197:
286:
431:
1069:
489:
The second
Parindra was established as a "splinter party" in November 1949 by one of the leaders of the pre-war party, R.P. Soeroso, who subsequently served in several cabinets. Its membership comprised members of the old Parindra that had decided not to join the PNI. Initially it had seven members
450:
political stage. Because of his strong political activities and his closeness to the
Japanese, the Dutch East Indies government considered Thamrin more dangerous than Soekarno, who was exiled in Ende since 1933. He was widely despised, but also feared, by Dutch conservatives. Thus motions led by
501:
The three pillars of the party were patriotism, populism and social justice. Its aims were to strengthen the position of the
Indonesian state and people, to bring about a democratic unitary state, to strive for a socialist society, and to promote national culture. Among its priorities were the
318:, president of the Volksraad from 1939 until 1942, put it in his memoirs: “Thamrin was buried like a prince. The interest and sympathy of the Indonesians were overwhelming.” During his burial ceremony, with a militaristic style, Soekardjo Wirjopranoto – an influential Parindrist, march through
268:
from 15-18 May 1937, the party claimed to be neither cooperative nor non-cooperative, although its willingness to participate in the
Volksraad meant it was in fact cooperative. It pledged to obtain as many seats as possible in the various councils. Two motions were passed, firstly the urge the
480:
Parindra is thus portrayed as a party that cooperated with the Dutch East Indies government at the beginning of its establishment, but was suspected at the end of the Dutch East Indies rule in
Indonesia in 1942 as a party that flirted with Japan to gain independence.
309:
or great salute. Newspaper articles from the period 1935-42 remarked on
Parindra’s bizarre practice, but it was only officially banned in 1941, as colonial authorities became increasingly uneasy about the prospects of a Japanese invasion. In 1941,
196:
472:
Under suspicion of supplying the
Japanese with sensitive informations, on 9 February 1941, Moehammad Hoesni Thamrin's house was searched by the PID (Dutch East Indies secret service) while he was suffering from
335:, four Parindra members were elected to the Volksraad, but none were appointed. In May 1939, Thamrin was the main driving force behind the merger of Parindra and seven other nationalist organizations into the
469:(Dutch Indies, Dutch Indian, and Dutch Indians) be replaced with the nationalist terms of Indonesia, Indonesisch, and Indonesier (Indonesia, Indonesian, and Indonesians); Both vetoed by the Dutch government.
1482:
322:
youths performing the salute, which is allegedly a name with Pro-Japanese tendencies. Although
Parindra maintained that the party “did not adopt out of a particular sympathy for Hitler and his Nazis.”
264:
Over the course of 1936, Parindra held a series of public meetings to convey its aspirations to the people. By the end of the year, it had 3,425 members and 57 branches. At its first congress, held in
1937:
446:
member. Before becoming chairman of
Parindra, Moehammad Hoesni Thamrin had established trade contacts with the Japanese so that he can played the Pro-Japanese card when he was on the
1057:
269:
government to improve the national shipping service and train
Indonesians to be sailors, and secondly to set up as many party branches as possible. A second party congress, held in
1932:
277:
ethnic group to join the party. It also passed motions calling for a reduction in unemployment, more spending on public works and a reduction in laborers' working hours.
1927:
513:, but despite party members having held important roles in Indonesian cabinets, its share of the vote was so small that it failed to win any seats in the legislature.
1907:
1604:
1942:
1922:
491:
423:
In 1937, Parindra had 4,600 members. By the end of 1938, it had 11,250 members. These members were mostly concentrated in East Java. By May 1941 (the eve of the
223:) with the aim of working with the Dutch to secure Indonesian independence, grouping it with the "cooperative" nationalist organizations. The party's aims were:
273:
from 24-27 December 1938 elected Woerjaningrat as leader to replace Soetomo, who had recently died in May 30th. The party also decided to allow members of the
359:
1881:
1763:
910:
314:
died, five days after he was put under house arrest by the Dutch colonial authorities after being suspected for supplying information to the Japanese. As
1912:
1050:
1035:
973:
405:
1206:
1947:
1917:
401:
332:
258:
1792:
1751:
1292:
1090:
1650:
36:
1626:
1352:
1298:
1073:
149:
1632:
1043:
1016:
900:
878:
1757:
1735:
1644:
1322:
1316:
510:
495:
420:(administrator state) that gave comparatively better concessions to organisations that cooperated with the Dutch East Indies government.
