; however, a laboratory study showed that yellow males had lower mating success compared to white males. This trade-off between reproductive success and predator avoidance could explain why two polymorphisms exist.
1039:
Wood tiger moths have a limited amount of resources to allocate to different life history traits and adaptive strategies; thermoregulation is an important part of their physiology, especially in the cooler climates of North
America and Eurasia. As latitude increases, populations of
690:
populations. Though this extreme gene flow would be thought to lead to fixation of a single morphological phenotype, the differential selective pressures experienced by various populations of the species likely leads to the maintenance of its widespread polymorphism.
791:
developing a warning signal comes at the expense of immune function. Basically, there is a trade off between immune function and predatory defense. Thus predation is an import factor when considering the evolution of pathogen virulence and host immunity.
750:
Males are, on average, smaller than females but experience a relatively similar rate of development. Generally a longer development time correlates with a larger pupal mass, and in females, pupal mass correlates with total lifetime eggs produced.
984:
in adult wood tiger moths. The shapes and patterning of adult warning signals are entirely determined during resource allocation of the larval stage. Once an adult metamorphoses, their warning signal phenotype can no longer change.
767:
creation of free radicals resulting from the encapsulation reaction. In environments where the pathogen load is likely to be high, the food ingested by an individual moth is important in building its defense mechanisms.
1483:
Lindstedt, Carita; Talsma, Joanneke
Hendrika Reudler; Ihalainen, Eira; Lindström, Leena; Mappes, Johanna (2010-01-01). "Diet Quality Affects Warning Coloration Indirectly: Excretion Costs in a Generalist Herbivore".
681:
and COl results showed little to no differentiation between populations during the two sampling years of 2009 and 2010. This overall high genetic diversity and low differentiation between populations suggests much
712:
costly if their physiology has to support detoxification processes for different types of plants and compounds. Investing more in detoxification as larvae results in lower reproductive output as adults.
809:
favoring monomorphic populations. As a specific warning signal phenotype becomes more common in an environment, more and more predators learn to avoid individuals bearing such signals. In
1234:, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 2: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 1912- 1913 Volume 2 (page 81)
843:
while thoracic fluids deterred birds but not ants, suggesting that a single species is capable of producing target-specific chemical defense fluids in response to predation threats.
209:
2417:
2224:
1582:
Johnson, Kelly S.; Felton, Gary W. (2001-12-01). "Plant
Phenolics as Dietary Antioxidants for Herbivorous Insects: A Test with Genetically Modified Tobacco".
650:
prefer slightly moist areas, like meadows with nearby streams. Adults like to spend time close to lupine stands, which are meadows of plants from the genus
1088:
1333:"Multiple Continental Radiations and Correlates of Diversification in Lupinus (Leguminosae): Testing for Key Innovation with Incomplete Taxon Sampling"
2391:
2172:
997:
Females tend to attract males during the day, and they group together at dusk. It has been observed that once attracted to a group of females, male
2430:
734:
are capital breeders, which means that they do not feed as adults, and thus the larval diet is incredibly important component in adult fitness.
1248:
Galarza, Juan A.; Viinikainen, Sari M.; Ashrafi, Roghaieh; Mappes, Johanna (2011-04-01). "First microsatellite panel for the Wood Tiger Moth (
1197:
2555:
813:, a distinct hindwing pattern of bands and splotches of white or yellow on black warns predators of its chemical defenses. Populations of
1636:
Rojas, Bibiana; Burdfield-Steel, Emily; Pakkanen, Hannu; Suisto, Kaisa; Maczka, Michael; Schulz, Stefan; Mappes, Johanna (2017-09-27).
2443:
2352:
2047:"To quiver or to shiver: increased melanization benefits thermoregulation, but reduces warning signal efficacy in the wood tiger moth"
1307:
1980:
2535:
2110:
2550:
2435:
660:
are distributed throughout both montane and lowland habitats, with hugely diverse regions found in North and South
America.
