31:
30:
699:, certain ceremonies can be found in which a person's deeds are mystically transferred to another. In the ] many examples can be found of good or evil deeds of one person being transferred to another person, whether on purpose or not. However, according to Buddhist Studies scholar M. M. J. Marasinghe, the concept of the transfer of merit in early Buddhism is different from pre-Buddhist ideas in several respects: merit is not donated in literal, measurable parts; meritorious acts in relation to the Saṅgha are emphasized;
875:, that is, a teaching given by the recipient monks to the donors to rejoice in their merits done. There is also a custom to transfer merits at certain intervals after a relative has died, starting with the first period of usually seven days, another time after a fifty and a hundred days, and after that, every year. Such merit transfer rituals at intervals may be held at the local temple or at home. In some Buddhist countries, certain days have been considered especially suitable for transferring merit, for example on
853:
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karma and merit, and by connecting these principles with the sense of responsibility towards parents in the context of ancestor worship. As for the veneration of dead ancestors, Buddhists replaced this by the veneration of the Saṅgha. In many
Buddhist countries, the Saṅgha has therefore taken the role of an intermediary between the devotees who dedicate merit and their deceased relatives. In this context, the Saṅgha is considered a "
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480:, the merits transferred will help to shorten the time that the spirit must spend there. On a similar note, when performing a ceremony to drive away a spirit that has possessed a devotee, devotees may invite a monk for a ceremony to transfer merits to the spirit. Another aim in transferring merit, apart from helping the deceased, is to dedicate it to the
658:
being an "inherent consequence" (Bechert) of these early doctrines. Gombrich theorizes that early
Buddhism focused on individual karma and responsibility, and that the teaching on transference of merit provided an "escape" to this strict doctrine of individual responsibility. He further argues that the term
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findings that are related to a
Buddhist belief in karma, even the earliest, in the third century BCE. Then there also scholars who propose that, although the concept of transfer of merit did not exist as such in early Buddhism, early doctrines did form a basis for it, the concept of transfer of merit
760:
In early
Buddhism, however, ancestor worship was discontinued, as it was believed that the dead would not reach heavenly bliss through rituals or worship, but only through the causality of karma. The practice of transfer of merit developed on the basis of the ethical and psychological principles of
785:
The doctrine of the transfer of merit helped to shape
Buddhism's relation to local deities: the devotee transfers merits to the deity, in exchange for the favor of protection by the deity. Thus, the doctrine had a huge role, and a huge impact on the extent in which Buddhism was able to fit in with
279:
is used for transferring merit, meaning 'change, alternation; ripening, bringing to maturity; development; diversion'. The term 'transfer of merit' has become commonplace, though objected to by many scholars. Indeed, 'transfer of merit' does not render any term from a classical
Buddhist language.
666:
reinterpreted the term to mean 'rejoicing', to fit in with
Buddhist orthodoxy. They explained that the deceased gained merit through simply rejoicing in the merits that their relatives made for them. In this way, there was no real transference of merit, but the deceased made merit by themselves,
376:, that is, spirits or ghosts. They must also be able to sympathize with the meritorious act. The transfer of merit is thus connected with the idea of rejoicing. If the relatives do not receive the merit, however, the very act of transferring merit will still be meritorious for the giver himself.
951:
In early
Buddhism, it was seen as a sign of good character if someone transferred merit to the dead. In the present day, the doctrine of transfer of merit allows communities to engage in merit-making activities as a group, thereby fostering kinship solidarity and enabling social engagement.
487:
It is believed that they are not able to do good deeds themselves, and their favor can be obtained in this way. Often, transference to deities is focused on deities that are considered protectors of
Buddhism. Furthermore, merit is sometimes transferred to parents as a form of
394:
Because it is believed that merit can actually be transferred, transferring merit to deceased loved ones is seen as a better alternative than mourning. Also, since in the next life there is no such thing as making a living through some occupation, merit is what sustains
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region of southern India. In addition, inscriptions at numerous sites across South Asia provide evidence that the transfer of merit was widely practiced in the first few centuries CE. In Theravāda
Buddhism, it has become customary for donors to share merits during an
667:
following orthodox doctrine on individual karma. This still is the explanation given by monastics and other notables in countries like Burma and Sri Lanka, when asked about the apparent contradiction between individual retribution of karma and the transfer of merit.
383:('bringing to maturity'): when a giver gives merit, he also gains it in that way. The other person who rejoices in one's meritorious deeds, in that way also receives merit, if he approves of the merit done. Thus, rejoicing in others' merits, apart from being one of
496:. Many Buddhists transfer merits to resolve a bond of revenge that may exist between people, as it is believed that someone else's vengefulness may create harm in one's life. Because of this reason, in Japan a special memorial service (
3197:
308:. It is a beneficial and protective force which accumulates as a result of good deeds, acts, or thoughts. Merit-making is important to Buddhist practice: merit brings good and agreeable results, determines the quality of the
930:
teaching service. In a 2002–3 field study among Cambodians, devotees were asked why they sponsored a certain ceremony. One of the most frequent answers was "to dedicate merit to my ancestors". A final example is the role of
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895:. Sometimes transferring merit is symbolized by pouring water into a vessel. In East Asian Buddhism, the doctrine of merit transfer through offerings to the Saṅgha became widely known through the story of
4026:
645:
Other scholars have argued that the doctrine of the transfer of merit can be found early in the Theravāda tradition, and that the doctrine is sanctioned by early texts. For example, Indologist
4190:
353:, the merit of the giver is in no way decreased during such an act. The traditional metaphor is a candle used to light another candle, of which the light does not diminish in the process.
662:, in later Buddhism used for rejoicing as a way to receive merit, in the earliest Pāli texts meant 'giving thanks' and was used when the deceased gave thanks for transferred merit. Later
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between death and rebirth, during which the wandering being's future destiny is still uncertain. The merit that is transferred to the deceased will help them to cross over safely to the
3002:
526:
Initially in the Western study of Buddhism, some scholars believed that the transfer of merit was unique to Mahāyāna Buddhism and that it was developed only at a late period after the
509:
The transfer of demerit or evil, the opposite of transfer of merit, has little to no role in Buddhism. It does sometimes take place in Hinduism, in which it is linked with the idea of
580:
An idea that has posed a number of thorny questions and conceptual difficulties for Buddhist thought and the history of the Mahāyāna is that often referred to as 'transfer of merit' (
534:
dated the Buddhist doctrine of transfer of merit in its fully developed form to the period between the fifth and seventh century CE. Scholars argued that it was discordant with the
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437:
crying out of hunger. The Buddha continues that the only way the king could help his former relatives was to transfer the merit from the gifts he had given to the Saṅgha to the
948:, which means a temple for merit transfer, and the practice is widespread, though it is usually led by married priests rather than the celibate Saṅgha as in early Buddhism.
1270:
4560:
899:. The yearly festival which refers to this story is widely celebrated in East Asia, and the main practice during the festival is transfer of merits to deceased relatives.
220:
Such transfer is done mentally, and it is believed that the recipient can often receive this merit, if they rejoice in the meritorious acts of the person transferring. In
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2945:
255:, in ceremonies, festivals, and daily practice. In the present day, transfer of merit has become an intrinsic part of Buddhism and has an important social function.
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The transfer of merits has grown that important in Buddhism, that it has become a major way for Buddhism to sustain itself. In Japan, some temples are even called
926:), and there is almost no ceremony without some form of merit transfer. In some Theravāda countries, for example Sri Lanka, merit transfer is done at the end of a
403:(Saṅgha) can be transferred. In this way, a certain object donated appears in the next world for the recipient there, although this is through the strength of the
6313:
3859:
4222:
2927:
729:, literally, 'gone forth', is used in early Buddhism to refer to one's dead relatives in the context of merit transfer. It is the Pāli equivalent of Sanskrit
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argues that transfer of merit in Buddhism differs from Hinduism in that no actual substance is exchanged in the rituals, but the transfer is merely abstract.
