187:– 1872) and Margaret Calhoun Hardin (1802-1832). Hiram was from a farming family that had relocated from Virginia to Kentucky in the early 1790s. Margaret, the daughter of Martin L. Hardin, was the progeny of a highly cultured, prominent, and powerful Kentucky family full of military heroes, lawyers, judges, and politicians. For the first several years, the young Parker French lived on what was likely a struggling farm, with older sister Juliet Catherine (1822-1905), and younger sister Mary Jane (1830-1913). In 1832, sister Arzelia (1832-1924) was born, possibly precipitating the death of Parker's mother in October. The young Parker's life changed dramatically when his maternal uncle and namesake, Judge Parker Calhoun Hardin (1800-1876), took in the young boy. Hardin treated the boy like a son, fostered his development and lifelong connections and provided the best education available to affluent antebellum Kentuckians. Boosted by access to an extensive and valuable private library French inevitably acquired what the local paper described as a "disposition to roam." Parker Hardin French caught wanderlust and ran away from home. He signed on with the British Navy and sailed on a man-of-war as a "
287:
proposal to establish an
American colony on the Gila, with the benefit of providing protection for the locals from Indian attacks. The governor was interested and planned to raise $ 600,000 for the project, only to cancel it when Ben Coons came to town from El Paso and told of French's swindles. Coons, bankrupted in part due to French, was on his way to San Francisco to borrow money from his brother. By December, French was in Mazatlan where he encountered several former members of his expedition. There, according to one, he helped a number of men get passage to San Francisco. According to another he managed to con some of the men again. He re-organized his gang, acquired weapons, and took to the mountains intending to rob a government silver train. They didn't manage that, but did rob some ranchers and travelers. By February he was in a gunfight with Mexican troops, which resulted in the death of North West. French was captured and jailed in Durango where he remained for about 18 months.
180:, who knew French in 1854 and 1855 in California, summarized his life in two newspapers articles in 1879; Kenneth Johnson republished them with a commentary in 1958. McGowan cited no evidence, as his source 25 years earlier was French himself. McGowan related that Parker Hardin French was born around 1826 in Kentucky, was orphaned while very young, taken in by a neighboring family of a Judge Edwards and married his foster sister, Lucretia Edwards. McGowan's version probably conflated a few different stories that Parker French told about his youth, and the account likely got distorted with time. Hampered by lack of access to genealogical records and unassisted by the digital age, historians have accepted the McGowan version of French's early life. But the real story is much different. Parker Hardin French was born on April 2, 1826, in Mason County, Kentucky. His parents were Hiram Duncan French (
274:
gunfight, two men died and three more were seriously wounded. One of those was French. Whoever shot him wanted him dead, but as it happened, the gunshot only cost him his right arm. The rifle ball struck at or near French's wrist and passed through his forearm before exiting above the elbow. The gunman may have been John Holmes, who later said, "My blood boiled, and snatching my rifle from my son's hands, without taking aim I shot French." However, Holmes was not the only one who shot at French. David Cooper recalled, "I let drive at him, aiming to shoot him in the heart." But Cooper claimed he stumbled on a rope tugged by a mule, which threw off his aim. A third man, Daniel Wright, had already attacked French with a Bowie knife, and the two were fighting in the dirt when Cooper or Holmes shot him.