2476:
1148:"Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico IV"
1064:
677:
throughout the Alpine regions of Italy, Austria and
Switzerland indicated a single whole population. Pairwise Fst values,
619:
2313:
2370:
2115:
2229:
2383:
2284:
2125:
2545:
73:
2540:
2140:
1115:"Putting Parasemia in its phylogenetic place: a molecular analysis of the subtribe Arctiina (Lepidoptera)"
2448:
2318:
981:
605:
188:
1765:"Environment-mediated morph-linked immune and life-history responses in the aposematic wood tiger moth"
1541:
2203:
1709:
1430:
1076:
2295:
2216:
1814:"Warning coloration can be disruptive: aposematic marginal wing patterning in the wood tiger moth"
1331:
Drummond, Christopher S.; Eastwood, Ruth J.; Miotto, Silvia T. S.; Hughes, Colin E. (2012-05-01).
1235:
1615:
1517:
1462:
1277:
218:
68:
2422:
2530:
2502:
2468:
2237:
2084:
2066:
2027:
1986:
1976:
1953:
1904:
1851:
1833:
1794:
1786:
1745:
1727:
1675:
1657:
1607:
1599:
1509:
1501:
1454:
1446:
1370:
1352:
1313:
1303:
1269:
1175:
715:
524:
2458:
2507:
2242:
2120:
2074:
2058:
2017:
1943:
1935:
1894:
1886:
1841:
1825:
1776:
1735:
1717:
1665:
1649:
1591:
1493:
1438:
1360:
1344:
1261:
1165:
1155:
1126:
599:
2489:
595:
1713:
1638:"How to fight multiple enemies: target-specific chemical defences in an aposematic moth"
1434:
55:
2378:
2365:
2079:
2046:
1948:
1923:
1899:
1871:"De novo transcriptome assembly and its annotation for the aposematic wood tiger moth (
1870:
1846:
1813:
1740:
1697:
1670:
1637:
1365:
1332:
1227:
1170:
1147:
578:
males occur predominantly in two distinct color phenotypes: yellow and white. They are
2045:
Hegna, Robert H.; Nokelainen, Ossi; Hegna, Jonathan R.; Mappes, Johanna (2013-03-22).
1419:"Costs and benefits of plant allelochemicals in herbivore diet in a multi enemy world"
737:
41:
2524:
1924:"Trade-off between Warning Signal Efficacy and Mating Success in the Wood Tiger Moth"
1521:
1497:
532:
205:
17:
1619:
1417:
Reudler, J. H.; Lindstedt, C.; Pakkanen, H.; Lehtinen, I.; Mappes, J. (2015-12-01).
1281:
2163:
1696:; Lindstedt, Carita; Hiltunen, Teppo; Laakso, Jouni; Mappes, Johanna (2009-08-25).
1693:
1466:
1045:
763:
1722:
1698:"Predation on Multiple Trophic Levels Shapes the Evolution of Pathogen Virulence"
2481:
2404:
2278:
2211:
2198:
2185:
1890:
805:
700:
591:
586:
has become a common model for studying the counteracting selective pressures of
125:
2269:
2006:"Frequency-dependent flight activity in the colour polymorphic wood tiger moth"
2022:
2005:
1595:
1442:
1265:
1160:
579:
135:
2357:
2070:
2031:
1837:
1790:
1731:
1661:
1603:
1505:
1450:
1356:
1317:
1273:
779:, to which the moth has both general and specialized defense mechanisms. The
2339:
1781:
1764:
1542:"Diet affects the immune defence and life-history traits of an Arctiid moth
1418:
1389:
1348:
683:
587:
155:
105:
85:
2088:
2062:
1957:
1939:
1908:
1855:
1798:
1749:
1679:
1653:
1611:
1513:
1458:
1374:
1179:
1146:
Schmidt, B. Christian; Lafontaine, J. Donald; Troubridge, James T. (2018).
656:. It is estimated that over 250 annual and perennial species of this genus
2105:
1990:
2494:
2326:
2305:
2263:
2157:
780:
626:
528:
520:
145:
2331:
2177:
2396:
2130:
diversity and warning signals at the
University of Jyväskylä in Finland
1131:
1114:
1049:
652:
2190:
2004:
Rojas, Bibiana; Luis-MartĂŤnez, Armando; Mappes, Johanna (2015-08-01).
