224:
33:
59:
1483:
365:
host plant or an autogeneously synthesized secretion. Mature fly larvae grasp the prey larva beneath its head and appear to inject a toxin that immobilizes the prey before sucking out its internal tissues. At the population level, these specialist predators are considered voracious and have significant impacts on beetle mortality. They are known to feed on
354:
lay their eggs adjacent to or among the beetle eggs, and the fly larvae hatch before the beetles do, indicating that they are closely adapted to the life cycle of their prey. When beetle population densities are high, fly abundance also increases and this can be measured by counting the number of fly
364:
Once the fly eggs hatch, they first consume beetle eggs, and then consume larvae. The beetle defensive secretion does not repel flies. On the contrary, fly larvae are attracted to the odor of beetle larval defensive secretions, regardless of whether the beetle secretion is primarily derived from the
318:
individuals (third instar) are 14–16mm long and approximately 3mm in diameter. Larvae have two pairs of lobes at the anal segment and a complex color pattern with triangular yellow markings on abdominal segments and thin dark brown stripes anterior to them. Adults are medium-sized flies whose legs
253:
is considered to be present throughout the
Northern Hemisphere and it is one of several syrphid species included in the 'Barcode of Life Data System, a project focusing on species occurring in Canada that includes taxonomic information, metadata, and DNA sequences for several individuals at the
323:
species in appearance and behavior. Adult wing length ranges from 9-11.5mm. The abdomen is striped and the fly superficially resembles a bee. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 have a marginal sulcus. The face lacks a black stripe, but has a black edge to the mouth. The frons in females has large dust
248:
occurs in the Nordic countries, south to
Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and northern Spain, Ireland east through Central Europe into Russia and on to the Russian Far East and Japan. In North America, it occurs from Alaska to Quebec and south to Washington and Idaho. Thus,
1342:
Georgi, Richard; Müller, Michael (2015). "Biotic risk factors in short rotation coppice in
Germany: current situation, new findings and future perspectives". In Manning, David Butler; Albrecht Bemmann; Christian Bredemeier; Michael Lamersdorf; Norbert Ammer (eds.).
219:
larvae hatch, they first consume leaf beetle eggs and then consume immature beetles until they reach the pupal stage. This species is related to hoverflies that prey on aphids as larvae, and has been investigated in studies of chemical ecology and food web ecology.
215:. It is known from northern Europe and North America, and has been considered to be a rare species in parts of its range. Adults visit flowers as a source of nutrition, and females lay their eggs on clutches of eggs of leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae). When the
339:
has been implicated as a major natural enemy of leaf beetles in the subfamily
Chrysomelinae within the Chrysomelidae. These leaf beetles lay multiple clutches of 10-30 eggs on host plants in early summer. All beetle species that have been documented as prey to
726:
Mengual, Ximo; Ståhls, Gunilla; Rojo, Santos (2008). "First phylogeny of predatory flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae, Syrphinae) using mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S rRNA genes: conflict and congruence with the current tribal classification".
657:
Kanervo, V. (1946). "Tutkimuksia lepän lehtikuoriaisen, Melasoma aenea L. (Col., Chrysomelidae), luontaisista vihollisista. (Ref.: Studien über die natürlichen Feinde des
Erlenblattkäfers, Melasoma aenea L. (Col., Chrysomelidae)".
1257:
Rank, N. E.; Smiley, J. T. (1994). "Host-plant effects on
Parasyrphus melanderi Curran (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on a willow leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)".
355:
eggs laid on each beetle clutch. Most likely, when predator abundance is relatively high, fly females lay eggs on beetle clutches where a prior fly female had already laid her eggs, as was observed for
511:
Vezsenyi, K. A.; Beresford, D. V.; Moran, K.; Young, A. D.; Locke, M. M.; Crins, W. J.; Schaefer, J. A.; Skevington, Jeffrey H. (2021). "Distribution of
Syrphidae (Diptera) across northern Ontario".
561:
Rotheray, G. E. (1997). "Larval stages of the predatory hoverflies
Trichopsomyia flavitarsis (Meigen), platycheirus melanopsis Loew and Parasyrphus nigritarsis (Zetterstedt) (Diptera: Syrphidae)".
831:
Baur, R.; Rank, N. E. (1996). "Influence of host quality and natural enemies on the life history of the alder leaf beetles
Agelastica alni and Linaeidea aenea". In P. H. Jolivet, M. L. Cox (ed.).
1086:
Ostaff, D. P.; Mosseler, A.; Johns, R. C.; Javorek, S.; Klymko, J.; Ascher, J. S. (2015). "Willows (Salix spp.) as pollen and nectar sources for sustaining fruit and berry pollinating insects".
