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with space availability shown at every turn, space monitoring using retrofit wifi transmitters in each space to update the space availability signs and to alert parking management of bottle necks and intervention measures. Revenue
Control, Capacity Management, and Valet Point of Sale is a major issue for Office and Retail parking management and is also a means of parking management intervention, where website update the status of all of these issues for exclusive use by management. Irvine Spectrum Center, Irvine CA, with 3 parking structures, uses all of these systems The City of Santa Monica uses Traffic and Capacity Monitoring with its 30 parking structures. Disneyland, in Anaheim CA uses most of these hi-tech solutions on its 8 garages.
44:
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6 towers. When purchasing a car from
Volkswagen (the main brand only, not the sub-brands) in select European countries, it is optional if the customer wants it delivered to the dealership where it was bought or if the customer wants to travel to Autostadt to pick it up. If the latter is chosen, the Autostadt supplies the customer with free entrance, meal tickets and a variety of events building up to the point where the customer can follow on screen as the automatic elevator picks up the selected car in one of the silos. The car is then transported out to the customer without having driven a single meter, and the odometer is thus on "0".
781:
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between . Podium parking below high-rise and mid-rise buildings are often short-span 25–30 feet clear between columns, since office/residential/retail floors above require more support . Columns in short -span structures obstruct row based parking spaces and will be less efficient than long-span designs; parking efficiency is measured in cars per level square footage . Common structural systems in the United States for long-span structures are
418:
744:
building concept of modular car parks came about by using the modular assembling method of vertical and horizontal elements (such as columns and beams) Modular car park structures are versatile and can be built in phases or in different sizes and shape. The solution makes it possible to develop a parking structure even in case of particular conditions or constraints, such as archaeological sites or city centres, because it allows:
258:. This saves land for other uses (as opposed surface parking), is cheaper and more practical in most cases than a separate structure, and is hidden from view. It protects customers and their cars from weather such as rain, snow, or hot summer sunshine that raises a vehicle's interior temperature to extremely high levels. Underground parking of only two levels was considered an innovative concept in 1964, when developer
183:
301:. Parking garages without mixed use can provide excellent uses for the Roof area: The Grove Parking Garage is the site for movies on its 8th level roof, The Grand Prix of Long Beach, CA can be viewed from the Roof level of The Aquarium of the Pacific Parking Garage and The Pike Parking Garage (opposite the Queensway Structure) were built with a thickened post-tensioned roof slab to accommodate crowds of people.
191:
200:
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59:
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minimized footprints. The cost of the mechanical equipment needed to transport the cars needs to be added to the building cost. In addition, operation and maintenance costs of the mechanical equipment need to be added in order to determine the total cost of ownership. Other costs could be saved, for example, there is no need for an energy-intensive
1023:, was on view until 11 July 2010. Additional information on the design and building of parking structures can be found in "Parking Structures: planning, design, construction, maintenance, and repair" This resource is on its third edition, written by prominent staff of Walker Parking Consultants, a preeminent Parking Structure designer in the US.