195:(1839–1842). He returned full of stories of his adventures and financial coups. When French returned from service to Queen Victoria, Hardin sent him to Alton, Illinois to live with the powerful and politically connected Judge Cyrus Edwards, a former Kentucky lawyer well known to the Hardin family. He married the Judge's daughter Lucretia in April 1849, with whom he would sire four children: Matilda Strong, 1850–1921; Hugh Murray 1854–1912; Nancy Reed 1858-Unk; and Ellie Lucretia 1866-Unk. It was in nearby St. Louis that year that he put together his first scam. Doing business as "Messrs. French & Co." French launched an unfinished ship, promising to transport gold seekers to California. The 700-ton bark, christened the
165:
generally unnoticed. Newspapers had reported the death of French before—at least five separate times. He had been twice killed in gunfights, twice executed in Mexico—once by a firing squad, once by hanging—and once killed in
Nicaragua. Acquaintances thought he might have drunk himself to death. For a while, there was a lapse of interesting press reports, so many just presumed that he was already dead and were surprised when he was not. Some pondered his many misadventures and wondered how he escaped retribution from a hangman, a firing squad, or an irate victim. Though a notorious scoundrel in his time, notably from 1850 to 1862, French has been relegated to a minor footnote in
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crowd that all would be well. He purchased young and unbroken mules somewhere, and, after much more delay, they finally made it to San
Antonio via Victoria on July 6. There, as he had in Victoria, French produced such papers as military orders, bank drafts, and an unlimited line of credit drawn on Howland and Aspinwell, a major New York shipping firm. All of it was bogus. He refurbished, re-supplied, bought horses, cattle, and many, better, mules. New recruits signed up. The train of 33 colorful, individually named wagons left San Antonio with much fanfare in mid-July. The sixty days promised for the entire trip had expired and San Diego was still 1,500 miles away.
219:"From NEW YORK to Port LAVACA, in Texas, by Steamship, thence by comfortable and easy wagon coaches ... over the gently swelling uplands of Western Texas," along the Gila River, down to the Colorado, and, finally, across "the magnificent plains of California" (the Colorado Desert) to San Francisco. Moreover, as John Holmes, who signed on with his son for $ 500, pointed out, "French obligated himself to the company that he would take us through to California in sixty days, and to pay us five dollars each per day for every day we were more than sixty, if any, on the journey."
278:
destroying French's right arm. However, an
American mine superintendent who claimed to have treated French's arm, packed the wound with charcoal, and bandaged it with bed sheets, did not mention buckshot in the wound. It is probable that Cooper or Holmes shot Parker French, and it was French who shot Wright as they fought. Expedition member William Nelson was shot in the back and killed in the fighting, and both Cooper and Holmes were seriously wounded, Cooper with a shot through the thigh and Holmes losing both his arms.
160:". At only 22, he was a commission merchant and a year later built the first ocean going ship on the upper Mississippi. Before he was 30, he was the leader of an infamous and fraudulent gold rush expedition; implicated in an irregular invasion of Cuba; jailed bandit and then military hero in Mexico; lawyer, district attorney, legislator, journalist, and political enforcer in California; he was a real estate developer; lawyer; journalist; part of a conspiracy to invade Mexico; suspected
377:, residing on the east side of 6th, between Chestnut and Broadway, operating as a peddler. After moving back to St Louis, French again defrauded partners in a steamboat venture moving supplies to Fort Benton Montana. French appears in the 1870 census in New York after his wife Lucretia died in 1869. He was remarried to Rebecca Claggett in 1875 with whom he had a namesake son, Parker Hardin French Jr.
122:
212:
487:
of Vital
Statistics, Health Department of the City of New York on July 1, 1875. The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 2 (Kentucky State Historical Society, 1904) shows parents of Arzelia as Hiram D. French and Margaret Hardin. Margaret Hardin French died October 24, 1832 per obituary held by the Kentucky Gateway Museum Center.
77:
22:
223:
signing up more men. He was also still completing arrangements for the journey. The first sailing of 100 men got to Port Lavaca on or about May 9. There they discovered that there were neither the mules French had promised would be waiting, nor any wagons for the absent mules to pull. They made camp and waited in growing fear and anger.