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priest as a recipient of gifts. Through the monk's role as a field of merit, lay people were able to adhere to the high standards of Buddhism and its aim on
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still recognized merit transfer, though not through the clergy as intermediary. On a similar note, some Japanese schools of Pure Land Buddhism, such as the
612:
Scholars have suggested the practice of transference may have developed due to influence of Mahāyāna Buddhism, in which beings aiming to become a Buddha (
502:) is often held after an abortion, to dedicate merit to the spirit of the deceased child. Finally, it is also a common practice to transfer merits to all
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3520:
4047:
238:
In Buddhism, such worship was given an ethical emphasis. The doctrine may also have been influenced by pre-Buddhist ideas of transference of powers. In
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new cultures and their respective deities. In the period preceding Mahāyāna Buddhism, transfer of merit had already grown to be an important practice.
739:(father, ancestor). In the period preceding the arising of Buddhism, it was believed that when somebody died he had to be transformed from a wandering
703:
do not take any part in it; and it is often a compassionate act towards living beings in the next world who are in suffering. Moreover, anthropologist
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Author Sree Padma Holt and scholar Anthony Barber note that merit transfer was well-established and a very integral part of Buddhist practice in the
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by Schumann, Hans Wolfgang, trans. by Georg Fenerstein, Rider: 1973), p. 92. Cited in "The Notion of Merit in Indian Religions," by Tommi Lehtonen,
426:. In the story, during a visit of the Buddha to Bimbisāra's palace, Bimbisāra asks about some outside noise. The Buddha explains it is the noise of
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transferred his merits, his merits did not decrease in the process, because transfer of merit was seen as a merit in itself. This was called the
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in the afterlife. Material things cannot be transferred directly to beings in the next world, but the merit accrued by making a donation to the
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3867:, translated by Webb-Boin, Sara; Dantinne, Jean (English ed.), Louvain-la-Neuve: Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste,
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are then seen to receive the objects given to the monks: Bimbisāra gives food and cloth to the Saṅgha, and the merit of the gifts allows the
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transferring merit has led to several Buddhist traditions focused on devotion. According to Gombrich, this is where the entire idea of the
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text was the Buddhist response to such worship. In this text, transferring merit to deceased relatives is described in detail. The word
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1955:
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However, some schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism developed other interpretations on the transfer of merit. The Japanese religious leader
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The idea that a certain power can be transferred from one person to another was known before Buddhism. In Hindu texts such as the
6575:
6320:
3234:
Ledgerwood, Judy (2008). "Buddhist practice in rural Kandal province 1960 and 2003". In Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David (eds.).
2319:"Saccaka's Challenge–A Study of the Saṃyukta-āgama Parallel to the Cūḷasaccaka-sutta in Relation to the Notion of Merit Transfer"
2077:(1984). "Filial Piety and the Monk in the Practice of Indian Buddhism: A Question of 'Sinicization' Viewed from the Other Side".
1913:
1250:
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Adamek, Wendi L. (2005). "The Impossibility of the Given: Representations of Merit and Emptiness in Medieval Chinese Buddhism".
856:
In East Asian Buddhism, the doctrine of merit transfer through offerings to the Saṅgha became widely known through the story of
592:). Generally accepted in Buddhism, both Mahāyānist and non-Mahāyānist, this principle stipulates that a karmic fruit or result (
6967:
6957:
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Gómez, Luis O. (2000), "Buddhism as a Religion of Hope: Observations on the 'Logic' of a Doctrine and its Foundational Myth",
836:" only the devotees' faith and discipline would help them to be saved from suffering and a bad rebirth. In practice, however,
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could transfer merits to devotees to help relieve their suffering. The latter could then share that merit with others. When a
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Falk, Monica Lindberg (April 2010), "Recovery and Buddhist Practices in the Aftermath of the Tsunami in Southern Thailand",
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Land of bliss: The paradise of the Buddha of measureless light (Sanskrit and Chinese versions of the Sukhāvatīvyūha sutras)
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The purposes for merit transfer differ. Some Mahāyāna traditions believe that it can help deceased relatives to attain the
6882:
6580:
6263:
4555:
4388:
4064:
Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India
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1024:
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6337:
6308:
6010:
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3739:
2005:
765:": a worthy recipient that helps the devotee accrue the merits required for transfer. In his role in funeral rites, the
5700:
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Skilling, Peter (2005), "Worship and devotional life: Buddhist devotional life in East Asia", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),
906:
of all main schools of Buddhism. Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna Buddhists transfer merits as part of the 'Seven-part-worship' (
6156:
6065:
5961:
5895:
5535:
5180:
4693:
4588:
3822:
Keyes, Charles F. (1983b). "Merit-Transference in the Kammic Theory of Popular Theravāda Buddhism". pp. 261–286in
3709:
Holt, John C. (1981), "Assisting the Dead by Venerating the Living: Merit Transfer in the Early Buddhist Tradition",
3480:(1971), "'Merit Transference' in Sinhalese Buddhism: A Case Study of the Interaction between Doctrine and Practice",
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Transferring merit to another person, usually deceased relatives, is simply done by a mental wish. Despite the word
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is based on, and according to Buddhist studies scholar Luis Gómez, it is the expression of the Buddhist ideals of
572:) according to which everybody wanting better rebirth can reach it solely by his own efforts". Or as Buddhologist
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Scholars have discussed how the doctrine of transfer of merit can be reconciled with the individual nature of
618:) can share merit with devotees and thereby save them. Ruegg also argues that the related idea of receiving (
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887:) in Thailand. Moreover, a custom exists in Thailand and Laos to dedicate merit to parents by ordaining as
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2820:"Vengeful Spirits or Loving Spiritual Companions? Changing Views of Animal Spirits in Contemporary Japan"
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Cole, Alan (1996). "Upside down/Right Side up: A Revisionist History of Buddhist Funerals in China".
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In later centuries, in many schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism, it was believed that celestial Buddhas or
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2946:"Funerary rites and the Buddhist meaning of death: An interpretative text from Northern Thailand"
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2619:
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596:) is 'reaped', i.e. experienced, solely by the person—or more precisely by the conscious series (
470:
462:
309:
841:
560:
stating that "the Mahāyāna teaching of the transfer of merit breaks the strict causality of the
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3177:
Deegalle, Mahinda (2003). Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (eds.).
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3286:
3243:
3187:
3133:
3084:
3039:
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2705:
2680:
2531:
Vandergeest, Peter (28 November 2008). "Hierarchy and Power in Pre-National Buddhist States".
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school, do not perform transfer of merits on doctrinal grounds, though some exceptions occur.
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328:
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186:
106:
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324:
206:
132:
80:
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3849:(1987), "From Death to Birth: Ritual Process and Buddhist Meanings in Northern Thailand",
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832:(1222–1282) believed transfer of merit to be ineffective, because he argued that in this "
650:
367:
362:
305:
210:
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5494:
4741:
4604:
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Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins
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Tanabe, George J. Jr. (2004), "Merit and merit-making", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),
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1100:
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1044:
1040:
1032:
880:
619:
531:
422:, who the Buddha encourages to share his merits with his former relatives, reborn as
370:, they cannot receive the merit. They can only receive the merit if they are born as
297:
194:
146:
6805:
5710:
5588:
4944:
4939:
1052:
749:
6850:
6835:
6755:
6745:
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5371:
5198:
5069:
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3462:
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Tuladhar-Douglas, William (2005). "Pūjā: Buddhist Pūjā". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).
3031:
Of Beggars and Buddhas: The Politics of Humor in the Vessantara Jataka in Thailand
1346:. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale. pp. 309–310.
588:, to run counter to the karmic principle of the fruition or retribution of deeds (
465:. In many Buddhist countries, transferring merit is connected to the notion of an
343:
339:
4143:
3776:
3737:
Keyes, Charles F. (1977), "Millennialism, Theravada Buddhism, and Thai Society",
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3276:
3236:
People of Virtue: Reconfiguring Religion, Power and Moral Order in Cambodia Today
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There are also other forms that are practiced, varying from four to eleven parts.
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Brekke, T. (1998), "Contradiction and the merit of giving in Indian religions",
1578:. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale. pp. 20–23.
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510:
244:
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338:
Transferring merit is a widespread custom in all Buddhist countries, Mahāyāna,
205:) is a standard part of Buddhist spiritual discipline where the practitioner's
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5111:
4994:
4899:
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4497:
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2700:
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415:
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1950:. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale. p. 379.