1675:
1520:
1346:
1781:
1328:
1082:
348:
230:
to conduct political activities in order to obtain full political rights in a system of government based on democracy and nationalism
943:
837:
434:
Leading Parindra, M.H. Thamrin was influential in repeatedly pressuring the Dutch to grant major concessions, much to his surprise.
301:, similar to the Nazi salute, with the arm in a straight line. As early as 1937, members began using this salute, which was called
1304:
848:
506:
within Indonesia, the implementation of a unitary, not federal, state and the holding of general elections as soon as possible.
1451:
1310:
1155:
336:
1858:
1840:
1592:
1550:
1435:
1271:
1175:
818:
1364:
254:
1852:
1746:
1638:
1580:
1526:
1415:
1185:
1120:
409:
117:
1729:
1698:
1538:
1457:
1334:
1170:
362:. On 20 March, the Japanese authorities ordered all political parties to be dissolved and banned political activity.
1804:
1723:
1574:
1544:
1515:
1405:
355:
265:
1787:
1741:
1656:
1598:
1568:
1562:
1472:
1440:
1358:
1180:
918:
1446:
1430:
1340:
1138:
1126:
1114:
455:, such like the motions to implement Indonesian Autonomy and the change of use of degrading Dutch terms of
1816:
1775:
1769:
1261:
1132:
439:
311:
242:
154:
122:
1886:
1690:
1586:
144:
126:
400:
that published newspapers and magazines. Parindra's activities were increasingly supported by the then
1828:
1370:
974:"Parindra's loyal cadres. Fascism and anticolonial nationalism in late colonial Indonesia, 1935-1942"
250:
1229:
954:
246:
183:'Great Indonesia Party', Parindra) was the name used by two Indonesian political parties.
178:
169:
1834:
1462:
503:
464:
1798:
285:
1822:
1810:
1532:
1256:
1012:
939:
896:
874:
833:
814:
385:
1715:
1266:
1214:
776:
774:
1876:
1620:
352:
1846:
438:
When Dr. Soetomo died in May 1938, his position as chairman of Parindra was replaced by
1425:
1287:
1102:
1004:
430:
397:
389:
35:
1901:
1610:
1410:
1190:
888:
253:
and Woerjaningrat. The party became the most influential Indonesian grouping in the
1165:
1160:
1108:
298:
868:
1615:
1510:
1195:
424:
344:
315:
261:, it won two seats in the body, with a further party member appointed directly.
43:
1224:
1219:
274:
216:
97:
81:
494:, although party faction leader Lobo subsequently defected to another party,
380:(Farmers' Association), organise the shipping workers' union by establishing
1068:
212:
1028:
Regents, Reformers and Revolutionaries: Indonesian Voices of Colonial Days
1477:
780:
393:
811:
One hand clapping : Indonesian nationalists and the Dutch 1939-1942
347:, but it was cancelled following the enactment of martial law after the
1704:
1492:
1420:
1030:. Asian Studies at Hawaii. Vol. 2. The University Press of Hawaii.
713:
711:
474:
270:
238:
48:
241:, who was elected at the 1935 congress. Other senior figures included
1556:
1096:
967:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia.
849:"Hero's Day, Anies Makes A Tradition Of MH Thamrin's Tomb Pilgrimage"
372:
257:, the notionally legislative body established by the Dutch. In the
284:
195:
813:. Victoria Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.
1387:
1242:
1039:
599:
597:
227:
to reinforce the spirit of the unity of the Indonesian people
215:
from 24-26 December 1935 as a result of a merger between the
343:, GAPI). The party planned to hold its third congress in
917:(in Indonesian). Jakarta City Government. Archived from
717:
477:, days later Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin breathed his last.