899:
Rank, N. E.; Smiley, J. T.; Köpf, A. (1996). "Natural enemies and host plant relationships for chrysomeline leaf beetles feeding on
Salicaceae". In P. H. Jolivet, M. L. Cox (ed.).
601:
Rank, Nathan E; Köpf, Alfred; Julkunen-Tiitto, Riitta; Tahvanainen, Jorma (1998). "Host preference and larval performance of the salicylate-using leaf beetle Phratora vitellinae".
450:
1376:
Björkman, C.; Johansson, H.; Snäll, T. (2011). "Spatial distribution of interacting insect predators: Possible roles of intraguild predation and the surrounding habitat".
1730:
350:
possess external defensive secretion glands as larvae, from which they evert volatile secretions that are presumed to be repellent to potential predators. Yet female
849:
Gross, J.; Fatouros, N. E.; Neuvonen, S.; Hilker, M. (2004). "The importance of specialist natural enemies for Chrysomela lapponica in pioneering a new host plant".
1687:
944:
Zvereva, E. L.; Kruglova, O. Y.; Kozlov, M. V. (2010). "Drivers of host plant shifts in the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica: natural enemies or competition?".
791:
Köpf, A.; Rank, N.; Roininen, H.; Tahvanainen, J. (1997). "Defensive larval secretions of leaf beetles attract a specialist predator Parasyrphus nigritarsis".
407:
in North America. Other investigators of beetle population dynamics have noted the presence of a syrphid with very similar behaviors feeding on dock beetles
699:
Rotheray, G. E.; Gilbert, F. S. (1989). "The phylogeny and systematics of European predacious Syrphidae (Diptera) based on larval and puparial stages".
1422:
Whittaker, J. B.; Ellistone, J.; Patrick, C. K. (1979). "The dynamics of a chrysomelid beetle, Gastrophysa viridula, in a hazardous natural habitat".
1622:
1648:
1403:
Elliott, K. R.; Wong, H. R. (1966). "An important predator of the aspen leaf beetle, Chrysomela crotchi Brown, in Manitoba and Saskatchewan".
1360:
1211:
454:
1227:
Láska, Pavel; Mazánek, Libor; Bicík, Vítezslav (2013). "Key to adults and larvae of the genera of European Syrphinae (Diptera, Syrphidae)".
223:
328:
page for definitions of specialized terms describing adult fly morphology. Biological keys to identify adults and larvae are available.
1725:
1583:
1183:
988:
462:
582:
de Buck, N. (1990). "Bloembezoek en bestuivingsecologie van Zweefvliegen (Diptera, Syrphidae) in het bijzonder voor België".
1653:
32:
914:
Zvereva, E. L.; Kozlov, M. V. (2000). "Effects of air pollution on natural enemies of the leaf beetle Melasoma lapponica".
1674:
1544:
58:
1692:
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1601:
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have pale intermediate segments (femur, tibia) and dark terminal segments (tarsi). They are somewhat unusual among
1614:
191:
170:
614:
1062:
1323:
Topp, W.; Bell, D. (1992). "Melasoma vigintipunctata (Scop.) - ein Weidenblattkäfer mit Massenvermehrung".
314:
are white and are smaller than the eggs of their leaf beetle prey (see photo). In the larval stage, mature
1502:
633:
Schneider, F. (1953). "Syrphus nigritarsis Zett. Ein Ei- und Larvenräuber von Melasoma (Chrysom., Col.)".
421:
1549:
1007:
415:
391:
357:
153:
1122:
325:
1570:
373:
254:
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene. The flies tend to live in woodland and wetland populated by
397:
1666:
1720:
1439:
1275:
1147:
961:
874:
808:
770:
536:
403:
385:
179:
53:
981:
The flower flies of the subfamily Syrphinae of Canada, Alaska, and Greenland: Diptera, Syrphidae
1461:
Rotheray, G. E. (1986). "Colour, shape and defence in aphidophagous syrphid larvae (Diptera)".
1557:
1356:
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1207:
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1103:
984:
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762:
754:
528:
458:
379:
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1385:
1348:
1267:
1095:
953:
923:
858:
800:
744:
736:
708:
680:
Keller, C. (1917). "Zur Biologie von Chrysomela aenea L. und Coleophora fuscedinella Zell".
610:
520:
1482:
804:
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scrub up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) in the Alps. Flowers visited by adults include
1609:
1596:
1474:
1271:
712:
1038:
Parasyrphus nigritarsis voucher BIOUG04174-E06 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene
1709:
957:
927:
862:
740:
540:
1279:
1178:. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 5. Brill Archive.