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5116:
5036:
4999:
4766:
4731:
4698:
4673:
4628:
4217:
3529:
2672:
2637:
Lehtonen, Tommi (November 2000). "The Notion of Merit in Indian Religions".
2092:
1946:
Cuevas, Brian J. (2004). "Intermediate state". In Buswell, Robert E. (ed.).
1830:
1342:
Masefield, Peter (2004). "Ghosts and spirits". In Buswell, Robert E. (ed.).
822:
696:
458:
419:
360:, if dead relatives are reborn in a place that is too high or too low, as a
6513:
5349:
5203:
4969:
4751:
4620:
4612:
3522:
Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History From Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
649:
placed its origins around the fourth century BCE. Buddhist Studies scholar
346:, and is often practiced at ceremonies and festivals in honor of the dead.
118:
5275:
3132:. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp. 7496–7497.
484:, the early orthodox view that they cannot receive merit notwithstanding.
34:
Sometimes transferring merit is symbolized by pouring water into a vessel.
17:
6870:
6825:
6770:
6735:
6639:
6298:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5830:
5810:
5745:
5663:
5653:
5628:
5623:
5523:
5284:
5155:
5143:
5054:
4791:
4713:
4410:
4357:
4228:
2988:
2180:
2178:
892:
876:
833:
829:
561:
272:
221:
52:
3588:
3278:
Practically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan
2675:(1997). "Buddhism in Japan". In Carr, Brian; Mahalingam, Indira (eds.).
6775:
6718:
6703:
5850:
5840:
5815:
5690:
5685:
5643:
5613:
5545:
5511:
5462:
5398:
5339:
5334:
5230:
5188:
5091:
4929:
4879:
4666:
4492:
4352:
4341:
3919:
3760:
3730:
3501:
3416:
2784:
2100:
1862:
1574:
Walter, Mariko Namba (2004). "Ancestors". In Buswell, Robert E. (ed.).
1428:
1028:
902:
Merit transfer has developed to become a standard element in the basic
888:
814:
770:
766:
356:
The merit transferred cannot always be received, however. According to
264:
3970:
821:, it became common to transfer merit and help the deceased attain the
600:)—that has sown the seed of future karmic fruition when deliberately (
209:, resulting from good deeds, is transferred to deceased relatives, to
6855:
6840:
6676:
6538:
6518:
6293:
5955:
5835:
5825:
5760:
5388:
5344:
5329:
5319:
5289:
5270:
5213:
5096:
4864:
4736:
4480:
4475:
3622:
Being a Buddhist nun: the struggle for enlightenment in the Himalayas
1003:
927:
477:
404:
400:
357:
92:
3911:
3752:
3722:
3382:(1992), "Buddha-field and transfer of merit in a Theravāda source",
2405:
Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and its Burmese Vicissitudes
1419:
1402:
3962:
3493:
2979:
2776:
2607:
1854:
248:, the Buddha-to-be, who uses his merits to help all living beings.
242:, transfer of merit became an essential aspect of the ideal of the
6995:
6830:
6688:
6654:
6634:
6604:
6533:
5950:
5795:
5673:
5668:
5638:
5593:
5440:
5435:
5314:
5019:
4844:
4811:
4801:
3665:
An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues
3395:
2487:
2485:
932:
851:
735:
716:
506:, though more commonly so in Mahāyāna Buddhism than in Theravāda.
466:
388:
372:
29:
3426:
Religious Giving and the Invention of Karma in Theravada Buddhism
3359:
Narrating karma and rebirth: Buddhist and Jain multi-life stories
1010:
refers to transference of merit to another living being, whereas
715:
Apart from these transfers of power, a second origin is found in
391:, is also a prerequisite for the transferring of merit to occur.
6865:
5658:
5324:
4821:
4114:, vol. 2, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale,
687:). A similar belief existed with regard to the energy gained by
224:, merit transfer is seen as a better alternative than mourning.
66:
4377:
4232:
1159:
Calkowski, Marcia (2006b). "Thailand". In Riggs, Thomas (ed.).
407:
of giving, not through the physical act of offering by itself.
6523:
5059:
2433:
2431:
2429:
1117:
straightening one's own views in accordance with the teachings
3947:
McDermott, James P. (1975), "The Kathāvatthu Kamma Debates",
3688:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
1773:
1771:
1769:
1644:
1642:
1629:
1627:
3861:
History of Indian Buddhism: from the origins to the Saka era
3625:(online ed.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
3077:
Death, Dying and Bereavement: A Hong Kong Chinese Experience
2944:
Anusaraṇaśāsanakiarti, Phra Khrū; Keyes, Charles F. (1980).
2502:
2500:
2230:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
1800:
1798:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1597:
1595:
1320:
1318:
1163:. Vol. 3. Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale. p. 447.
410:
The traditional example of the transferring of merit in the
3986:
Buddhist dictionary: manual of Buddhist terms and doctrines
3186:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 158.
753:
ceremonies, which would secure the deceased's destiny as a
634:) merit through rejoicing, expressed through terms such as
2900:(1st ed.). Sri Satguru Publications. pp. 33, 37.
2849:
2847:
2472:
2470:
2150:
2148:
2146:
1542:
1540:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1460:
1458:
1290:
1288:
1027:
and widely known in the Buddhist world. They consist of:
2249:
2247:
1384:
1382:
1380:
2226:"Aspects of the Study of the (Earlier) Indian Mahāyāna"
1756:
1754:
1557:
1555:
4096:, vol. 14 (2nd ed.), Detroit: Thomson Gale,
3775:
Keyes, Charles F.; Daniel, E. Valentine, eds. (1983).
3075:. In Chan, Cecilia Lai Wan; Chow, Amy Yin Man (eds.).
2332:. The Chung Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies: 60–62.
939:
were built partly because of merit transfer purposes.
653:
states that the idea of merit transfer is part of all
231:. Some scholars believe that the idea originates with
137:
4036:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale.
1305:
1303:
935:(structures with relics): it has been suggested that
546:
text that the idea is partly refuted by Theravādins.
2985:
Buddhism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives
1201:"Transfer of Merit in Hindu Literature and Religion"
476:
Or if the spirit has already been reborn, but in an
430:, who in a previous life were the king's relatives.
6966:
6881:
6796:
6494:
6396:
6279:
5976:
5904:
5731:
5604:
5544:
5179:
5045:
4985:
4830:
4722:
4652:
4506:
4451:
4329:
4303:
4267:
3642:
Lay Buddhism in Contemporary Japan: Reiyukai Kyodan
3388:, vol. 35, no. 2–3, July 1992, pp. 95–108
159:
145:
131:
105:
79:
65:
51:
42:
2978:
271:is used, meaning 'giving of the acquired'. In the
2913:"Tug-of-war for merit cremation of a senior monk"
1839:: An Extended Application of Paul Mus's Typology"
1528:Buddhism. An Outline of its Teachings and Schools
1337:
1335:
1333:
1083:); dedicating (or transferring) merit to others (
3034:. New Perspectives in South-East Asian Studies.
1523:
1521:
1154:
1152:
642:, may have developed due to Mahāyāna influence.
165:
3894:"'Transference of Merit' in Ceylonese Buddhism"
1675:"Socio-Medical Aspects of Abortion in Thailand"
578:
4145:Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays
4015:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra
1993:
1991:
267:tradition (from 5th–7th century CE), the word
122:
111:
57:
4389:
4244:
1161:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices
312:and contributes to a person's growth towards
251:Transfer of merit is widely practiced in all
96:
85:
8:
5171:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
4169:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
3561:(1st ed.), London: Equinox Publishing,
2289:
2001:Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka
1883:
1777:
1633:
3838:
3816:
3800:Keyes, Charles F. (1983a). "Introduction"in
2865:
1294:
549:Theologian Tommi Lehtonen quotes historian
4396:
4382:
4374:
4251:
4237:
4229:
2702:Britannica encyclopedia of world religions
2677:Companion encyclopedia of Asian philosophy
2437:
1804:
1601:
743:to the state of the blissful world of the
151:
71:
2724:
1816:
1733:
1618:
1488:
1418:
304:) is a concept considered fundamental to
235:, whereas others suspect a later origin.
3950:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3341:
3305:
3262:
3152:
2853:
2805:
2736:
2704:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 683.