1829:
1113:
Rönkä, Katja; Mappes, Johanna; Kaila, Lauri; Wahlberg, Niklas (2016).
2409:
1390:"Population genetic structure of aposematic alpine wood tiger moths (
1005:, most likely due to their similar sex pheromones. Similarly, female
548:
165:
115:
95:
2134:
2344:
1763:
Nokelainen, Ossi; Lindstedt, Carita; Mappes, Johanna (2013-05-01).
1812:
Honma, Atsushi; Mappes, Johanna; Valkonen, Janne K. (2015-11-01).
736:
714:
678:
536:
2051:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
516:
2138:
539:, Korea and Japan. One subspecies is endemic to North America.
1569:
Comprehensive Insect
Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
1869:
Galarza, Juan A.; Dhaygude, Kishor; Mappes, Johanna (2017).
1302:. Opler, Paul A. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1928:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
754:
As a polyphagous species, the life history traits of
1001:
will readily mate with females of a related species
2253:
2147:
639:Sierra Nevada mountains of California and Nevada.
775:Birds and ants are the most common predators of
542:This species was formerly a member of the genus
1048:(conversion of resources into melanin). This
8:
1571:. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 453–485.
834:Target specific chemical defense mechanisms
625:This moth is extraordinarily variable. The
552:along with the other species of the genera
2135:
54:
40:
31:
2078:
2021:
1947:
1898:
1845:
1780:
1739:
1721:
1669:
1364:
1169:
1159:
1130:
838:A 2017 study highlighted the ability of
604:
1105:
1060:
535:, northern Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,
523:. Several subspecies are found in the
1631:
1629:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1478:
1476:
324:Parasemia plantaginis passanauriensis
7:
2384:ec6fa786-fb2a-4582-bab8-956e4f57765b
1922:Nokelainen, O.; et al. (2011).
1293:
1291:
1198:"Many Forms of the Wood Tiger Moth (
1191:
1189:
980:Warning signals show no phenotypic
758:depend on its habitat and diet. In
673:A two-year study of populations of
308:Parasemia plantaginis kamtschadalus
1026:Flight behavior in populations of
795:Protective coloration and behavior
609:Figures 3–7, wood tiger moth forms
25:
618:For a key to the terms used, see
316:Parasemia plantaginis paramushira
1498:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00796.x
1087:
1075:
1063:
959:Arctia plantaginis sachalinensis
719:Lupine, a common host plant for
484:Parasemia plantaginis stoetzneri
288:Parasemia plantaginis carpathica
72:
1254:Conservation Genetics Resources
1232:Die GroĂźschmetterlinge der Erde
1196:Nokelainen, Ossi (March 2013).
895:Arctia plantaginis hesselbarthi
686:and high population density in
464:Parasemia plantaginis macromera
344:Parasemia plantaginis jezoensis
280:Parasemia plantaginis insularum
272:Parasemia plantaginis uralensis
264:Nemeophila plantaginis floccosa
1567:Gotz, P.; Boman, H.G. (1985).
1300:Moths of Western North America
927:Arctia plantaginis melanissima
911:Arctia plantaginis kunashirica
858:Arctia plantaginis plantaginis
804:Aposematism is common in many
364:Parasemia plantaginis japonica
1:
1550:Evolutionary Ecology Research
935:Arctia plantaginis melanomera
903:Arctia plantaginis interrupta
871:Arctia plantaginis carbonelli
863:Arctia plantaginis araitensis
664:Home range and territoriality
476:Parasemia plantaginis altaica
332:Parasemia plantaginis hospita
1975:. New York: Academic Press.
1723:10.1371/journal.pone.0006761
943:Arctia plantaginis nycticans
919:Arctia plantaginis macromera
887:Arctia plantaginis caucasica
787:) is a well known predator.
669:Genetic population structure
620:Glossary of entomology terms
2556:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1891:10.1016/j.gdata.2017.03.008
1584:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1009:are also attracted to male
967:Arctia plantaginis sifanica
367:Inoue & Kobayashi, 1956
2572:
2126:Research group working on
1388:Ashrafi, Roghaieh (2012).