412:
in 1936. Governor-General van Starkenborg modified the
638:
636:
219:
political society and the Indonesian National Union (
893:
The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia
211:
The first Parindra was established at a congress in
200:
Dr. Soetomo, Chairman of Parindra, with his family (
1714:
1689:
1666:
1501:
1491:
1396:
1280:
1249:
1204:
1148:
1080:
233:
to improve the people's economic and social welfare
132:
116:
106:
96:
88:
77:
69:
59:
42:
21:
953:Kementerian Penerangan Republik Indonesia (1951).
1149:Parties represented only in regional legislatures
729:
1938:1942 disestablishments in the Dutch East Indies
1605:League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence
938:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
781:Kementerian Penerangan Republik Indonesia 1951
427:), Parindra had an estimated 19,500 members.
384:(Rupelin), organise the economy by advocating
1051:
8:
1933:1935 establishments in the Dutch East Indies
654:
615:
603:
576:
564:
528:
1764:Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party
666:
540:
492:Provisional People's Representative Council
293:Parindra had a youth 'scout organization',
1498:
1384:
1239:
1058:
1044:
1036:
1009:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300
765:
337:Federation of Indonesian Political Parties
34:
18:
873:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1928:Political parties disestablished in 1942
627:
552:
429:
416:(police state) left by de Jonge, into a
1752:Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion
1293:Concern for the Nation Functional Party
1091:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
997:History of Indonesian Popular Movements
936:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
521:
289:Perindra second congress, Bandung, 1939
1908:Defunct political parties in Indonesia
1299:Indonesian Workers and Employers Party
870:The Idea of Indonesia : a History
702:
690:
451:Parindra was majority accepted in the
1943:Political parties established in 1949
1923:Political parties established in 1935
1633:Party of the People of Free Indonesia
895:. Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd.
847:Diah Ayu Wardani (10 November 2021).
792:
753:
741:
678:
642:
588:
7:
1758:Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party
1323:Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party
1317:Indonesian National Party Marhaenism
1676:Indonesian Irian Independence Party
1521:Chinese Indonesian Democratic Party
1347:Justice and Prosperous People Party
1011:(4th ed.). London: MacMillan.
999:] (in Indonesian). Dian Rakyat.
993:Sejarah pergerakan rakyat Indonesia
830:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia
828:Cribb, R.B; Kahin, Audrey (2004).
496:Persatuan Rakyat Marhaen Indonesia
349:German invasion of the Netherlands
65:November 1949 (Second incarnation)
14:
1913:Conservative parties in Indonesia
1557:Indonesian Marhaen People's Union
63:December 1935 (First incarnation)
1948:1949 establishments in Indonesia
1918:Nationalist parties in Indonesia
1575:Islamic Education Movement Party
1353:Indonesian People's Da'wah Party
1067:
972:Lengkeek, Yannick (2019-07-19),
832:. Scarecrow Press. p. 157.
27:Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra)
16:Political party in Indonesia
1782:National People's Concern Party
1452:Indonesian Political Federation
1311:New Indonesia Party of Struggle
934:Kahin, George McTurnan (1952).
370:Parindra tried to organise the
73:20 May 1942 (First incarnation)
1859:Ulema National Awakening Party
1551:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
1436:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
1335:Alliance of Independent People
1272:Prosperous and Safe Aceh Party
1074:Political parties in Indonesia
388:(self-help), establishing the
360:occupied the Dutch East Indies
1:
991:Pringgodigdo, A. K. (1991) .
867:Elson, Robert Edward (2008).
221:Perserikatan Bangsa Indonesia
201:
192:Establishment and early years
1853:Peace and Safe Islamic Party
1747:Functional Party of Struggle
1645:Socialist Party of Indonesia
1639:Socialist Party of Indonesia
1581:Islamic Tharikah Unity Party
1527:Communist Party of Indonesia
1416:Communist Party of Indonesia
1205:Parties represented only in
718:JCG, Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin
376:(peasantry) by establishing
1730:Democratic Nationhood Party
1699:Indonesian Democratic Party
1539:Great Indonesia Unity Party
1171:Indonesian Solidarity Party
809:Abeyasekere, Susan (1976).