2567:
2476:
2386:
2374:
2350:
2208:
2196:
2154:
2049:
1895:
1789:
1660:
1648:
1546:
1464:
1403:"A Model for the Study of Thai Buddhism"
1371:
1231:
1183:
1107:); instructing others in the teachings (
379:This explains part of the definition of
366:(deity), as a human, as an animal or in
6358:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
4209:About the practice of transfer of merit
3988:(4th rev. ed.), Kandy, Sri Lanka:
3275:Reader, Ian; Tanabe, George J. (1998).
3103:
2506:
2362:
2301:
2265:
2184:
2137:
2061:
1148:
979:
323:is also associated with the concept of
6561:List of Buddhist architecture in China
4025:Pye, Michael; Strong, John S. (1987).
3825:
3803:
3329:
3216:
3206:
3115:
3058:
2579:
2253:
2169:
2125:
2113:
1760:
1745:
1512:
1476:
1388:
1324:
1244:
1242:
1240:
449:to receive the objects given as well.
316:. Apart from the concept of merit, in
39:
3164:
3015:
2748:
1982:
1561:
1309:
817:. In Chinese Buddhism, influenced by
7:
3931:Marasinghe, MMJ (2003), "Puñña", in
3317:
2898:The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism
2518:
2491:
2277:
1970:
1500:
1449:
1014:refers to transference to the dead.
584:). ... Yet such dedication appears,
1023:Ten meritorious deeds mentioned in
461:, a heavenly paradise in Pure Land
6348:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4019:State University of New York Press
3926:from the original on 28 March 2015
2679:. London: Routledge. p. 693.
747:This was done through the complex
733:(hungry ghost), but also Sanskrit
25:
3778:Karma: An Anthropological Inquiry
3240:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
3203:from the original on 5 June 2018.
3005:from the original on 5 June 2018.
2983:. In Berkwitz, Stephen C. (ed.).
2966:from the original on 5 June 2018.
2933:from the original on 5 June 2018.
2840:from the original on 5 June 2018.
2240:from the original on 5 June 2018.
2012:from the original on 5 June 2018.
7029:
7019:
7018:
6576:Thai temple art and architecture
6321:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4561:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
4427:
4414:
4404:
4225:from the original on 5 June 2018
4196:from the original on 5 June 2018
1915:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1273:from the original on 5 June 2018
4428:
4134:The History Of Buddhist Thought
1091:); rejoicing in others' merit (
6566:Japanese Buddhist architecture
6368:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5448:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4639:Places where the Buddha stayed
3783:University of California Press
3463:10.1016/j.religion.2009.12.002
3073:"Death from the Buddhist View"
2410:University of California Press
1534:, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2000 p. 193.
1267:10.1093/OBO/9780195393521-0222
1:
6581:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3036:University of Wisconsin Press
2987:. Santa Barbara, California:
2980:"Buddhism in Tibet and Nepal"
2880:Archaeology of Early Buddhism
2172:, p. 19, "Introduction".
683:can transfer certain powers (
7062:Buddhist belief and doctrine
6338:Buddhism and the Roman world
6314:Decline of Buddhism in India
6309:History of Buddhism in India
4409: Topics in
3990:Buddhist Publication Society
3740:The Journal of Asian Studies
3028:Bowie, Katherine A. (2017).
2006:Buddhist Publication Society
1998:Kariyawasam, A.G.S. (1996).
1407:The Journal of Asian Studies
1249:Egge, James (27 July 2016).
1205:Minoru Hara Pasupata Studies
1025:non-canonical Buddhist texts
799:inexhaustible store of merit
27:Buddhist devotional practice
5536:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
5276:
4032:. In Lindsay, Jones (ed.).
3283:University of Hawai'i Press
2953:Journal of the Siam Society
2920:Journal of the Siam Society
2494:, pp. 5–10, 17, 19–20.
2461:University of Hawai'i Press
2029:. Routledge. Introduction.
1716:The Pali-English Dictionary
1203:. In Takashima, Jun (ed.).
1099:); listening to teachings (
604:) accomplishing an action (
123:
97:
7088:
6486:The unanswerable questions
4137:, Routledge and Kegan Paul
4070:, Univ. of Hawai'i Press,
3939:, vol. 7, Sri Lanka:
3832:: CS1 maint: postscript (
3810:: CS1 maint: postscript (
3781:(2nd ed.). Berkeley:
3693:Cambridge University Press
3669:Cambridge University Press
3647:Princeton University Press
3528:(2nd ed.), New York:
3363:Cambridge University Press
3081:Hong Kong University Press
2911:Keyes, Charles F. (1975).
2326:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
1923:Princeton University Press
530:. For example, Indologist
7014:
6571:Buddhist temples in Korea
5134:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
5037:Three planes of existence
4644:Buddha in world religions
4423:
3937:Encyclopaedia of Buddhism
3935:; Weeraratne, WG (eds.),
3858:Lamotte, Etienne (1988),
3839:Keyes & Daniel (1983)
3817:Keyes & Daniel (1983)
2651:10.1080/09552360020011259
2547:10.1017/S0026749X00001311
1713:; Stede, William (1921).
986:Alternatively spelled as
922:
912:
897:Mulian Rescues His Mother
884:
858:Mulian Rescues His Mother
173:
152:
138:
112:
86:
6353:Persecution of Buddhists
5574:Four stages of awakening
4955:Three marks of existence
4541:Physical characteristics
4112:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
4094:Encyclopedia of Religion
4034:Encyclopedia of religion
3899:Philosophy East and West
3639:Hardacre, Helen (2014),
3601:(1st ed.), Delhi:
3409:10.1163/1568527981562131
3357:Appleton, Naomi (2014),
3130:Encyclopedia of Religion
1948:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
1908:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.;
1829:White, David G. (1986).
1673:Ratankul, Pinit (2016).
1576:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
1344:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
5716:Ten principal disciples
4599:(aunt, adoptive mother)
4166:Williams, Paul (2008),
3595:Gómez, Luis O. (2002),
3559:What the Buddha thought
2977:Sihlé, Nicolas (2006).
2866:Padma & Barber 2009
2093:10.1163/156853284X00044
1401:Terwiel, B. J. (1976).
1259:Oxford University Press
923:Saptavidhā Anuttarapūjā
679:, it is described that
6426:Buddhism and democracy
5939:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5934:Chinese Buddhist canon
5166:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
5161:Early Buddhist schools
4013:Padma; Barber (2009),
3685:Harvey, Peter (2012),
3663:Harvey, Peter (2000),
3619:Gutschow, Kim (2004),
2878:Fogelin, Lars (2006).
2808:, p. 14 n.8, 137.
2187:, note 34, pp. 99–100.
1711:Rhys Davids, Thomas W.
1491:, pp. 5870, 5873.
1124:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1060:
1055:(mental development) (
1048:
1036:
861:
689:performing austerities
631:
623:
610:
332:
301:
293:
198:
190:
166:
72:
58:
35:
6436:Eight Consciousnesses
4546:Life of Buddha in art
4142:Wayman, Alex (1997),
3242:. pp. 157, 161.
2725:Pye & Strong 1987
2023:Langer, Rita (2007).
1734:Pye & Strong 1987
1683:Buddhism and Abortion
1619:Pye & Strong 1987
1489:Pye & Strong 1987
1255:Oxford Bibliographies
1075:); offering service (
855:
834:Age of Dharma Decline
542:, and noticed in the
33:
6913:East Asian religions
6343:Buddhism in the West
5914:Early Buddhist texts
5529:Four Right Exertions
4995:Ten spiritual realms
4488:Noble Eightfold Path
4177:Taylor & Francis
3941:Government of Ceylon
3577:The Eastern Buddhist
3517:Gombrich, Richard F.
3482:History of Religions
3423:Egge, James (2013),
3385:Indo-Iranian Journal
2764:History of Religions
2595:History of Religions
2534:Modern Asian Studies
2451:Bronkhorst, Johannes
1910:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
1843:History of Religions
1687:Macmillan Publishers
1515:, pp. 418, 423.
385:ten meritorious acts
358:early Buddhist texts
275:tradition, the word
175:Glossary of Buddhism
7036:Religion portal
6783:Temple of the Tooth
6662:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5701:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
5194:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
4977:Two truths doctrine
4797:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4597:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4150:Motilal Banarsidass
3890:Malalasekera, G. P.