486:
Death
Certificate of Parker Hardin French, recorded in the Health Department of the City of New York, which lists his parents as Hiram Duncan French and Margaret C. Hardin; Return of a Marriage between Parker H. French and Reba B. Claggett, lists same parents. It was recorded in the Bureau of Records
369:
draft in July, describing himself as a 40-year-old lawyer with only one arm. For prior military service, he gave "2 years in Mexico". Throughout the Civil War he operated as both a lawyer and a purveyor for Union troops (he defrauded a partner), first in
Virginia in support of the Army of the Potomac
317:
But by
January, the land-grant dons who ran the county had appointed the smooth talking French as their District Attorney at $ 500 a year. That fall he was elected overwhelmingly to represent the county in the State Legislature. He sailed to New York and collected Lucretia and his daughter, returning
260:
French and a few others, including North West, who had been in charge of the first sailing, fled into Mexico. The men of the expedition divided what they could salvage, raised what cash they could, divided into groups, and headed either west or back home. Some followed the planned route to San Diego,
243:
4, French and the additional recruits arrived at Port Lavaca. Those stranded there for nearly a month greeted him with a mixture of relief and fury. When the new arrivals discovered the absence of mules, they, too, became much concerned. French, often described as remarkably persuasive, convinced the
238:
A delay at Havana, including a change of ships and a threatened search consequent of suspicions of French's connection to the LĂłpez filibuster, resulted in missing their ship connection in New
Orleans. This meant a further delay of nearly a week. French put the men up in the best hotels available and
380:
According to McGowan, who saw him in D.C. in the 1870s, he "appeared to be a perfect wreck of his former self," drinking himself to death with cocktails of whiskey and chloroform. French died early in the morning of June 19, 1878, after becoming extremely ill with very painful "congestion and sepsis
222:
Initially, about 100 men signed on, some for a reduced fee in exchange for the promise of work on the trail. They sailed in late April for Port Lavaca via Havana, New
Orleans, and Galveston. French himself was not aboard. An associate, North West, took charge of this group while French stayed behind
606:
While he was in St. Louis in 1849 the Pioneer Line was offering a paid expedition to California for a fee $ 200. The company claimed it would get enrollees there within 60 days. Clearly, French copied that proposal. Expeditioners of the Pioneer Line suffered greatly. See Gordon, Mary McDougall, ed.
164:
agitator and Confederate agent; jailed as a political prisoner; and lawyer and purveyor for Union troops. His final days were spent in obscurity but the period was still peppered with the occasional swindle that garnered both regional and national attention. When French died in 1878, his death went
286:
The men who stayed with French took him to Chihuahua where a surgeon completed the amputation of French's infected right arm, removing it near the shoulder. French lingered there recovering for several weeks. Once back on his feet, he went to Durango and approached the governor of the state with a
207:
French and his wife arrived in New York City about the beginning of 1850. Daughter Matilda Strong French was born there in February. Before long, French – having granted himself the rank of "Captain" – had taken an office in the Tammany Building, had placed ads in the newspapers, and had
792:, January 21, February 5 and 16, 1856) claimed to be present, very likely was not, but was on the scene soon after and wrote a quite different description of the event. Joe Dawson, who claimed to be with French's gang, provided a version in an interview fifty years later. (Baylor, George Wythe,
326:
He launched a Sacramento newspaper, was shot in a bar (in the leg), and decked a former governor in a fistfight, in spite of being a very short, slight, one-armed man. He practiced law with a fellow member of the 1854 legislature and others. The legislator was a Whig from San Jose named Freeman
252:
A month later in the Trans-Pecos they caught up with a wagon train carrying military supplies. French bought a number of the wagons and mules from the owner, Ben Franklin Coons, for a promised payment of nearly $ 18,000. French arrived in El Paso a couple of days ahead of his wagon train, which
277:
At about the same instant that French was wounded, someone shot and killed Wright. Some say that "Ramrod" Harris, the "wickedest man in the West," walked up to French and Wright, looked at them struggling in the dust, and fired his shotgun point blank into Daniel Wright's neck, killing him and
273:
About three weeks after escaping the law, French led a dozen mounted men into a camp near Corralitos, Chihuahua, Mexico, where eight former expedition members had made their way from El Paso. The seven known accounts of what happened there on October 9, 1850, vary substantially. In the ensuing
344:
After some legal problems relating to recruiting volunteers for the Nicaraguan filibuster, he returned to Nicaragua in March 1856, only to be sent away by Walker. Things then started gradually to unravel for Parker French. He lectured on Walker, purporting to raise money for him. He was in
777:, unpublished manuscript: ca. 1901–02. Held by Dan Cooper of Ingram, Texas), and Spafford Rounds were at the scene. Baldridge interviewed Rounds in California in the 1850s. French gave an account to the man who aided him after the gunfight (Victor, Frances Fuller, "On the Mexican Border,"
331:. Two of French's cases were heard by the State Supreme Court, one, with McKinney, was a successful land dispute against James Lick, the other an unsuccessful attempt with Frederick Hall to make San Jose the state capital. He left the newspaper in other hands the same year, 1855, to join
349:
with his family for a few months in 1856, buying and then selling at least one newspaper and promoting a land development scheme. A wealthy Bostonian reported that French cheated him in a deal involving the selling of two ships to the Navy. There was some unsavory business connected to
314:, again seeking provision. This was not by any means a regular port-of-call. There was no wharf, no dock. No matter, everyone but Noyes abandoned ship. French, a notorious criminal, found himself broke, friendless, and carrying all he owned in a remote, scarcely populated "cow county."
667:
The address on the accompanying flyer is 41 Wall Street. The person named on the flyer, T. W. Douglas, was an agent for the US Mail Line and the office appears to be connected to that firm, whose steamers French booked. George Law, who then ran the firm, was a major supporter of
234:
which finally sailed on May 13. The government had delayed the departure for a week to search the ship seeking evidence of connections to a suspected forthcoming attack on Cuba led by LĂłpez, which, in fact, occurred the same day French and his group arrived at Havana harbor.
257:, riding hard out of San Antonio, reached El Paso near midnight the next day; time had run out for all of them. Skillman had a letter from the shipping firm disavowing any claims against it, letters from merchants French had defrauded, and a warrant for French's arrest.
354:. He launched a "Black Republican" (anti-slavery) paper in San Francisco that died after three issues in 1857. He got into trouble in New Orleans over a fake opium shipment. He was arrested by federal authorities in Connecticut and imprisoned in
620:
Johnson reproduced a handbill in his edition of McGowan. Johnson credits the Meriden Gravure Co. for the reproduction of the original, which was then in the collection of Thomas W. Streeter, who later donated it to the Beinecke Library at
298:
was unable to resupply in Mazatlan and, on the morning of August 18, after 47 days of unfavorable wind out of Panama, somewhere off the coast of Baja, with its food stores nearly exhausted, a lookout sighted a clipper ship, the
199:, was still unfinished when "she was sold by the Sheriff, to pay for her material and labor." McGowan wrote that French absconded, leaving "behind him a number of debts for borrowed money and for shipbuilding."
1328:, February 19 & October 12, 1852; December 14, 15, 17, 18, & 26 1855, January 10, 14, 18 & 19, February 7, 8, 9 & 27, April 25, May 17 & 20, June 3, 1856, March 19, 1859, February 22, 1862.
340:
to the United States, but President Pierce refused his credentials. This did not prevent him from living for months in luxury hotel suites and entertaining the press and politicians with cigars and champagne.
335:
in Walker's doomed Nicaraguan filibuster. In Nicaragua he promoted himself from Captain to Colonel and served as "Minister of Hacienda," which amounted to being Secretary of the Treasury. Walker appointed him
689:"... when he had been among them two hours, they were nearly all satisfied that they had done him a great injustice and convinced that he was the greatest genius of the age." Baldridge, p. 5.
