35:
289:
340:
synthesis is maintained and not disrupted in the host cell. Maintaining protein synthesis allows the virus to prevent normal cellular replication, but still allow for ribosome dependent translation to occur. The primary site for replication is also thought to be in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
319:. The viral Protein RGD is what binds the virus to the cell it is trying to get into. The protein rests in the more flexible areas of the capsid shell. Very little is known about how exactly the virus enters the cell. The virus can enter the cell through many different pathways, but most likely the
339:
When the virus is replicating in cells, it typically uses the mechanisms already in the cell to replicate ins own genomic information. However, unlike many other picornaviruses, Pacherovirus B does not completely shut down the host cell's ability to replicate its own genomic information. Protein
348:
Due to primary replication in the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the intestines, viral shedding can lead to many gastrointestinal issues. Diarrhea is one of the most common symptoms associated with being infected with picornaviruses, Parechovirus B included. As for respiratory disease and
276:; when rodents increase to high densities, they find it difficult to defend territory and obtain food, and then become more susceptible to predation. This stressful situation results in disease, death and population decline, leading to a pattern of cyclic variation in population size over time.
284:
Parecherovirus B is a positive sense, single stranded RNA virus. Parechovirus B is a virus that contains an outer shell. This outer shell, or capsid is made up of proteins set up in an icosahedral formation. Unlike other picornaviruses, the capsid shell of
Parechovirus B has some proteins that
837:
Schoenecker, B.; K.E. Heller & T. Freimanis (2000). "Development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and their laboratory-bred offspring. Is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus?".
292:
This image is an example of what an icosahedral capsid protein shell might look like. This is not the exact formation of the
Parechovirus B capsid shell, it is a good example, of how the capsid proteins might be
921:
Zhu, Ling; Wang, Xiangxi; Ren, Jingshan; Porta, Claudine; Wenham, Hannah; Ekström, Jens-Ola; Panjwani, Anusha; Knowles, Nick J.; Kotecha, Abhay; Siebert, C. Alistair; Lindberg, A. Michael (2015-10-08).
272:
was that infected wild rodents developed diabetes if they were exposed to stress. This has led to speculation that this disease may be the underlying cause of fluctuating rodent populations in
681:
Niklasson, B.; Papadogiannakis, Nikos; Gustafsson, Susanne; et al. (2009). "Zoonotic
Ljungan virus associated with central nervous system malformations in terminated pregnancy".
503:
Niklasson, B.; Feinstein, Ricardo E.; Samsioe, Annika; et al. (2006). "Diabetes and myocarditis in voles and lemmings at cyclic peak densities--induced by
Ljungan virus?".
1248:
1261:
1207:
554:
Samsioe, A.; Saade, George; Sjöholm, Åke; et al. (2006). "Intrauterine death, fetal malformation, and delayed pregnancy in
Ljungan virus-infected mice".
1299:
589:
Salisbury, A. M.; Begon, M.; Dove, W.; Niklasson, B.; Stewart, J. P. (2013). "Ljungan virus is endemic in rodents in the UK".
1110:– This site intends to be a knowledge bank summarizing the increasing mass of information generated regarding the effects of
225:
34:
228:
in humans. In addition, studies are being conducted worldwide to investigate the possible connection of the virus to
1212:
634:"Development of type 1 diabetes in wild bank voles associated with islet autoantibodies and the novel ljungan virus"
1266:
1304:
221:
370:
349:
symptoms, there is evidence that
Pacrechovirus B can cause respiratory disease. Wheezing and even contracting
1289:
878:
Harvala, H.; Simmonds, P. (2009). "Human parechoviruses: Biology, epidemiology and clinical significance".
759:
Niklasson, B.; et al. (2007). "Association of zoonotic
Ljungan virus with intrauterine fetal deaths".
716:
Niklasson, B.; Hörnfeldt, Birger; Klitz, William (2009). "Sudden infant death syndrome and
Ljungan virus".