341:Gaboengan Politek Indonesia
84:, Indonesian National Union
1964:
1805:Prosperous Indonesia Party
1724:Archipelago Republic Party
1545:Indonesian Christian Party
1365:People's Sovereignty Party
404:of the Dutch East Indies,
297:, which used a version of
281:Youth wing and Nazi salute
1882:List of political parties
1872:
1793:People's Democratic Party
1705:Muslim Party of Indonesia
1599:Labour Party of Indonesia
1569:Indonesian Peasants Party
1563:Indonesian National Party
1473:Partai Tionghoa Indonesia
1441:Indonesian National Party
1383:
1359:Indonesian Students Party
1238:
1181:Nusantara Awakening Party
1026:Wilson, Greta O. (1978).
911:"Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin"
511:1955 legislative election
382:Rukun Pelayaran Indonesia
140:
33:
1736:Democratic Renewal Party
1651:Socialist People's Party
1447:Indonesian Fascist Party
1431:Indonesian Islamic Party
1341:Green Party of Indonesia
1139:United Development Party
1127:Prosperous Justice Party
1115:National Awakening Party
509:The party contested the
440:Moehammad Hoesni Thamrin
390:Indonesian National Bank
1627:National People's Party
1329:Justice and Unity Party
1244:Non-legislature parties
1081:Parties represented in
956:Kepartaian di Indonesia
915:Encyclopedia of Jakarta
485:Post-independence party
333:1939 Volksraad election
327:Final years and banning
1817:Prosperous Peace Party
1776:Indonesian Youth Party
1770:Indonesian Unity Party
1657:Village People's Union
1133:National Mandate Party
766:Cribb & Kahin 2004
442:(MHT), a merchant and
435:
351:. On 10 January 1942,
312:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
290:
243:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
208:
173:
123:Indonesian nationalism
112:10,000 (December 1939)
1887:Politics of Indonesia
1587:Islamic Victory Force
730:Diah Ayu Wardani 2021
433:
288:
237:The party was led by
199:
174:Partai Indonesia Raya
145:Politics of Indonesia
127:National conservatism
53:Woerjaningrat (1938)
24:Great Indonesia Party
1829:Regional Unity Party
1371:Masyumi Reborn Party
1305:National Front Party
1083:national legislature
961:Parties in Indonesia
251:Sukarjo Wiryopranoto
1262:Aceh People's Party
1230:Nanggroe Aceh Party
1156:Crescent Star Party
795:, pp. 435–436.
618:, pp. 139–140.
567:, pp. 138–139.
396:, and establishing
247:Susanto Tirtoprodjo
55:R.P. Soeroso (1949)
1835:National Sun Party
1463:Paguyuban Pasundan
461:Nederlands Indisch
436:
291:
209:
1895:
1894:
1868:
1867:
1823:Reform Star Party
1811:Sovereignty Party
1685:
1684:
1533:Dayak Unity Party
1397:Pre-independence
1379:
1378:
1257:Atjeh Green Party
1018:978-0-230-54685-1
902:978-0-674-01834-1
880:978-0-521-87648-3
669:, pp. 85–87.