496:
Adair County News: “Many Years Ago” December 5, 1900; “Interesting Reminiscences” April 16, 1902; “The Hardin Family” Feb 24 1902 “Sketches of Adair County” Mar 20, 1918 “Many Years Ago,”
307:. "Captain" Parker H. French accompanied him. Captain Artell Austin provided Noyes with twelve days provisions but refused French's offer of $ 40 to join the passengers aboard his ship.
1229:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman: 1999. Originally published by Yarnell, Caystile & Mathes printers, Los Angeles: 1881. Bell's recollections, while useful, are not trustworthy.
1305:
William M. Stafford, Freeman S. McKinney, and Parker H. French, plaintiffs and respondents, vs. James Lick and Jean Ducau, defendants and appellants. Brief on behalf of appellants
539:
900:
1188:
L.C. Baker, History of the United States Secret Service (Philadelphia: L.C. Baker, 1867) “SUSPECTED AND DISLOYAL PERSONS,” War of the Rebellion, Serial 115, page 127
265:
and other Gulf of California ports. Most were on foot and all suffered considerable hardships. The first to arrive in San Francisco made it there in mid-December.
310:
Things continued badly for the brig. Early in September, after more than two weeks of beating along the coast, Noyes put in at Cave Landing, on San Luis Bay, in
581:
One expedition member, Baldridge, reported that French mentioned in May 1850 a wife and child in New York. McGowan mentions a daughter in San Jose in 1854.
362:
and a Confederate agent the investigating officer recommended that French should be released; no definitive case of spying or treason could be mounted.
358:
in Boston on charges of spying for the Confederacy. After an extensive investigation with considerable circumstantial evidence implicating French as a
1001:; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M237, 675 rolls); Records of the U.S. Customs Service, Record Group 36; National Archives, Washington, D.C.
970:
759:
86:
1398:
1197:
NARA Record Group 351, Records of the Government of the District of Columbia, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408.
1010:
579:
1060:
1206:
Death Certificate of Parker Hardin French, recorded in the Health Department of the City of New York “Died,” New York Herald, June 20, 1878
784:. Miles interviewed survivors the next day. Charles Cardinell (California Historical Society, "Charles Cardinell: Adventures on the Plains,"
253:
finally got there on September 18. The men of the expedition found him making more big purchases and living it up. But a frontiersman named
40:
32:
166:
311:
108:
58:
93:
If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
898:
230:), cases of rifles, and other gear. It was all loaded along with "as much gold ... as two men could carry ..." aboard the steamer
385:, in a simple entry with no remembrance, family comments or notice of arrangements: "Died French—June 19, Colonel P.H. French."
208:
flyers printed describing his plan to lead an expedition to the gold fields of California for a fee of $ 250. One flyer began,
933:
History of San Luis Obispo County, California, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers
805:
Cooper, Dan, "The Gunfight at Corralitos: Dan Cooper Looks at Parker H. French's Attempts to Reclaim His Bogus Wagon Train,"
318:
with them to the Bay Area at the end of 1853. He served one term as an Assemblyman, serving on the Ways and Means Committee.
144:, labeled and chronicled by author Joe Goodbody as the “Kentucky Barracuda.” As a runaway child he fought as a member of the
1253:
Ellis, George, papers in the Kathleen Flanigan Collection of the San Diego Historical Society: MS 272, Bulk Dates: 1982–2003
303:. The owner and captain, John Noyes, signaled distress, flying the ensign at half-mast and union-down. Noyes boarded the
1393:
997:
Ancestry.com. New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957 . Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Original data:
226:
In New York French signed up many more paying customers from a new office on Wall Street. He acquired some wagons (from
782:
1356:, February 28, 1851, December 5 and 17, 1851, July 20, 1854, October 21, 1855, December 5, 1861, and October 16, 1862.
359:
355:
332:
637:
The Adventures of John Holmes of Canaan on the Overland Expedition to California with Capt. Parker H. French in 1850
1259:
Harris, Sheldon, "The Public Career of John Louis O'Sullivan," unpublished dissertation, Columbia University, 1958.