3884:on 15 February 2015
3603:Motilal Banarsidass
3281:(online ed.).
3061:, pp. 274–278.
2818:Ambros, B. (2010).
2004:(online ed.).
1327:, pp. 417–418.
1234:, pp. 215–219.
1209:Motilal Banarsidass
522:Relation with karma
517:Historical analysis
478:undesirable rebirth
6958:Western philosophy
6556:Dzong architecture
6378:Vipassana movement
6373:Buddhist modernism
5801:Emperor Wen of Sui
5569:Pratyekabuddhayāna
5502:Threefold Training
5304:Vipassana movement
5020:Hungry Ghost realm
4840:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4787:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
4536:Great Renunciation
4531:Eight Great Events
4413:
3431:Taylor and Francis
3180:Preacher as a Poet
3071:Yin, Jing (2005).
2727:, pp. 5874–5.
2509:, pp. 99–100.
1651:, pp. 209–10.
1105:dhammassavana-maya
1097:pattānumodanā-maya
862:
819:Pure Land Buddhism
801:. The idea of the
671:Transfer of powers
538:understandings of
467:intermediate state
463:Buddhist cosmology
433:The noise was the
401:monastic community
253:Buddhist countries
139:བསྔོ་བ་ (bsngo ba)
36:
7044:
7043:
6682:Om mani padme hum
6388:Women in Buddhism
6304:Buddhist councils
6174:Western countries
5962:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
5723:Shaolin Monastery
5300:Samatha-vipassanā
4910:Pratītyasamutpāda
4714:Metteyya/Maitreya
4632:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4461:Four Noble Truths
4371:
4370:
4186:978-0-203-42847-4
4129:Thomas, Edward J.
3847:Keyes, Charles F.
3792:978-0-520-04429-6
3702:978-1-139-85126-8
3678:978-0-511-07584-1
3656:978-1-4008-5537-7
3568:978-1-84553-612-1
3555:Gombrich, Richard
3539:978-0-203-08864-7
3478:Gombrich, Richard
3440:978-1-136-85915-1
3372:978-1-107-03393-1
3249:978-87-7694-036-2
3045:978-0-299-30950-3
2711:978-1-59339-491-2
2463:. pp. 93–94.
2440:, pp. 468–9.
2419:978-0-520-04672-6
2400:Spiro, Melford E.
2304:, pp. 7, 42.
2290:Malalasekera 1967
2222:Ruegg, D. Seyfort
2036:978-1-134-15872-0
1932:978-0-691-15786-3
1884:Malalasekera 1967
1778:Malalasekera 1967
1721:Pali Text Society
1696:978-1-349-14178-4
1634:Malalasekera 1967
1113:dhammadesanā-maya
969:(in Christianity)
967:Treasury of merit
838:Nichiren Buddhism
781:Mahāyāna Buddhism
551:Wolfgang Schumann
528:historical Buddha
325:'roots of virtue'
240:Mahāyāna Buddhism
229:karma in Buddhism
183:Transfer of merit
180:
179:
46:Transfer of merit
16:(Redirected from
7079:
7057:Buddhist rituals
7034:
7033:
7022:
7021:
6861:Sacred languages
6709:Maya Devi Temple
6672:Mahabodhi Temple
6476:Secular Buddhism
6441:Engaged Buddhism
5281:
5129:Tibetan Buddhism
5080:Vietnamese Thiền
4679:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4431:
4430:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4375:
4321:Bodhisattva vows
4253:
4246:
4239:
4230:
4197:
4195:
4175:(2nd ed.),
4174:
4162:
4138:
4124:
4106:
4088:
4087:on 29 March 2019
4086:
4080:, archived from
4069:
4059:Schopen, Gregory
4054:
4053:on 2 March 2017.
4052:
4046:. Archived from
4031:
4021:
4009:
4008:
4006:
3973:
3943:
3933:Malalasekera, GP
3927:
3885:
3883:
3877:, archived from
3866:
3854:
3837:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3771:
3733:
3705:
3691:(2nd ed.),
3681:
3659:
3635:
3615:
3591:
3571:
3550:
3548:
3542:, archived from
3527:
3512:
3473:
3443:
3419:
3389:
3375:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3202:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2639:Asian Philosophy
2634:
2628:
2627:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2408:(2nd ed.).
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2323:
2315:Anālayo, Bhikkhu
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2075:Schopen, Gregory
2071:
2065:
2064:, pp. 37–8.
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1886:, pp. 85–6.
1881:
1875:
1874:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1792:, pp. 56–7.
1787:
1781:
1775:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1719:(1st ed.).
1707:
1701:
1700:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1532:Asian Philosophy
1525:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1503:, pp. 55–6.
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1375:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1298:
1295:Nyanatiloka 1980
1292:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1251:"Merit Transfer"
1246:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1021:
1015:
1004:early Pāli texts
1000:
994:
984:
924:
914:
886:
848:Role in practice
711:Ancestor worship
705:Charles F. Keyes
647:Richard Gombrich
574:D. Seyfort Ruegg
559:
169:
155:
154:
141:
140:
126:
115:
114:
100:
89:
88:
75:
61:
40:
21:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7028:
7010:
6962:
6877:
6792:
6529:Ordination hall
6490:
6392:
6363:Buddhist crisis
6275:
5972:
5924:Mahayana sutras
5900:
5896:Thích Nhất Hạnh
5727:
5600:
5540:
5490:Bodhisattva vow
5175:
5041:
4981:
4940:Taṇhā (Craving)
4875:Five hindrances
4826:
4718:
4648:
4502:
4447:
4419:
4402:
4372:
4367:
4325:
4299:
4263:
4257:
4213:Sharon Salzberg
4205:
4193:
4187:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4141:
4127:
4122:
4109:
4104:
4091:
4084:
4078:
4067:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4029:
4024:
4012:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3992:, p. 265,
3976:
3946:
3930:
3912:10.2307/1397047
3888:
3881:
3875:
3864:
3857:
3845:
3824:
3821:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3774:
3753:10.2307/2053724
3736:
3723:10.2307/3269794
3708:
3703:
3684:
3679:
3662:
3657:
3638:
3633:
3618:
3613:
3594:
3574:
3569:
3553:
3549:on 5 March 2016
3546:
3540:
3525:
3515:
3476:
3446:
3441:
3422:
3392:
3378:
3373:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3183:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3155:, p. 9839.
3151:
3147:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:. p. 101.
3079:. Vol. 1.
3070:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
2999:
2991:. p. 253.
2976:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2827:Asian Ethnology
2822:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2771:(4): 316, 320.
2760:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2438:Marasinghe 2003
2436:
2427:
2420:
2412:. p. 126.
2398:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2245:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1925:. p. 637.
1918:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1805:Marasinghe 2003
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:, p. 5873.
1732:
1728:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1621:, p. 5874.
1617:
1608:
1602:Marasinghe 2003
1600:
1593:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1538:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1420:10.2307/2053271
1400:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1378:
1370:
1361:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:. p. 137.
1195:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1065:honoring others
1022:
1018:
1001:
997:
985:
981:
976:
962:Bodhisattva vow
958:
874:
850:
783:
728:
713:
673:
651:Gregory Schopen
582:puṇyapariṇāmanā
553:
524:
519:
504:sentient beings
455:
306:Buddhist ethics
286:
261:
215:sentient beings
116:
90:
44:
43:Translations of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7085:
7083:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7049:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7026:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6893:
6887:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6593:Greco-Buddhist
6585:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6544:Burmese pagoda
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6500:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6402:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6326:Greco-Buddhism
6323:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6259:United Kingdom
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6204:Czech Republic
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6083:
6078:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5968:Abhidharmadīpa
5965:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5886:B. R. Ambedkar
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:Songtsen Gampo
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5485:Eight precepts
5482:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5273:
5263:
5258:
5256:Five Strengths
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4895:Mental factors
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4747:Mahamoggallāna
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4662:Avalokiteśvara
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4204:
4203:External links
4201:
4200:
4199:
4185:
4163:
4158:
4139:
4125:
4120:
4107:
4102:
4089:
4076:
4055:
4042:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3974:
3963:10.2307/599354
3957:(3): 424–433,
3944:
3928:
3906:(1/4): 85–90,
3886:
3873:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3819:
3791:
3772:
3747:(2): 283–302,
3734:
3706:
3701:
3682:
3677:
3660:
3655:
3636:
3631:
3616:
3611:
3592:
3572:
3567:
3551:
3538:
3513:
3494:10.1086/462651
3488:(2): 203–219,
3474:
3444:
3439:
3420:
3403:(3): 287–320,
3390:
3380:Bechert, Heinz
3376:
3371:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3344:, p. 219.