655:Pringgodigdo 1991
616:Pringgodigdo 1991
604:Pringgodigdo 1991
577:Pringgodigdo 1991
565:Pringgodigdo 1991
529:Pringgodigdo 1991
358:and subsequently
182:
163:
162:
150:Political parties
1955:
1499:
1391:
1385:
1267:Aceh Unity Party
1240:
1215:Aceh Abode Party
1207:Aceh legislature
1121:Democratic Party
1072:
1071:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1000:
987:
986:
985:
968:
966:
949:
930:
928:
926:
906:
884:
863:
861:
859:
843:
824:
796:
790:
784:
778:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
667:Abeyasekere 1976
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
541:Abeyasekere 1976
538:
532:
526:
457:Nederlands Indie
402:Governor General
398:printing presses
316:Jan Anne Jonkman
307:saluut terhormat
206:
203:
177:
78:Preceded by
38:
19:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1877:Portal:Politics
1864:
1799:Pioneers' Party
1710:
1681:
1669:West New Guinea
1668:
1667:Pre-integration
1662:
1621:Nahdlatul Ulama
1503:
1487:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1375:
1276:
1245:
1234:
1200:
1144:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1003:
990:
983:
981:
978:IIAS Newsletter
971:
964:
952:
946:
933:
924:
922:
909:
903:
887:
881:
866:
857:
855:
846:
840:
827:
821:
808:
804:
799:
791:
787:
779:
772:
764:
760:
752:
748:
740:
736:
728:
724:
716:
709:
701:
697:
689:
685:
677:
673:
665:
661:
653:
649:
641:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
602:
595:
587:
583:
575:
571:
563:
559:
551:
547:
539:
535:
527:
523:
519:
487:
408:, who replaced
406:van Starkenborg
368:
329:
283:
204:
194:
189:
159:
125:
111:
92:Soeara Parindra
64:
54:
52:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1516:Catholic Party
1513:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:Indische Party
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:Catholic Party
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1288:Berkarya Party
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1103:Gerindra Party
1100:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1005:Ricklefs, M.C.
1001:
988:
969:
950:
944:
931:
921:on 8 June 2012
907:
901:
889:Feith, Herbert
885:
879:
864:
844:
838:
825:
819:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:
785:
783:, p. 154.
770:
768:, p. 320.
758:
756:, p. 469.
746:
744:, p. 144.
734:
722:
707:
695:
683:
671:
659:
657:, p. 140.
647:
632:
620:
608:
606:, p. 171.
593:
581:
579:, p. 138.
569:
557:
555:, p. 317.
545:
533:
531:, p. 139.
520:
518:
515:
486:
483:
367:
364:
328:
325:
320:Soerja Wirawan
295:Soerja Wirawan
282:
279:
235:
234:
231:
228:
193:
190:
188:
185:
161:
160:
158:
157:
152:
147:
141:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
120:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
26:
23:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1960:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1860:
1857:
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1836:
1833:
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1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:Patriot Party
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:Freedom Party
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1700:
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1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Masyumi Party
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
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1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Chung Hwa Hui
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Perindo Party
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
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1147:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
979:
975:
970:
962:
958:
957:
951:
947:
945:0-8014-9108-8
941:
937:
932:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
872:
871:
865:
854:
850:
845:
841:
839:9780810849358
835:
831:
826:
822:
816:
812:
807:
806:
801:
794:
789:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
750:
747:
743:
738:
735:
731:
726:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
705:, p. 99.
704:
699:
696:
693:, p. 85.
692:
687:
684:
681:, p. 92.
680:
675:
672:
668:
663:
660:
656:
651:
648:
645:, p. 97.
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
628:Lengkeek 2019
624:
621:
617:
612:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
591:, p. 95.
590:
585:
582:
578:
573:
570:
566:
561:
558:
554:
553:Ricklefs 2008
549:
546:
543:, p. 28.