1256:
Goodbody, Emmet Joseph (Joe), Kentucky Barracuda: Parker Hardin French (1826-1878)", Mascot Books, Herndon: 2018
1248:
Tycoon's War: How Cornelius Vanderbilt Invaded a Country to Overthrow America's Most Famous Military Adventurer
1127:
337:
595:
A Journal of the Suffering and Hardships of Capt. Parker H. French's Overland Expedition to California in 1850
477:
Goodbody, Emmet Joseph (Joe), Kentucky Barracuda: Parker Hardin French (1826-1878) Mascot Books, Herndon: 2018
370:
and then in Tennessee in support of both the Chattanooga campaign and the advance through Atlanta to the sea.
706:
597:, Ye Galleon Press, Fairfield, Washington: 1970. Originally published in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: 1851
448:
Johnson, Kenneth M., The Strange Eventful History of Parker H. French, Glen Dawson, Los Angeles: 1958.
1388:
1383:
1250:, Da Capo Press, Philadelphia: 2008. This readable account contains numerous errors regarding French.
680:
Rounds, Spafford Ferdinand, unpublished narrative. Held by Lorena Chalkley of Embro, Ontario, Canada.
505:
Johnson, Kenneth M., The Strange Eventful History of Parker H. French, Glen Dawson, Los Angeles: 1958
374:
177:
254:
657:
290:
In July 1852 he was released and made his way back to Mazatlan. There he boarded a brig called the
1280:, unpublished typescript held by the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
366:
749:
1142:
922:
on August 18, 1852. Held by the Franklin County Historical and Museum Society of Malone, NY.
904:
192:
149:
239:
all lived well in New Orleans – on French – as the month of May ended. On June
328:
1289:
Tucker, Albert B., "The Parker H. French Expedition Through Southwest Texas in 1850,"
1377:
882:
188:
157:
1094:
609:
Overland to California with the Pioneer Line: The Gold Rush Diary of Bernard J. Reid
1283:
Stiles, Samuel, unpublished narrative held by Wayne Tyson of San Diego, California.
137:
1091:
830:
Victor. "He paid me with a draft on a New York firm, which they refused to honor."
643:
and reproduced as a broadside by E.D. Wright, Springfield, Vermont: December 1873.
652:
Baldridge mentions this. Also see Strickland, Rex W., "Six Who Came to El Paso,"
639:, The Cadmus Book Shop, New York: 1916, p. 1. Originally published in the Maine
121:
145:
133:
1218:
Baylor, George Wythe, edited and with an Introduction by Jerry D. Thompson,
365:
French was living in Washington, D.C., by 1863, where he registered for the
346:
211:
153:
1241:
Fatal Glory: Narciso LĂłpez and the First Clandestine U.S. War Against Cuba
1137:
Johnston, Daniel S. B.,"Minnesota Journalism in the Territorial Period,"
262:
227:
161:
141:
351:
1271:
The Rivals: William Gwin, David Broderick, and the Birth of California
1025:
Journal of the Fifth Session of the Legislature of State of California
999:
Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1820–1897
578:, wrote: "PASSENGERS. ... Capt P H French lady infant and servant."
656:, Vol. 1, Number 3, Fall 1963, Texas Western College Press, p. 21.
1264:
Manifest Destiny's Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America
210:
120:
89:
contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
1222:, Texas Western Press, The University of Texas at El Paso: 1996.
946:
California in Transition: The San Luis Obispo District 1830–1850
796:, April 13 and 20, May 4, June 29, July 27, September 14, 1901.)
518:, 1790–1860 . Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.
125:
A wood engraving of French by S. F. Baker from a Brady ambrotype
1105:
Johnson, Kenneth M., "A Little Bit More on Parker H. French,"
744:
Pingenot, Ben E., "The Great Wagon Train Expedition of 1850,"
70:
15:
1227:
Reminiscences of a Ranger: Early Times in Southern California
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
1273:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln: 1994. Recommended.