3334:
3332:, p. 283.
3322:
3310:
3308:, p. 131.
3298:
3291:
3285:. p. 85.
3267:
3255:
3248:
3226:
3192:
3169:
3167:, p. 293.
3157:
3145:
3138:
3120:
3118:, p. 196.
3108:
3106:, p. 433.
3096:
3089:
3063:
3051:
3044:
3038:. p. 62.
3020:
3018:, p. 193.
3008:
2997:
2969:
2936:
2903:
2885:
2870:
2868:, p. 116.
2858:
2856:, p. 129.
2843:
2833:(1): 62 n.12.
2810:
2798:
2777:10.1086/463435
2753:
2741:
2739:, p. 199.
2729:
2717:
2710:
2692:
2685:
2664:
2629:
2616:10.1086/502698
2608:10.1086/502698
2584:
2582:, p. 274.
2572:
2570:, p. 125.
2560:
2523:
2521:, p. 101.
2511:
2496:
2481:
2479:, p. 208.
2466:
2442:
2425:
2418:
2391:
2389:, p. 215.
2379:
2377:, p. 206.
2367:
2365:, p. 105.
2355:
2353:, p. 210.
2343:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2268:, p. 106.
2258:
2256:, p. 297.
2243:
2213:
2211:, p. 216.
2201:
2199:, p. 204.
2189:
2174:
2159:
2157:, p. 127.
2142:
2130:
2128:, p. 335.
2118:
2116:, p. 533.
2106:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2035:
2015:
1987:
1985:, p. 192.
1975:
1963:
1956:
1938:
1931:
1900:
1898:, p. 209.
1888:
1876:
1855:10.1086/463074
1821:
1819:, p. 431.
1817:McDermott 1975
1809:
1807:, p. 469.
1794:
1782:
1765:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1702:
1695:
1689:. p. 58.
1665:
1653:
1638:
1623:
1606:
1604:, p. 470.
1591:
1584:
1566:
1564:, p. 287.
1551:
1549:, p. 203.
1536:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1479:, p. 268.
1469:
1454:
1442:
1393:
1391:, p. 532.
1376:
1374:, p. 126.
1359:
1352:
1329:
1314:
1299:
1284:
1236:
1224:
1217:
1188:
1186:, p. 128.
1176:
1169:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1089:pattidāna-maya
1081:veyyāvaca-maya
1073:apacāyana-maya
1016:
995:
978:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
964:
957:
954:
870:
849:
846:
782:
779:
777:of the world.
763:field of merit
724:
712:
709:
672:
669:
536:early Buddhist
523:
520:
518:
515:
454:
451:
420:King Bimbisāra
389:Buddhist texts
285:
282:
260:
257:
233:early Buddhism
178:
177:
171:
170:
163:
157:
156:
149:
143:
142:
135:
129:
128:
109:
103:
102:
83:
77:
76:
69:
63:
62:
55:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7084:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7067:Death customs
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7025:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6798:Miscellaneous
6795:
6789:
6788:Vegetarianism
6786:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6610:Buddha in art
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:United States
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5821:Padmasambhava
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5733:Major figures
5730:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5679:Western tulku
5677:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:Five precepts
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5458:Dhamma vicaya
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Buddhābhiṣeka
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:Enlightenment
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Dhamma theory
4858:
4856:
4855:Buddha-nature
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Samantabhadra
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:Precepts/Vows
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:9788120813212
4155:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:0-02-865720-9
4117:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4103:0-02-865983-X
4099:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4077:0-8248-1748-6
4073:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4043:0-02-865742-X
4039:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3876:
3874:90-6831-100-X
3870:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3853:(29): 181–206
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:0-674-01287-9
3628:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:9788120818132
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:(2): 96–103,
3456:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3361:, Cambridge:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3342:Gombrich 1971
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:Hardacre 2014
3302:
3299:
3294:
3292:0-8248-2090-8
3288:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3268:
3265:, p. 91.
3264:
3263:Gutschow 2004
3259:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3210:
3199:
3195:
3193:0-7914-5691-9
3189:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:Skilling 2005
3149:
3146:
3141:
3139:0-02-865740-3
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3090:9789622097872
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2998:1-85109-787-2
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2882:. p. 43.
2881:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2854:Hardacre 2014
2850:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:Hardacre 2014
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2751:, p. 14.
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:Gombrich 2009
2733:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2686:0-203-01350-6
2682:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:Gombrich 2006
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:Gombrich 1971
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:Gombrich 1971
2383:
2380:
2376:
2375:Gombrich 1971
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:Gombrich 1971
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2292:, p. 89.
2291:
2286:
2283:
2280:, p. 96.
2279:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:Gombrich 1971
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:Gombrich 1971
2193:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:Gombrich 2006
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:, p. 39.
2139:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2052:, p. 36.
2051:
2050:Gombrich 2009
2046:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1973:, p. 98.
1972:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1957:0-02-865720-9
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:Gombrich 1971
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:Appleton 2014
1786:
1783:
1780:, p. 87.
1779:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1763:, p. 45.
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1748:, p. 20.
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:Keown, Damien
1676:
1669:
1666:
1663:, p. 58.
1662:
1661:Appleton 2014
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:Gombrich 1971
1645:
1643:
1639:
1636:, p. 85.
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:0-02-865720-9
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:Williams 2008
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:, p. 14.
1466:
1465:Gutschow 2004
1461:
1459:
1455:
1452:, p. 21.
1451:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Gombrich 2006
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:0-02-865720-9
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:, p. 11.
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Gombrich 1971
1228:
1225:
1220:
1218:3-900271-35-6
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:Hardacre 2014
1180:
1177:
1172:
1170:0-7876-6614-9
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:diṭṭhujukamma
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:pattānumodanā
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
993:
989:
983:
980:
973:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
955:
953:
949:
947:
946:
940:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
882:
878:
873:
867:
859:
854:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
780:
778:
776:
772:
769:replaced the
768:
767:Buddhist monk
764:
758:
756:
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
727:
722:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
636:pattānumodanā
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:Heinz Bechert
529:
521:
516:
514:
512:
507:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:Pāli Tipiṭaka
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
397:living beings
392:
390:
387:mentioned in
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:
369:
365:
364:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
314:enlightenment
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:In the later
258:
256:
254:
249:
247:
246:
241:
236:
234:
230:
225:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:pattānumodanā
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
176:
172:
168:
164:
162:
158:
150:
148:
144:
136:
134:
130:
125:
120:
110:
108:
104:
99:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
47:
41:
38:
32:
19:
7072:Bodhisattvas
6976:Bodhisattvas
6896:Christianity
6891:Baháʼí Faith
6756:Dharmachakra
6746:Prayer wheel
6736:Prayer beads
6504:Architecture
6383:969 Movement
6167:Saudi Arabia
6145:Central Asia
6138:South Africa
5960:
5943:
5876:Panchen Lama
5781:Buddhapālita
5377:Satipatthana
5372:Mindful Yoga
5285:Recollection
5199:Brahmavihara
5070:Japanese Zen
5065:Chinese Chan
5025:Animal realm
4832:Key concepts
4654:Bodhisattvas
4466:Three Jewels
4260:Lay Buddhist
4216:
4168:
4144:
4133:
4111:
4093:
4082:the original
4063:
4048:the original
4033:
4014:
4005:19 September
4003:, retrieved
3985:
3982:"Patti-dāna"
3954:
3948:
3936:
3903:
3897:
3879:the original
3860:
3850:
3777:
3744:
3738:
3714:
3710:
3687:
3667:, New York:
3664:
3641:
3621:
3597:
3580:
3576:
3558:
3544:the original
3521:
3485:
3481:
3454:
3448:
3425:
3400:
3394:
3383:
3358:
3337:
3325:
3320:, p. 2.