542:
537:
534:
530:
525:
522:
516:
514:
512:
507:
505:
502:inclusion of
499:
497:
493:
484:
482:
478:
476:
470:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
449:
445:
441:
432:
428:
426:
421:
419:
418:beambtenstaat
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
365:
363:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
324:
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
287:
280:
278:
276:
272:
267:
262:
260:
259:1935 election
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
229:
226:
225:
224:
222:
218:
214:
198:
191:
187:Pre-war party
186:
184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:Mars Parindra
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
119:
115:
109:
105:
102:Surya Wirawan
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
62:
58:
50:
47:
45:
41:
37:
32:
20:
1847:United Party
1841:Labour Party
1726:(RepublikaN)
1593:Labour Party
1467:
1176:Labour Party
1166:Gelora Party
1161:Garuda Party
1109:NasDem Party
1097:Golkar Party
1027:
1008:
996:
992:
982:, retrieved
977:
960:
955:
935:
923:. Retrieved
919:the original
914:
892:
869:
856:. Retrieved
852:
829:
810:
788:
761:
749:
737:
725:
698:
686:
674:
662:
650:
623:
611:
584:
572:
560:
548:
536:
524:
508:
500:
488:
479:
471:
465:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
437:
422:
417:
414:politiestaat
413:
381:
377:
371:
369:
340:
330:
319:
306:
303:groot saluut
302:
299:Roman salute
294:
292:
263:
236:
220:
210:
165:
164:
110:3,425 (1936)
1616:Murba Party
1511:Acoma Party
1502:Independent
1196:Ummah Party
703:Wilson 1978
691:Wilson 1978
425:Pacific war
345:Banjarmasin
205: 1937
44:Chairperson
1902:Categories
1716:Reform era
1577:(PI Perti)
1547:(Parkindo)
1225:Aceh Party
1220:SIRA Party
984:2022-02-08
820:0909835381
802:References
793:Feith 2007
754:Kahin 1952
742:Feith 2007
679:Elson 2008
643:Kahin 1952
589:Kahin 1952
504:West Papua
378:Rukun Tani
366:Activities
217:Budi Utomo
170:Indonesian
107:Membership
98:Youth wing
82:Budi Utomo
1801:(Pelopor)
1707:(Parmusi)
1691:New Order
1504:Indonesia
1458:Insulinde
1007:(2008) .
891:(2007) .
453:Volksraad
448:Volksraad
444:Volksraad
275:Peranakan
255:Volksraad
155:Elections
89:Newspaper
70:Dissolved
1855:(Idaman)
1766:(PNBK-I)
1653:(Parsas)
1559:(Permai)
1478:Partindo
1468:Parindra
1307:(Barnas)
1281:National
1250:Regional
925:17 April
466:Inlander
410:de Jonge
394:Surabaya
386:Swadeshi
166:Parindra
118:Ideology
1647:(Parsi)
1493:Sukarno
1421:Gerindo
1399:parties
1390:Defunct
1349:(PRIMA)
1325:(PPNUI)
1319:(PNI-M)
490:in the
475:malaria
356:invaded
331:In the
271:Bandung
266:Batavia
239:Soetomo
181:
60:Founded
51:(1935)
49:Soetomo
1861:(PKNU)
1784:(PPRN)
1760:(PPDI)
1754:(PKDI)
1678:(PKII)
1635:(PRIM)
1607:(IPKI)
1589:(AKUI)
1583:(PPTI)
1553:(PSII)
1523:(PDTI)
1454:(GAPI)
1355:(PDRI)
1313:(PPIB)
1301:(PPPI)
1295:(PKPB)
1186:Hanura
1015:
963:]
942:
899:
877:
853:voi.id
836:
817:
463:, and
133:Anthem
1837:(PMB)
1831:(PPD)
1825:(PBR)
1819:(PDS)
1807:(PIS)
1795:(PRD)
1778:(PPI)
1772:(PSI)
1738:(PDP)
1732:(PDK)
1701:(PDI)
1659:(PRD)
1641:(PSI)
1629:(PRN)
1601:(PBI)
1571:(PTI)
1565:(PNI)
1541:(PIR)
1535:(PPD)
1529:(PKI)
1483:PPPKI
1443:(PNI)
1367:(PKR)
1361:(PMI)
1343:(PHI)
1337:(SRI)
1331:(PKP)
1093:(128)
995:[
965:(PDF)
959:[
858:8 May
517:Notes
353:Japan
1849:(PP)
1843:(PB)
1813:(PK)
1623:(NU)
1595:(PB)
1141:(19)
1135:(44)
1129:(50)
1123:(54)
1117:(58)
1111:(59)
1105:(78)
1099:(85)
1013:ISBN
980:(83)
940:ISBN
927:2012
897:ISBN
875:ISBN
860:2022
834:ISBN
815:ISBN
373:Tani
213:Solo
179:lit.
1495:era
392:in
1904::
976:,
913:.
851:.
773:^
710:^
635:^
596:^
498:.
459:,
305:,
249:,
245:,
202:c.
176:,
172::
1059:e
1052:t
1045:v
1021:.
948:.
929:.
905:.
883:.
862:.
842:.
823:.
732:.
720:.
630:.
339:(
207:)
168:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