1220:
Into the Far, Wild Country: True Tales of the Old Southwest
1081:
Johnson, Kenneth M., "A Little Bit More on Parker H. French
948:, San Luis Obispo Historical Society, San Luis Obispo: 2003
879:
Reminiscences of Rhode Island and ye Providence Plantations
562:
Death record for Matilda Strong French, Dade County Florida
215:
Johnson reproduced this handbill in his edition of McGowan.
1321:, May 22 and 26, June 6, 1850, July 25, November 8, 1856.
1122:
Ford, Edwin H., "Southern Minnesota Pioneer Journalism,"
1266:, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill: 2002.
857:
My Trip to California in 1850, Written Sixty Years Later
327:
Shanks McKinney. McKinney was executed while serving in
961:, privately printed, San Luis Obispo, California: 2006.
918:
Blaisdell, Chester Wright, a letter written aboard the
1243:, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge: 1996.
893:
Dodge, Marjorie and Calvin, Damariscotta History, The
859:, Halifax Printing House, Daytona, Florida: ca. 1912.
788:, July, 1922, pp. 57–71. Originally published in the
424:
Kentucky Barracuda: Parker Hardin French (1826-1878)
407:
Kentucky Barracuda: Parker Hardin French (1826-1878)
1109:, Number 49, September 1967, and "Frederick Hall,"
574:, January 2, 1854, reporting on the arrival of the
457:
McGowan may have interviewed French's wife as well.
409:Mascot Books, Herndon: 2018; Johnson, Kenneth M.,
322:A Nicaraguan filibuster, many scams and a sad end
411:The Strange Eventful History of Parker H. French
203:Captain Parker H. French's California Expedition
1077:
1075:
1073:
701:
699:
697:
695:
282:Durango, San Luis Obispo, Sacramento, 1850–54
8:
984:San Luis Obispo County Board of Supervisors
914:
912:
838:
836:
781:, Vol. 6, Issue 5, May 1871, pp. 460–469.
773:John Holmes, David Cooper (Cooper, David,
676:
674:
631:
629:
627:
401:
399:
397:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
1037:The Independent Democratic State Tribute
589:
587:
1111:California Historical Society Quarterly
786:California Historical Society Quarterly
711:California Historical Society Quarterly
393:
1307:, Town and Bacon, San Francisco, 1857?
842:_____, Clarence, correspondent to the
779:Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine
748:, Vol. 98, October 1994, pp. 183–225.
514:Dodd, Jordan, Liahona Research, comp.
373:He is listed in the 1865 directory of
202:
7:
1236:, Harper & Row, New York: 1963.
1027:, B. B. Redding State Printer: 1854
972:San Francisco Daily Alta California
881:, (Washington, DC: 1905) Found at:
761:San Francisco Daily Alta California
329:Henry A. Crabb's Mexican filibuster
173:Youth, marriage, and his first scam
935:, Thompson and West, Oakland: 1883
312:San Luis Obispo County, California
31:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
746:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
413:, Glen Dawson, Los Angeles: 1958.
1363:, Victoria, Texas, May 15, 1851.
1278:Diary of a Journey to California
1139:Minnesota Historical Collections
883:reminiscencesofr00noyes_djvu.txt
75:
41:guide to writing better articles
20:
1399:American filibusters (military)
1291:The Journal of Big Bend Studies
897:, February 11, 2009. Found at:
809:, 11(4), April/May, 2010, p. 10
381:of the lungs and stomach." The
261:while others made their way to
1335:, January 1855 to August 1855.
1333:Daily Democratic State Journal
1126:, Vol. 27, No. 1, March 1946.
1113:, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Mar., 1959).
422:Goodbody, Emmet Joseph (Joe),
405:Goodbody, Emmet Joseph (Joe),
1:
1107:Southern California Quarterly
790:San Francisco Daily Chronicle
611:, Stanford Univ. Press: 1981.