976:Genetics of color patterns
951:Arctia plantaginis petrosa
879:Arctia plantaginis caspica
617:
403:Grote & Robinson, 1868
387:Grote & Robinson, 1868
1971:Jacobson, Martin (1972).
1769:Journal of Animal Ecology
1443:10.1007/s00442-015-3425-0
1298:Powell, Jerry A. (2009).
1266:10.1007/s12686-010-9321-3
1161:10.3897/zookeys.252.28500
224:
217:
194:
187:
69:Scientific classification
67:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
2536:Moths described in 1758
2023:10.1093/czoolo/61.4.765
1782:10.1111/1365-2656.12037
1596:10.1023/A:1013691802028
970:(Grum-Grshimailo, 1891)
2551:Moths of North America
2116:Lepidoptera of Belgium
2063:10.1098/rspb.2012.2812
1940:10.1098/rspb.2011.0880
1654:10.1098/rspb.2017.1424
1238:In English translation
742:
723:
610:
372:Nemeophila plantaginis
2296:Parasemia-plantaginis
2285:Parasemia plantaginis
2255:Parasemia plantaginis
2128:Parasemia plantaginis
2106:Wood tiger on UKMoths
1973:Insect sex pheromones
1873:Parasemia plantaginis
1818:Ecology and Evolution
1544:Parasemia plantaginis
1540:Ojala, Katja (2005).
1392:Parasemia plantaginis
1349:10.1093/sysbio/syr126
1250:Parasemia plantaginis
1200:Parasemia plantaginis
1119:Systematic Entomology
740:
718:
699:Wood tiger moths are
608:
492:Parasemia plantaginis
432:Eupsychoma geometrica
424:Nemeophila alascensis
18:Parasemia plantaginis
2379:Fauna Europaea (new)
392:Nemeophila caespitis
384:Nemeophila caespitis
352:Nemeophila macromera
296:Chelonia plantaginis
233:Phalaena plantaginis
1714:2009PLoSO...4.6761F
1694:Friman, Ville-Petri
1435:2015Oecol.179.1147R
785:Cyanistes caeruleus
546:, but was moved to
456:Nemeophila selwynii
448:Platarctia scudderi
408:Nemeophila cichorii
400:Nemeophila cichorii
180:A. plantaginis
2149:Arctia plantaginis
2057:(1755): 20122812.
1648:(1863): 20171424.
1337:Systematic Biology
1132:10.1111/syen.12194
1094:Habitat in Ireland
743:
724:
721:Arctia plantaginis
611:
508:Arctia plantaginis
440:Nemeophila geddesi
416:Platarctia modesta
198:Arctia plantaginis
2518:
2517:
2503:Open Tree of Life
2238:Open Tree of Life
2141:Taxon identifiers
1934:(1727): 257–265.
1830:10.1002/ece3.1736
1824:(21): 4863–4874.
1590:(12): 2579–2597.
1230:in Seitz, A. Ed.
971:
963:
955:
947:
946:(Ménétriès, 1859)
939:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
890:(Ménétriès, 1832)
883:
875:
867:
525:Holarctic ecozone
504:
503:
496:
488:
487:O.Bang-Haas, 1927
480:
472:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
388:
380:
368:
360:
348:
340:
328:
320:
312:
304:
292:
284:
276:
275:Krulikowsky, 1904
268:
260:
256:Bombyx matronalis
252:
245:
237:
16:(Redirected from
2563:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2484:
2482:NBNSYS0000006142
2472:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2246:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2136:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1784:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1725:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1429:(4): 1147–1158.
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1245:
1239:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1154:(252): 241–252.