965:
878:
812:
774:
1562:
1035:
1679:
1661:
1635:
409:
346:
130:
1525:
1389:
1352:
903:. Vol. 2: Ecological Studies. Amsterdam: SPB Publishing. pp. 147–171.
835:. Vol. 2: Ecological Studies. Amsterdam: SPB Publishing. pp. 173–194.
1293:
208:
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1107:
870:
758:
532:
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90:
70:
766:
1536:
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482:. British Entomological & Natural History Society. pp. 253, xvpp.
1519:
120:
1345:
Bioenergy from Dendromass for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas
524:
1627:
1302:
749:
447:
Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera
212:
1640:
500:. Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 8. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
100:
80:
1496:
1443:
1296:
Parasyrphus nigritarsis as important antagonist of Chrysomela populi
1204:
Hoverflies of Northwest Europe: identification keys to the Syrphidae
413:
in the United Kingdom, and similar behaviors have been observed for
660:
Annales Zoologici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo"
1481:
222:
1435:
1123:"Species accounts of European Syrphidae (Diptera), Glasgow 2011"
1575:
1500:
682:
Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich
110:
615:
10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0618:HPALPO]2.0.CO;2
480:
British Hoverflies: An Illustrated Identification Guide
1509:
1405:
Bi-monthly Research Notes, Forestry Service, Canada
451:
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects
1016:www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage
1252:
1250:
1130:Syrph the Net, the Database of European Syrphidae
1150:Handbook of British Insects. Diptera: Syrphidae
496:Soos, A.; Papp, L.; Soos, A.; Papp, L. (1988).
939:
937:
556:
554:
552:
550:
478:Stubbs, Alan E. & Falk, Steven J. (1983).
1002:
1000:
8:
894:
892:
890:
888:
628:
626:
624:
1497:
1347:. Wiley Online Library. pp. 199–216.
1197:
1195:
596:
594:
592:
440:
438:
211:, from the family Syrphidae, in the order
31:
20:
1463:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1057:
1055:
1010:TAXONOMY BROWSER: Parasyrphus nigritarsis
748:
701:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
675:
673:
652:
650:
648:
1229:Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales
844:
842:
786:
784:
578:
576:
1731:Taxa named by Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt
826:
824:
822:
434:
983:. Vol. 1867. Agriculture Canada.
805:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1997.t01-1-00061.x
491:
489:
455:Royal Entomological Society of London
7:
1615:59589f01-2d8c-4b49-a2d2-4f5f69081d9d
1325:Faunistisch-Ökologische Mitteilungen
1475:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb01188.x
1272:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1994.tb00387.x
713:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1989.tb02222.x
14:
1088:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
1176:Diptera and Siphonaptera, Part I
979:Vockeroth, John Richard (1992).
958:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01220.x
928:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00492.x
863:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00632.x
741:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00200.x
57:
635:Tijdschrift over Plantenziekten
344:or its North American relative
586:IRSNB, no. 60, pp. 1-167.
1:
498:Volume 8: Syrphidae-Conopidae
231:(top, pale) on egg clutch of
1174:Steyskal, George C. (1988).
1065:Parasyrphus (forest syrphs)
445:Chandler, Peter J. (1998).
1747:
1390:10.1016/j.baae.2011.07.006
1353:10.1002/9783527682973.ch16
1202:Van Veen, Mark P. (2010).
1121:Speight, M. C. D. (2011).
916:Journal of Applied Ecology
368:Chrysomela vigintipunctata
1726:Insects described in 1843
1424:Journal of Animal Ecology
1378:Basic and Applied Ecology
513:The Canadian Entomologist
185:
178:
159:
152:
54:Scientific classification
52:
39:
30:
23:
453:. Vol. 12. London:
240:Distribution and habitat
1511:Parasyrphus nigritarsis
337:Parasyrphus nigritarsus
204:Parasyrphus nigritarsis
163:Parasyrphus nigritarsis
42:Parasyrphus nigritarsus
25:Parasyrphus nigritarsis
1494:
563:Entomologist's Gazette
422:Chrysomela aeneicollis
236:
1490:in Germany. Grove of
1485:
1260:Ecological Entomology
1100:10.4141/cjps-2014-339
946:Ecological Entomology
901:Chrysomelidae Biology
851:Ecological Entomology
833:Chrysomelidae Biology
793:Ecological Entomology
416:Parasyrphus melanderi
392:Phratora vulgatissima
358:Parasyrphus melanderi
347:Parasyrphus melanderi
226:
1610:Fauna Europaea (new)
410:Gastrophysa viridula
374:Chrysomela lapponica
332:Biology and prey use
525:10.4039/tce.2020.68
398:Phratora vitellinae
292:Rhododendron aureum
145:P. nigritarsis
46:Phratora vitellinae
1495:
457:. pp. 1–234.