1294:
1147:
233:
1107:
1118:
935:
512:
29:
1185:
819:
741:
614:
536:
482:
154:
989:"The Structure of Human Parechovirus 1 Reveals an Association of the RNA Genome with the Capsid"
1253:
1194:
1087:
1069:
1028:
1010:
969:
951:
903:
895:
855:
811:
776:
733:
698:
663:
606:
571:
528:
474:
433:
229:
209:
794:
Joki-Korpela, P.; T. Hyypia (2001). "Parechoviruses, a novel group of human picornaviruses".
1077:
1059:
1018:
1000:
959:
943:
887:
847:
803:
768:
725:
690:
653:
645:
598:
563:
520:
464:
423:
288:
95:
204:, which is also found in several places in Europe and America, causes serious illness in
939:
924:"Structure of Ljungan virus provides insight into genome packaging of this picornavirus"
516:
1023:
988:
964:
923:
658:
633:
453:"Characterization of Whitney's Clethrionomys gapperi virus isolates from Massachusetts"
119:
107:
1082:
1047:
851:
1283:
256:
71:
1064:
823:
745:
618:
540:
486:
353:
have also been identified as symptoms of respiratory infection with
Parechovirus B.
1199:
1046:
Joki-Korpela, P.; Marjomaki, V.; Krogerus, C.; Heino, J.; Hyypia, T. (2001-02-15).
217:
131:
83:
1170:
1179:
273:
261:
205:
1239:
469:
452:
891:
807:
729:
602:
524:
307:
There is a receptor for
Parechovirus B on the outer membrane of a cell called
265:
251:
212:. Several scientific articles have recently reported findings indicating that
1073:
1014:
955:
899:
350:
185:
59:
1091:
1032:
973:
907:
859:
815:
780:
737:
702:
667:
649:
610:
575:
532:
437:
428:
411:
1233:
1164:
1005:
320:
308:
193:
556:
Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology
285:
protrude and are markedly displaced from the remainder of the proteins.
947:
772:
694:
632:
Niklasson, B.; Schønecker, Bryan; Bildsøe, Mogens; et al. (2003).
567:
478:
412:"A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)"
189:
197:
1141:
410:
Niklasson, B.; Hörnfeldt, Birger; Hörling, Jan; et al. (1999).
184:, was first discovered in the mid-1990s after being isolated from a
287:
46:
761:
Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology
1145:
987:
Kalynych, Sergei; Pálková, Lenka; Plevka, Pavel (2015-11-18).
1122:
268:). One of the earliest scientific discoveries regarding
1119:"Developing tools and treatments for virus infections"
1114:
infection. It is financed and written by Apodemus AB.
378:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1223:
1154:
1134:– Apodemus is the research company that discovered
451:Main, A.J.; R.E. Shope & R.C. Wallis (1976).
498:
496:
250:. Other members of this viral family include
8:
1142:
331:proteins on the host cell are still used.
18:
1081:
1063:
1022:
1004:
963:
657:
468:
427:
361:
873:
871:
869:
200:. It has since been established that
7:
14:
371:"Rename 12 picornavirus species"
33:
1065:10.1128/jvi.75.4.1958-1967.2001
1048:"Entry of Human Parechovirus 1"
236:and other illnesses in humans.
260:, and the viruses causing the
1:
852:10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00108-8
369:Knowles, Nick (7 July 2014).
880:Journal of Clinical Virology
226:sudden infant death syndrome
1321:
470:10.7589/0090-3558-12.2.154
892:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.03.009
808:10.3109/07853890109002095
730:10.1007/s12024-009-9086-8
603:10.1007/s00705-013-1731-6
525:10.1007/s00442-006-0493-1
160:
153:
28:
21:
1300:Rare infectious diseases
222:intrauterine fetal death
718:Forensic Sci Med Pathol
638:Int J Exp Diabesity Res
650:10.1080/15438600303733
429:10.1006/viro.1998.9557
294:
178:, formerly called the
928:Nature Communications
291:
242:belongs to the genus
1006:10.1128/jvi.02346-15
683:Birth Defects Res. A
591:Archives of Virology
280:Viral classification
30:Virus classification
1052:Journal of Virology
993:Journal of Virology
940:2015NatCo...6.8316Z
840:Appl Anim Behav Sci
517:2006Oecol.150....1N
344:Associated diseases
216:is associated with
948:10.1038/ncomms9316
773:10.1002/bdra.20359
695:10.1002/bdra.20568
568:10.1002/bdrb.20083
298:Genome replication
295:
210:laboratory animals
1277:
1276:
1148:Taxon identifiers
398:Ljungan virus 1-4
171:
170:
1312:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1202:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1121:. Archived from
1108:Ljunganvirus.org
1096:
1095:
1085:
1067:
1058:(4): 1958–1967.