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1110:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1035:Thermoregulation
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
913:
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
741:Wood tiger adult
634:Geographic range
600:thermoregulation
495:(Linnaeus, 1758)
494:
486:
478:
470:
459:H. Edwards, 1885
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
366:
358:
346:
338:
326:
318:
310:
302:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
251:
243:
241:Phalaea alpicola
235:
200:
77:
76:
58:
44:
32:
21:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2546:Moths of Europe
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2490:Observation.org
2488:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2143:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2010:Current Zoology
2003:
2002:
1998:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1642:Proc. R. Soc. B
1635:
1634:
1627:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1037:
1024:
1019:
991:
978:
962:Matsumura, 1930
898:de Freina, 1981
874:de Freina, 1993
866:Matsumura, 1929
854:
849:
836:
827:
802:
797:
773:
748:
729:
709:
697:
671:
666:
645:
636:
623:
616:
596:immune function
500:
499:
471:Matsumura, 1927
443:Neumoegen, 1884
411:Boisduval, 1869
395:Boisduval, 1869
379:Christoph, 1893
339:Schawerda, 1910
303:Ménétriès, 1857
228:
213:
202:
196:
183:
71:
28:
27:Species of moth
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2499:
2486:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2366:Fauna Europaea
2362:
2349:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2275:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2234:
2221:
2208:
2195:
2182:
2169:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:Fauna Europaea
2108:
2101:
2100:External links
2098:
2095:
2094:
2037:
2016:(4): 765–772.
1996:
1981:
1963:
1914:
1861:
1804:
1775:(3): 653–662.
1755:
1685:
1625:
1574:
1559:
1527:
1472:
1409:
1380:
1343:(3): 443–460.
1323:
1309:978-0520251977
1308:
1287:
1260:(2): 197–199.
1240:
1228:Adalbert Seitz
1220:
1185:
1138:
1125:(4): 844–853.
1104:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1042:P. plantaginis
1036:
1033:
1028:P. plantaginis
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1007:P. plantaginis
999:P. plantaginis
990:
987:
977:
974:
973:
972:
964:
956:
954:(Walker, 1855)
948:
940:
938:(Butler, 1881)
932:
924:
922:(Butler, 1881)
916:
908:
900:
892:
884:
876:
868:
860:
853:
850:
848:
845:
840:P. plantaginis
835:
832:
826:
825:Feigning death
823:
815:P. plantaginis
811:P. plantaginis
801:
798:
796:
793:
777:P. plantaginis
772:
769:
760:P. plantaginis
756:P. plantaginis
747:
744:
732:P. plantaginis
728:
725:
708:
705:
696:
695:Food resources
693:
688:P. plantaginis
675:P. plantaginis
670:
667:
665:
662:
648:P. plantaginis
644:
641:
635:
632:
615:
612:
584:P. plantaginis
576:P. plantaginis
519:of the family
502:
501:
498:
497:
489:
481:
473:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
369:
361:
349:
341:
329:
321:
313:
305:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
249:Bombyx hospita
246:
238:
236:Linnaeus, 1758
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2568:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Moths of Asia
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:9780123793508
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:Genomics Data
1876:
1874:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:Arctica villa
1000:
995:
988:
986:
983:
975:
968:
965:
960:
957:
952:
949:
944:
941:
936:
933:
928:
925:
920:
917:
912:
909:
904:
901:
896:
893:
888:
885:
880:
877:
872:
869:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
851:
846:
844:
841:
833:
831:
824:
822:
818:
816:
812:
807:
799:
794:
792:
788:
786:
782:
778:
770:
768:
765:
761:
757:
752:
745:
739:
735:
733:
726:
722:
717:
713:
706:
704:
702:
694:
692:
689:
685:
680:
676:
668:
663:
661:
659:
655:
654:
649:
642:
640:
633:
631:
628:
621:
613:
607:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
545:
540:
538:
534:
533:Transcaucasus
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
493:
490:
485:
482:
477:
474:
469:
468:sachalinensis
465:
462:
457:
454:
451:Packard, 1864
449:
446:
441:
438:
433:
430:
427:Stretch, 1906
425:
422:
419:Packard, 1864
417:
414:
409:
406:
401:
398:
393:
390:
385:
382:
377:
373:
370:
365:
362:
357:
353:
350:
345:
342:
337:
333:
330:
327:Alberti, 1973
325:
322:
317:
314:
309:
306:
301:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
278:
273:
270:
267:Graeser, 1888
265:
262:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:Scopoli, 1763
242:
239:
234:
231:
230:
223:
220:
216:
211:
207:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
132:Superfamily:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2254:
2148:
2127:
2121:Lepiforum.de
2054:
2050:
2040:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1972:
1966:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1708:(8): e6761.