404:Chrysomela crotchi
386:Plagiosterna aenea
237:
188:Scaeva nigritarsis
1716:Diptera of Europe
1703:
1702:
1503:Taxon identifiers
1362:978-3-527-33764-4
1213:978-90-04-27449-5
401:in Europe and on
380:Chrysomela populi
326:DipteraMorphology
324:patches. Consult
276:Potentilla erecta
200:
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1680:NBNSYS0000006946
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752:
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545:
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508:
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272:Anemone nemorosa
207:is a species of
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62:
61:
35:
21:
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1492:Populus tremula
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1455:Further reading
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1331:(7/8): 267–286.
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425:in California.
361:in California.
334:
308:
284:Prunus spinosus
264:Populus tremula
242:
174:
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148:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1597:Fauna Europaea
1593:
1580:
1567:
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1531:
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1501:
1488:P. nigritarsus
1469:(3): 201–206.
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1430:(3): 973–986.
1414:
1395:
1384:(6): 516–522.
1368:
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1334:
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1246:
1219:
1212:
1191:
1184:
1166:
1139:
1113:
1094:(3): 505–516.
1078:
1051:
1027:
996:
989:
971:
952:(5): 611–622.
933:
922:(2): 298–308.
906:
884:
857:(5): 584–593.
838:
818:
799:(2): 176–183.
780:
735:(4): 543–562.
718:
691:
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644:
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609:(2): 618–631.
588:
572:
546:
519:(2): 181–195.
503:
485:
470:
463:
433:
432:
430:
427:
352:P. nigritarsus
342:P. nigritarsus
333:
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316:P. nigritarsus
312:P. nigritarsus
307:
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280:Prunus cerasus
251:P. nigritarsus
246:P. nigritarsus
241:
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229:P. nigritarsus
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68:
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50:
49:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Species of fly
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1234:
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1223:
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131:
45:
44:(l.) eating
41:
24:
18:
1662:NatureServe
1636:iNaturalist
750:10045/12249
666:(3): 1–202.
419:feeding on
321:Parasyrphus
306:Description
217:Parasyrphus
192:Zetterstedt
171:Zetterstedt
132:Parasyrphus
48:larva (r.)
1710:Categories
1309:2021-06-16
1235:(3): 193.
1160:2021-06-15
1072:2021-06-16
1045:2021-06-16
1021:2021-06-15
729:Cladistics
688:: 103–124.
641:: 192–194.
584:Doc. Trav.
429:References
288:Ranunculus
91:Arthropoda
1721:Syrphinae
1411:(5): 3–4.
1266:: 31–38.
1241:2336-3193
1206:. Brill.
1108:0008-4220
871:0307-6946
759:0748-3007
707:: 29–70.
541:230610037
533:0008-347X
139:Species:
121:Syrphidae
77:Kingdom:
71:Eukaryota
40:Larva of
1667:2.950298
1534:BioLib:
1526:Q7136075
1520:Wikidata
1280:85082871
966:56040676
879:85321202
813:83877801
775:85348839
767:34879632
310:Eggs of
235:(yellow)
209:hoverfly
180:Synonyms
117:Family:
87:Phylum:
81:Animalia
67:Domain:
1693:1740933
1628:1533068
1303:YouTube
603:Ecology
227:Egg of
213:Diptera
173:, 1843)
127:Genus:
111:Diptera
107:Order:
101:Insecta
97:Class:
1654:140207
1641:486741
1576:750779
1550:111421
1537:123558
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194:, 1843
1602:65849
1589:75919
1584:EUNIS
1563:75QB8
1440:JSTOR
1276:S2CID
1155:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
962:S2CID
875:S2CID
809:S2CID
771:S2CID
537:S2CID
300:Salix
260:Salix
256:Alnus
1688:NCBI
1649:ITIS
1623:GBIF
1545:BOLD
1444:4208
1357:ISBN
1237:ISSN
1208:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1104:ISSN
985:ISBN
867:ISSN
763:PMID
755:ISSN
529:ISSN
459:ISBN
266:and
1675:NBN
1571:EoL
1558:CoL
1471:doi
1432:doi
1386:doi
1349:doi
1268:doi
1096:doi
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801:doi
745:hdl
737:doi
709:doi
611:doi
521:doi
517:153
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