1043:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1008:
999:(3): 1377–1386.
984:
978:
977:
967:
918:
912:
911:
875:
864:
863:
834:
828:
827:
791:
785:
784:
756:
750:
749:
713:
707:
706:
678:
672:
671:
661:
629:
623:
622:
586:
580:
579:
551:
545:
544:
500:
491:
490:
472:
448:
442:
441:
431:
407:
401:
400:
386:
384:
375:
366:
38:
37:
19:
16:Species of virus
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1305:Rodent diseases
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1150:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1104:
1099:
1045:
1044:
1040:
986:
985:
981:
920:
919:
915:
877:
876:
867:
836:
835:
831:
793:
792:
788:
758:
757:
753:
715:
714:
710:
680:
679:
675:
631:
630:
626:
588:
587:
583:
553:
552:
548:
502:
501:
494:
450:
449:
445:
409:
408:
404:
382:
380:
373:
368:
367:
363:
359:
346:
337:
330:
326:
318:
314:
305:
300:
282:
149:
97:Pisoniviricetes
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:Picornaviridae
1282:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1258:
1245:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1186:Parechovirus B
1176:
1160:
1158:
1156:Parechovirus B
1152:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:Parechovirus B
1115:
1112:Parechovirus B
1103:
1102:External links
1100:
1098:
1097:
1038:
979:
913:
865:
846:(4): 349–357.
829:
786:
751:
708:
673:
624:
581:
546:
492:
443:
402:
396:Parechovirus B
360:
358:
355:
345:
342:
336:
333:
328:
324:
316:
312:
304:
301:
299:
296:
281:
278:
270:Parechovirus B
248:Picornaviridae
246:of the family
240:Parechovirus B
214:Parechovirus B
202:Parechovirus B
175:Parechovirus B
169:
168:
167:
166:
158:
157:
151:
150:
146:Parechovirus B
143:
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
121:Picornaviridae
117:
113:
112:
109:Picornavirales
105:
101:
100:
93:
89:
88:
81:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
57:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
23:Parechovirus B
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1317:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:Rare diseases
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1225:Ljungan virus
1222:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1125:on 2020-08-06
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
980:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
872:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:(7): 466–71.
801:
797:
790:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:(6): 488–93.
766:
762:
755:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:(6): 542–55.
688:
684:
677:
674:
669:
665:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
597:(3): 547–51.
596:
592:
585:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:(4): 251–56.
561:
557:
550:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
497:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
466:
463:(2): 154–64.
462:
458:
454:
447:
444:
439:
435:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
406:
403:
399:
397:
394:
393:Ljungan virus
391:
379:
372:
365:
362:
356:
354:
352:
343:
341:
334:
332:
322:
310:
302:
297:
290:
286:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:
257:Hepatovirus A
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:malformations
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:
181:Ljungan virus
177:
176:
165:
164:Ljungan virus
162:
161:
159:
156:
152:
148:
147:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:Orthornavirae
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
24:
20:
1224:
1155:
1138:in the 1990s
1135:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:the original
1111:
1055:
1051:
1041:
996:
992:
982:
931:
927:
916:
883:
879:
843:
839:
832:
799:
795:
789:
764:
760:
754:
724:(4): 274–9.
721:
717:
711:
686:
682:
676:
644:(1): 35–44.
641:
637:
627:
594:
590:
584:
559:
555:
549:
508:
504:
460:
456:
446:
422:(1): 86–93.