3313:
3301:
3277:
3270:
3258:
3235:
3229:
3179:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3129:
3123:
3111:
3104:Lamotte 1988
3099:
3076:
3066:
3054:
3030:
3023:
3011:
2984:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2906:
2897:
2894:Basham, A.L.
2888:
2879:
2873:
2861:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2801:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2701:
2695:
2676:
2667:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2514:
2507:Bechert 1992
2455:
2445:
2404:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2363:Bechert 1992
2358:
2346:
2329:
2325:
2309:
2302:Schopen 1997
2297:
2285:
2273:
2266:Bechert 1992
2261:
2236:(1): 52–53.
2233:
2229:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2185:Bechert 1992
2138:Schopen 1997
2133:
2121:
2109:
2087:(1/3): 126.
2084:
2078:
2069:
2062:Schopen 1997
2057:
2045:
2025:
2018:
2000:
1978:
1966:
1947:
1941:
1914:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1812:
1785:
1741:
1729:
1715:
1705:
1682:
1668:
1656:
1575:
1569:
1531:
1527:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1445:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1343:
1275:. Retrieved
1254:
1227:
1204:
1197:Hara, Minoru
1191:
1179:
1160:
1132:
1061:bhāvanā-maya
1019:
1011:
1007:
998:
991:
987:
982:
950:
943:
941:
936:
917:
913:saptāṇgapūjā
907:
901:
871:
863:
842:Jōdo Shinshū
827:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:bodhisattvas
790:
788:
784:
775:renunciation
759:
754:
748:
744:
740:
734:
730:
725:
714:
700:
692:
684:
680:
674:
664:commentators
659:
655:epigraphical
644:
639:
635:
613:
611:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
579:
569:
565:
548:
525:
508:
497:
494:filial piety
486:
481:
475:
471:next rebirth
456:
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
427:
423:
412:commentaries
409:
393:
380:
378:
371:
361:
355:
350:
348:
337:
320:
287:
276:
268:
262:
259:Translations
250:
243:
237:
226:
219:
213:, or to all
202:
182:
181:
153:อุทิศบุญกุศล
45:
37:
6821:Dharma talk
6650:Asalha Puja
6446:Eschatology
6249:Switzerland
6229:New Zealand
6157:Middle East
6066:Philippines
5986:Afghanistan
5791:Bodhidharma
5776:Buddhaghosa
5696:Householder
5606:Monasticism
5559:Bodhisattva
5414:Prostration
5367:Mindfulness
5295:Anapanasati
5278:Kammaṭṭhāna
5075:Korean Seon
5015:Asura realm
5010:Human realm
4950:Ten Fetters
4905:Parinirvana
4807:Uppalavanna
4772:Mahākaccana
4757:Mahākassapa
4689:Kṣitigarbha
4684:Ākāśagarbha
4581:Suddhodāna
4526:Four sights
4453:Foundations
4198:. e-Library
3978:Nyanatiloka
3717:(1): 1–28,
3583:(1): 1–21,
3429:, Hoboken:
3330:Keyes 1983b
3217:|work=
3116:Thomas 1953
3059:Keyes 1983b
2580:Keyes 1983b
2254:Brekke 1998
2170:Keyes 1983a
2126:Harvey 2000
2114:Tanabe 2004
1761:Harvey 2012
1746:Harvey 2000
1513:Wayman 1997
1477:Keyes 1983b
1389:Tanabe 2004
1325:Wayman 1997
807:bodhisattva
803:bodhisattva
795:bodhisattva
677:Mahābhārata
615:bodhisattva
590:karmavipāka
586:prima facie
554: [
544:Kathāvatthu
499:Mizuko kuyō
418:is that of
333:kuśala-mūla
284:Description
245:bodhisattva
7051:Categories
6938:Psychology
6918:Gnosticism
6906:Comparison
6901:Influences
6883:Comparison
6766:Bhavacakra
6724:Kushinagar
6699:Pilgrimage
6645:Māgha Pūjā
6600:Bodhi Tree
6416:Buddhology
6406:Abhidharma
6398:Philosophy
6331:Menander I
6199:Costa Rica
6150:Uzbekistan
5991:Bangladesh
5945:Dhammapada
5929:Pali Canon
5891:Ajahn Chah
5871:Dalai Lama
5771:Kumārajīva
5766:Vasubandhu
5741:The Buddha
5649:Zen master
5584:Sakadagami
5564:Buddhahood
5495:Pratimokṣa
5310:Shikantaza
5266:Meditation
5241:Deity yoga
5112:Madhyamaka
5005:Deva realm
4900:Mindstream
4850:Bodhicitta
4762:Aṅgulimāla
4629:Devadatta
4605:Yaśodharā
4508:The Buddha
4498:Middle Way
4363:Pilgrimage
4337:Meditation
4316:8 Precepts
4311:5 Precepts
4268:Devotional
3999:9552400198
3351:References
3165:Gómez 2002
3016:Keyes 1987
2749:Gómez 2000
2673:Abe, Masao
2645:(3): 196.
2602:(2): 143.
2541:(4): 848.
2080:T'oung Pao
1983:Keyes 1987
1849:(2): 208.
1837:Agnicayana
1562:Keyes 1977
1413:(3): 401.
1310:Gómez 2000
992:paraṇāmanā
811:compassion
721:Petavatthu
697:Upanishads
695:). In the
594:karmaphala
381:pariṇāmanā
321:pariṇāmanā
277:pariṇāmanā
191:pariṇāmanā
161:Vietnamese
59:pariṇāmanā
18:Pariṇāmanā
7006:Festivals
6986:Buddhists
6948:Theosophy
6751:Symbolism
6741:Hama yumi
6714:Bodh Gaya
6481:Socialism
6456:Evolution
6431:Economics
6269:Venezuela
6184:Australia
6179:Argentina
6103:Sri Lanka
6098:Singapore
6016:Indonesia
5978:Countries
5919:Tripiṭaka
5881:Ajahn Mun
5756:Nagarjuna
5751:Aśvaghoṣa
5634:Anagārika
5629:Śrāmaṇerī
5624:Śrāmaṇera
5619:Bhikkhunī
5579:Sotāpanna
5468:Passaddhi
5409:Offerings
5384:Nekkhamma
5261:Iddhipada
5181:Practices
5151:Theravada
5124:Vajrayana
5117:Yogachara
5087:Pure Land
5000:Six Paths
4987:Cosmology
4767:Anuruddha
4742:Sāriputta
4732:Kaundinya
4724:Disciples
4699:Vajrapāṇi
4551:Footprint
4516:Tathāgata
4353:Monastics
4290:3 Refuges
4280:Offerings
4262:Practices
4218:Beliefnet
3828:cite news
3806:cite news
3769:162764851
3530:Routledge
3510:161095621
3471:145468071
3318:Holt 1981
3219:ignored (
3209:cite book
2959:(1): 18.
2793:162124101
2659:143532086
2624:170244626
2555:145704991
2519:Falk 2010
2492:Holt 1981
2338:1017-7132
2278:Egge 2013
1971:Falk 2010
1871:144482158
1501:Egge 2013
1450:Egge 2013
1437:162810180
1199:(2002) .
1144:Citations
1049:sīla-maya
1037:dāna-maya
872:anumodanā
823:Pure Land
815:emptiness
660:anumodana
640:pattidāna
602:cetayitva
562:Hinayānic
511:pollution
459:Pure Land
405:intention
344:Theravāda
340:Vajrayāna
310:next life
269:pattidāna
199:pattidāna
167:hồi hướng
98:huí xiàng
73:pattidāna
7024:Category
6953:Violence
6923:Hinduism
6871:Sanskrit
6826:Hinayana
6811:Amitābha
6771:Swastika
6640:Uposatha
6630:Holidays
6615:Calendar
6461:Humanism
6299:Kanishka
6289:Timeline
6113:Thailand
6081:Kalmykia
6076:Buryatia
6061:Pakistan
6046:Mongolia
6041:Maldives
6036:Malaysia
6001:Cambodia
5866:Shamarpa
5861:Nichiren
5811:Xuanzang
5746:Nagasena
5664:Rinpoche
5394:Pāramitā
5236:Devotion
5156:Navayana
5144:Dzogchen
5107:Nichiren
5055:Mahayana
5047:Branches
4925:Saṅkhāra
4674:Mañjuśrī
4631:(cousin)
4623:(cousin)
4591:(mother)
4583:(father)
4571:Miracles
4521:Birthday
4438:Glossary
4411:Buddhism
4358:Uposatha
4351:Support
4295:Chanting
4223:archived
4191:archived
4131:(1953),
4061:(1997),
3980:(1980),
3924:archived
3892:(1967),
3589:44362241
3557:(2009),
3519:(2006),
3450:Religion
3198:Archived
3003:Archived
2989:ABC-CLIO
2961:Archived
2928:Archived
2835:Archived
2453:(2011).