181:
1312:Additional newspaper reports
1234:The World and William Walker
1165:San Antonio Ledger and Texan
944:Blomquist, Leonard Rudolph,
426:Mascot Books, Herndon: 2018
360:Knight of the Golden Circle
294:, San Francisco bound. The
132:(1826 – 1878) was an
1415:
1141:, Vol. 10, February 1905.
959:San Luis Obispo: 1850–1876
707:"Adventures of the plains"
528:Daily Missouri Republican
1246:Dando-Collins, Stephen,
846:, April 15 and 20, 1851.
439:, January 4 and 11, 1879
338:Minister Plenipotentiary
957:Carotenuti, Joseph A.,
819:Waukegan Weekly Gazette
169:and Civil War history.
35:used on Knowledge (XXG)
1153:San Joaquin Republican
1065:Daily Alta California,
1048:Daily Alta California,
1012:Sacramento Daily Union
855:Lockwood, Charles B.,
572:Sacramento Daily Union
269:Gunfight at Corralitos
216:
126:
39:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
1354:Daily Alta California
1286:www.parkerhfrench.com
717:(1): 64–79. July 1922
248:End of the expedition
214:
124:
1298:The War in Nicaragua
895:Lincoln County News
877:Isaac Pitman Noyes,
654:Southwestern Studies
375:Louisville, Kentucky
130:Parker Hardin French
1394:American fraudsters
1300:, Mobile, AL: 1860.
821:, 22 February 1851.
794:El Paso Herald Post
763:, December 17, 1850
543:, December 28, 1855
1342:, January 2, 1854.
1179:, November 6, 1861
1090:See, for example,
974:, October 16, 1852
903:2012-03-27 at the
516:Illinois Marriages
437:Daily Evening Post
217:
167:antebellum America
127:
1303:Whitcomb, A. C.,
1296:Walker, William,
1232:Carr, Albert Z.,
1167:, March 24, 1860.
1124:Minnesota History
1014:, January 2, 1854
228:Dan Rice's circus
119:
118:
111:
69:
68:
61:
33:encyclopedic tone
1406:
1366:Washington (DC)
1276:Steele, Andrew,
1262:May, Robert E.,
1207:
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1198:
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1067:January 19, 1855
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868:Baldridge, p. 47
866:
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831:
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810:
807:History Magazine
803:
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775:Gold Rush Memoir
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593:Miles, William,
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43:for suggestions.
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1407:
1405:
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1403:
1374:
1373:
1370:, July 6, 1857.
1361:Texian Advocate
1349:, May 12, 1857.
1293:, Vol. 6, 1994.
1269:Quinn, Arthur,
1215:
1210:
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1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
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1177:New York Herald
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193:First Opium War
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1319:Daily Picayune
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1237:
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1223:
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1155:, May 30, 1857
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1061:John McDougall
1052:
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1040:
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986:Minutes 1852–3
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931:Angel, Myron,
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635:Holmes, John,
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553:Johnson, p. 3.
546:
541:New York Times
532:
530:, May 4, 1849.
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1317:New Orleans
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1389:1878 deaths
1384:1826 births
1368:Daily Globe
1340:Daily Union
1338:Sacramento
1331:Sacramento
356:Fort Warren
185: 1795
178:Ned McGowan
162:seditionist
1378:Categories
735:Strickland
389:References
146:Royal Navy
134:adventurer
1324:New York
367:Civil War
347:Minnesota
296:Hallowell
292:Hallowell
154:cabin boy
49:July 2023
1347:Bulletin
901:Archived
263:Mazatlan
142:swindler
99:May 2019
1213:Sources
1059:It was
352:ginseng
232:Georgia
197:Matilda
156:and a "
148:in the
721:4 June
668:Lopez.
241:
140:, and
1326:Times
621:Yale.
152:as a
1359:The
723:2018
1093:or
1380::
1072:^
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182:c.
136:,
1096:.
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715:1
112:)
106:(
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