1705:
1701:
1688:
1645:
1641:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1556:: 1153–1170.
1553:
1549:
1543:
1492:(1): 68–78.
1489:
1485:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:
1391:
1383:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1299:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1231:
1223:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1151:
1141:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1046:melanization
1044:show higher
1041:
1038:
1027:
1025:
1011:Artica villa
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
979:
966:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
906:Draudt, 1931
902:
894:
886:
882:Daniel, 1939
878:
870:
862:
857:
839:
837:
828:
819:
814:
810:
803:
789:
784:
776:
774:
764:anti-oxidant
759:
755:
753:
749:
746:Life history
731:
730:
720:
710:
707:Caterpillars
698:
687:
674:
672:
657:
651:
647:
646:
637:
624:
602:, and more.
583:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
547:
543:
541:
512:
507:
506:
505:
491:
483:
475:
467:
463:
455:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
371:
363:
359:Butler, 1881
355:
351:
343:
335:
331:
323:
315:
307:
300:kamtschatica
299:
295:
291:Daniel, 1939
287:
279:
271:
263:
259:Freyer, 1843
255:
248:
240:
232:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
29:
2405:iNaturalist
2279:Wikispecies
2212:NatureServe
2186:iNaturalist
1070:Caterpillar
930:Inoue, 1976
806:Lepidoptera
800:Aposematism
701:polyphagous
614:Description
592:mate choice
570:Platyprepia
479:Seitz, 1910
435:Grote, 1865
347:Inoue, 1976
283:Seitz, 1910
152:Subfamily:
126:Lepidoptera
35:Wood tiger
2525:Categories
2469:ParasPlant
2164:Q101212772
1403:2017-10-02
1398:jyx.jyu.fi
1214:2021-09-23
1209:jyx.jyu.fi
1100:References
1017:Physiology
982:plasticity
914:Bryk, 1942
852:Subspecies
580:aposematic
566:Platarctia
513:wood tiger
336:interrupta
319:Bryk, 1942
311:Bryk, 1942
136:Noctuoidea
106:Arthropoda
2071:0962-8452
2032:1674-5507
1885:: 71–73.
1838:2045-7758
1791:1365-2656
1732:1932-6203
1662:0962-8452
1604:0098-0331
1522:205782377
1506:1558-5646
1486:Evolution
1451:0029-8549
1423:Oecologia
1357:1063-5157
1318:536166537
1274:1877-7252
684:gene flow
588:predation
562:Parasemia
558:Pararctia
544:Parasemia
527:south to
356:leucomera
174:Species:
156:Arctiinae
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
2531:Arctiina
2466:MaBENA:
2444:LepIndex
2423:11054336
2327:BugGuide
2303:BioLib:
2293:BAMONA:
2270:Q1070697
2264:Wikidata
2217:2.113604
2178:10160919
2158:Wikidata
2089:23363631
1958:21653589
1909:28386528
1856:26640666
1799:23356667
1750:19707586
1702:PLOS ONE
1680:28954910
1620:11908754
1612:11789960
1514:19659593
1459:26296333
1375:22228799
1282:36128245
1180:30337831
847:Genetics
781:blue tit
627:wingspan
529:Anatolia
521:Erebidae
219:Synonyms
206:Linnaeus
146:Erebidae
142:Family:
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
63:Mounted
2397:1808752
2080:3574392
1949:3223681
1900:5374854
1847:4662304
1741:2726984
1710:Bibcode
1671:5627206
1467:2444085
1431:Bibcode
1366:3329764
1236:online
1171:6189224
1152:ZooKeys
1057:Gallery
1050:melanin
771:Enemies
762:, high
658:Lupinus
653:Lupinus
643:Habitat
554:Acerbia
515:, is a
162:Genus:
122:Order:
116:Insecta
112:Class:
2508:983823
2436:939818
2371:447007
2358:309211
2345:PSMAPL
2332:136494
2243:983823
2230:874455
2191:824510
2087:
2077:
2069:
2030:
1991:508233
1989:
1979:
1956:
1946:
1907:
1897:
1854:
1844:
1836:
1797:
1789:
1748:
1738:
1730:
1678:
1668:
1660:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1373:
1363:
1355:
1316:
1306:
1280:
1272:
1178:
1168:
1022:Flight
989:Mating
727:Adults
568:, and
549:Arctia
511:, the
167:Arctia
2495:10034
2456:LoB:
2449:44122
2418:IRMNG
2410:63811
2353:EUNIS
2319:51477
2306:54881
1616:S2CID
1518:S2CID
1463:S2CID
1278:S2CID
1205:(PDF)
1082:Adult
679:AMOVA
537:China
376:melas
354:var.