419:
415:
405:
395:
392:
390:Parechovirus
389:
388:
381:. Retrieved
377:
364:
347:
338:
306:
283:
269:
255:
247:
244:Parechovirus
243:
239:
238:
234:neurological
213:
201:
180:
179:
174:
173:
172:
163:
145:
144:
133:Parechovirus
132:
120:
108:
96:
85:Pisuviricota
84:
72:
60:
53:
43:(unranked):
22:
1180:Wikispecies
934:(1): 8316.
457:J Wildl Dis
335:Replication
274:Scandinavia
262:common cold
208:as well as
1284:Categories
1129:2009-09-11
886:(1): 1–9.
511:(1): 1–7.
357:References
303:Cell entry
293:assembled.
266:rhinovirus
252:poliovirus
1171:Q24721961
1074:0022-538X
1015:0022-538X
956:2041-1723
900:1386-6532
505:Oecologia
351:pneumonia
192:river in
188:near the
186:bank vole
140:Species:
68:Kingdom:
61:Riboviria
1254:11460186
1240:Q1441063
1234:Wikidata
1165:Wikidata
1092:11160695
1033:26581987
974:26446437
908:19372062
860:10844158
824:37499760
816:11680794
781:17335057
746:25470667
738:19408134
703:19180651
668:12745669
619:15595591
611:23665770
576:16894624
541:22311201
533:16868760
487:31369232
438:10049824
416:Virology
321:integrin
309:integrin
230:diabetes
196:county,
194:Medelpad
155:Synonyms
116:Family:
80:Phylum:
1213:1803957
1024:4719609
965:4633645
936:Bibcode
796:Ann Med
659:2480497
513:Bibcode
190:Ljungan
128:Genus:
104:Order:
92:Class:
1267:172314
1090:
1083:115142
1080:
1072:
1031:
1021:
1013:
972:
962:
954:
906:
898:
858:
822:
814:
779:
744:
736:
701:
666:
656:
617:
609:
574:
539:
531:
485:
477:
436:
224:, and
198:Sweden
1249:IRMNG
1200:4DK9G
820:S2CID
742:S2CID
615:S2CID
537:S2CID
483:S2CID
383:1 May
374:(PDF)
54:Realm
47:Virus
1262:NCBI
1208:NCBI
1088:PMID
1070:ISSN
1029:PMID
1011:ISSN
970:PMID
952:ISSN
904:PMID
896:ISSN
856:PMID
812:PMID
777:PMID
734:PMID
699:PMID
664:PMID
607:PMID
572:PMID
529:PMID
479:6801
475:PMID
434:PMID
385:2019
206:wild
1195:CoL
1078:PMC
1060:doi
1019:PMC
1001:doi
960:PMC
944:doi
888:doi
848:doi
804:doi
769:doi
726:doi
691:doi
654:PMC
646:doi
599:doi
595:159
564:doi
521:doi
509:150
465:doi
424:doi
420:255
1286::
1264::
1251::
1236::
1210::
1197::
1182::
1167::
1086:.
1076:.
1068:.
1056:75
1054:.
1050:.
1027:.
1017:.
1009:.
997:90
995:.
991:.
968:.
958:.
950:.
942:.
930:.
926:.
902:.
894:.
884:45
882:.
868:^
854:.
844:68
842:.
818:.
810:.
800:33
798:.
775:.
765:79
763:.
740:.
732:.
720:.
697:.
687:85
685:.
662:.
652:.
640:.
636:.
613:.
605:.
593:.
570:.
560:77
558:.
535:.
527:.
519:.
507:.
495:^
481:.
473:.
461:12
459:.
455:.
432:.
418:.
414:.
387:.
376:.
254:,
232:,
220:,
56::
1132:.
1094:.
1062::
1035:.
1003::
976:.
946::
938::
932:6
910:.
890::
862:.
850::
826:.
806::
783:.
771::
748:.
728::
722:5
705:.
693::
670:.
648::
642:4
621:.
601::
578:.
566::
543:.
523::
515::
489:.
467::
440:.
426::
329:6
327:β
325:v
323:α
317:6
315:β
313:v
311:α
264:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