2402:(1982).
2317:(2010).
2238:Archived
2224:(2004).
2010:Archived
1912:(2013).
1833:Dakkhiṇa
1271:Archived
988:pariṇāma
956:See also
919:Sanskrit
909:Sanskrit
877:Wan Sart
830:Nichiren
628:Sanskrit
490:devotion
351:transfer
329:Sanskrit
318:Mahāyāna
290:Sanskrit
273:Sanskrit
222:Buddhism
187:Sanskrit
113:回向 or 廻向
107:Japanese
53:Sanskrit
7001:Temples
6981:Buddhas
6943:Science
6933:Judaism
6928:Jainism
6846:Lineage
6806:Abhijñā
6776:Thangka
6719:Sarnath
6704:Lumbini
6625:Funeral
6620:Cuisine
6496:Culture
6471:Reality
6421:Creator
6411:Atomism
6281:History
6254:Ukraine
6214:Germany
6133:Senegal
6123:Vietnam
6051:Myanmar
5851:Shinran
5841:Karmapa
5816:Shandao
5786:Dignāga
5711:Śrāvaka
5691:Donchee
5686:Kappiya
5644:Sayadaw
5614:Bhikkhu
5589:Anāgāmi
5546:Nirvana
5512:Samadhi
5399:Paritta
5340:Tonglen
5335:Mandala
5290:Smarana
5271:Mantras
5219:Upekkha
5189:Bhavana
5139:Shingon
5092:Tiantai
4945:Tathātā
4935:Śūnyatā
4930:Skandha
4920:Saṃsāra
4915:Rebirth
4890:Kleshas
4880:Indriya
4782:Subhūti
4667:Guanyin
4621:Ānanda
4613:Rāhula
4493:Nirvana
4433:Outline
4027:"Merit"
3920:1397047
3761:2053724
3731:3269794
3502:1061922
3417:3270424
2785:1062910
2101:4528310
1863:1062231
1681:(ed.).
1429:2053271
1053:bhāvanā
1002:In the
945:ekōdera
904:liturgy
893:novices
885:วันสารท
771:Brahmin
750:śrāddha
598:saṃtāna
576:notes,
564:law of
453:Purpose
414:to the
288:Merit (
211:deities
133:Tibetan
81:Chinese
6996:Sutras
6991:Suttas
6856:Siddhi
6841:Koliya
6816:Brahmā
6731:Poetry
6677:Mantra
6667:Kasaya
6539:Pagoda
6519:Kyaung
6514:Vihāra
6509:Temple
6451:Ethics
6294:Ashoka
6244:Sweden
6239:Poland
6234:Norway
6224:Mexico
6209:France
6194:Canada
6189:Brazil
6128:Africa
6108:Taiwan
6071:Russia
5996:Bhutan
5956:Vinaya
5836:Naropa
5826:Saraha
5761:Asanga
5517:Prajñā
5426:Refuge
5389:Nianfo
5350:Tertön
5345:Tantra
5330:Ganana
5320:Tukdam
5246:Dhyāna
5214:Mudita
5209:Karuṇā
5102:Risshū
5097:Huayan
5030:Naraka
4970:Anattā
4965:Dukkha
4960:Anicca
4865:Dharma
4817:Channa
4752:Ānanda
4737:Assaji
4704:Skanda
4607:(wife)
4576:Family
4556:Relics
4481:Sangha
4476:Dharma
4471:Buddha
4342:Giving
4183:
4156:
4118:
4100:
4074:
4040:
3996:
3971:599354
3969:
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3871:
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2791:
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2614:
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2416:
2336:
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2033:
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1929:
1869:
1861:
1693:
1582:
1435:
1427:
1350:
1277:31 May
1215:
1167:
1041:virtue
1029:giving
937:stūpas
933:stūpas
928:Dharma
866:Andhra
745:pitṛs.
719:. The
632:prāpti
606:karman
566:karman
447:pretas
443:pretas
441:. The
439:pretas
435:pretas
428:pretas
424:pretas
373:pretas
119:Rōmaji
93:Pinyin
6968:Lists
6836:Kalpa
6831:Iddhi
6694:Music
6689:Mudra
6655:Vassa
6635:Vesak
6605:Budai
6551:Candi
6534:Stupa
6466:Logic
6219:Italy
6118:Tibet
6056:Nepal
6026:Korea
6021:Japan
6011:India
6006:China
5951:Sutra
5906:Texts
5856:Dōgen
5846:Hōnen
5831:Atiśa
5796:Zhiyi
5706:Achar
5674:Tulku
5669:Geshe
5654:Rōshi
5639:Ajahn
5594:Arhat
5554:Bodhi
5524:Vīrya
5441:Sacca
5436:Satya
5431:Sādhu
5419:Music
5362:Merit
5355:Terma
5315:Zazen
5251:Faith
5204:Mettā
4885:Karma
4845:Bardo
4812:Asita
4802:Khema
4792:Upāli
4777:Nanda
4615:(son)
4589:Māyā
4566:Films
4443:Index
4347:Study
4330:Other
4194:(PDF)
4173:(PDF)
4085:(PDF)
4068:(PDF)
4051:(PDF)
4030:(PDF)
3967:JSTOR
3916:JSTOR
3882:(PDF)
3865:(PDF)
3765:S2CID
3757:JSTOR
3727:JSTOR
3711:Numen
3585:JSTOR
3547:(PDF)
3526:(PDF)
3506:S2CID
3498:JSTOR
3467:S2CID
3413:JSTOR
3396:Numen
3201:(PDF)
3184:(PDF)
2964:(PDF)
2949:(PDF)
2931:(PDF)
2916:(PDF)
2838:(PDF)
2823:(PDF)
2789:S2CID
2781:JSTOR
2655:S2CID
2620:S2CID
2612:JSTOR
2551:S2CID
2456:Karma
2322:(PDF)
2097:JSTOR
1919:(PDF)
1867:S2CID
1859:JSTOR
1677:. In
1433:S2CID
1425:JSTOR
1008:patti
974:Notes
889:monks
741:preta
731:preta
717:Pitru
701:devas
693:tapas
685:tejas
681:devas
624:patti
570:kamma
558:]
540:karma
482:devas
302:puñña
294:puṇya
207:merit
6866:Pāḷi
6851:Māra
6761:Flag
6162:Iran
6086:Tuva
6031:Laos
5659:Lama
5507:Śīla
5475:Śīla
5463:Pīti
5453:Sati
5404:Puja
5325:Koan
5231:Dāna
4822:Yasa
4709:Tārā
4285:Bows
4275:Puja
4181:ISBN
4154:ISBN
4116:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4072:ISBN
4038:ISBN
4007:2016
3994:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3851:Folk
3834:link
3812:link
3787:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3673:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3563:ISBN
3534:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3367:ISBN
3287:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3221:help
3188:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3085:ISBN
3040:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2334:ISSN
2031:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1835:and
1691:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1279:2018
1213:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1121:Pali
1109:Pali
1101:Pali
1093:Pali
1085:Pali
1077:Pali
1069:Pali
1057:Pali
1045:Pali
1033:Pali
881:Thai
813:and
755:pitṛ
736:pitṛ
726:peta
638:and
620:Pali
568:(P.
368:hell
363:deva
342:and
298:Pali
265:Pāli
195:Pali
147:Thai
67:Pali
6588:Art
6524:Wat
5060:Zen
4211:by
3959:doi
3908:doi
3749:doi
3719:doi
3490:doi
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