298:var.
49:Male
2459:4378
2431:ITIS
2392:GBIF
2340:EPPO
2314:BOLD
2225:NCBI
2204:8127
2199:MONA
2173:GBIF
2085:PMID
2067:ISSN
2028:ISSN
1987:OCLC
1977:ISBN
1954:PMID
1905:PMID
1852:PMID
1834:ISSN
1795:PMID
1787:ISSN
1746:PMID
1728:ISSN
1676:PMID
1658:ISSN
1608:PMID
1600:ISSN
1510:PMID
1502:ISSN
1455:PMID
1447:ISSN
1371:PMID
1353:ISSN
1314:OCLC
1304:ISBN
1270:ISSN
1252:)".
1176:PMID
517:moth
466:ab.
374:ab.
227:List
210:1758
2477:NBN
2075:PMC
2059:doi
2055:280
2018:doi
1944:PMC
1936:doi
1932:279
1895:PMC
1887:doi
1842:PMC
1826:doi
1777:doi
1736:PMC
1718:doi
1666:PMC
1650:doi
1646:284
1592:doi
1494:doi
1439:doi
1427:179
1361:PMC
1345:doi
1262:doi
1166:PMC
1156:doi
1127:doi
1013:s.
334:f.
2527::
2505::
2492::
2479::
2446::
2433::
2420::
2407::
2394::
2381::
2368::
2355::
2342::
2329::
2316::
2281::
2266::
2240::
2227::
2214::
2201::
2188::
2175::
2160::
2083:.
2073:.
2065:.
2053:.
2049:.
2026:.
2014:61
2012:.
2008:.
1985:.
1952:.
1942:.
1930:.
1926:.
1903:.
1893:.
1883:12
1881:.
1877:.
1875:)"
1850:.
1840:.
1832:.
1820:.
1816:.
1793:.
1785:.
1773:82
1771:.
1767:.
1744:.
1734:.
1726:.
1716:.
1704:.
1700:.
1674:.
1664:.
1656:.
1644:.
1640:.
1628:^
1614:.
1606:.
1598:.
1588:27
1586:.
1552:.
1548:.
1530:^
1516:.
1508:.
1500:.
1490:64
1488:.
1475:^
1461:.
1453:.
1445:.
1437:.
1425:.
1421:.
1396:.
1394:)"
1369:.
1359:.
1351:.
1341:61
1339:.
1335:.
1312:.
1290:^
1276:.
1268:.
1256:.
1207:.
1202:)"
1188:^
1174:.
1164:.
1150:.
1123:41
1121:.
1117:.
598:,
594:,
590:,
572:.
564:,
560:,
556:,
531:,
208:,
2091:.
2061::
2034:.
2020::
1993:.
1960:.
1938::
1911:.
1889::
1858:.
1828::
1822:5
1801:.
1779::
1752:.
1720::
1712::
1706:4
1682:.
1652::
1622:.
1594::
1554:7
1546:"
1524:.
1496::
1469:.
1441::
1433::
1406:.
1377:.
1347::
1320:.
1284:.
1264::
1258:3
1217:.
1182:.
1158::
1135:.
1129::
783:(
622:.
212:)
204:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