434:, wall panels, stairs, and slabs. The precast concrete parts are transported using flatbed semi-trailers to the sites. The structural floor modules may need to be laid tilted during the transportation in order to cover as large floor area as possible while they can be easily transported on the roadways. The modules are lifted using
947:
266:, which lacked space for horizontal expansion in the 176-acre (0.71 km) university. The simple two-level parking structure was considered unusual enough in 1964 that a separate newspaper section entitled "Parking Underground" described the parking lot as an innovative "concept" and as "subterranean spaces". In
170:
because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status and the structure was several blocks from the hotel. It was demolished in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of
Chicago. A 49-storey apartment tower, 215 West, has taken its place, also featuring a parking garage. When the
845:
there are two 60 meter/200 ft tall glass silos (AutoTĂĽrme) used as storage for new
Volkswagens. The two towers are connected to the Volkswagen factory by a 700-metre tunnel. When cars arrive at the towers they are carried up at a speed of 1.5 metres per second. The render for the Autostadt shows
825:
At peak periods a wait may occur before entering or leaving, because loading passengers and luggage occurs at the entrance and exit rather than at the parking stall. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. It is generally not recommended to use automated car parks for
664:
Typically parking consultants in the UK describe the number of car park floors in terms of "G+x". G stands for ground and x for the number of floors above ground. For example, G+5 is a multi-storey car park structure with a ground floor and 5 floors above that, i.e. a total of 6 floors. The preceding
933:
Online booking technology service providers have been created to help drivers find long-term parking in an automated manner, while also providing significant savings for those who book parking spaces ahead of time. They use real-time inventory management checking technology to display car parks with
575:
is used, especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the "garage" connected with a house. In some places in North
America, "parking garage" refers only to an indoor, often underground, structure. Outdoor, multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number of regional
758:
These parking structures are generally demountable and can be relocated to avoid making the choice of converting a surface to parking area irrevocably. They could be used as permanent structures or are conceived as temporary parking facilities for temporary parking demand needs. A number of parking
285:, USA, which has two large parking lots attached to the building, at the eastern and western ends. A common position for parking within shopping centers in the UK is on the roof, around the various utility systems, enabling customers to take lifts straight down into the center. Examples of such are
937:
Other recent developments in technology include
Vehicles Detection and Count Systems, Point of Sale & Revenue Control Systems, Traffic & Capacity Monitoring Systems, Valet Parking Point of Sale, Management & Revenue Control Systems. These systems help in way finding for parking clients
743:
Parking demand often grows quickly, significantly and sometimes unexpectedly. Modular steel car parks could be the proper solution if the surface area available is not sufficient and can be expanded upward, or whenever it is not feasible to build up a multi-storey parking. The development of the
238:
Many parking structures are independent buildings dedicated exclusively to that use. The design loads for car parks are often less than the office building they serve (50 psf versus 80 psf), leading to long floor spans of 55–65 feet that permit cars to park in rows without supporting columns in
809:
The total cost of ownership of automated parking needs to be carefully considered. The actual cost of construction of automated car parks is typically higher than conventional car park structures, however, this can be offset by the higher space efficiency including reduced excavation waste from
169:
The earliest known parking garage in the United States was built in 1918 for the Hotel La Salle at 215 West
Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by Holabird and Roche. The Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remained
165:
The earliest known multi-storey car park was opened in May 1901 by City & Suburban
Electric Carriage Company at 6 Denman Street, central London. The location had space for 100 vehicles over seven floors, totaling 19,000 square feet. The same company opened a second location in 1902 for 230
145:
for new buildings. Some cities such as London have abolished previously enacted minimum parking requirements. Minimum parking requirements are a hallmark of zoning and planning codes for municipalities in the US. (States do not prescribe parking requirements, while counties and cities can).
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2140:
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Design of parking structures can add considerable cost for planning new developments, with costs in the United States around $ 28,000 per space and $ 56,000 per space for underground (excluding the cost of land), and can be required by cities in
125:, is a building designed for car, motorcycle, and bicycle parking in which parking takes place on more than one floor or level. The first known multistorey facility was built in London in 1901, and the first underground parking was built in
194:
A large, mostly enclosed multi-storey car park forms the base or "pedestal" of two connected high rises. At nearly 20 stories and over 200 feet (61 m), it is an exceptionally large car park that comprises a significant portion of the
861:, automated car parks are gradually catching in the downtown core condominium developments sine the 2010s, due to developers having to meet city-mandated minimum parking space requirements while building on increasingly smaller lots.
840:
Automotive factories and car dealerships often use automated car parks to store inventory, which makes best use of space if they operate in urban areas, plus the car park may be decorated to promote the brand. For instance at the
796:(APS) was in Paris in 1905 at the Garage Rue de Ponthieu. The APS consisted of a groundbreaking multi-storey concrete structure with an internal elevator to transport cars to upper levels where attendants parked the cars. A 1931
731:
The ceiling slab of the steel structure car park is typically made of composite material such as corrugated steel sheets and concrete. The surface of the first-floor parking can be left bare or covered with epoxy or tarmac.
429:
to reduce the construction time. The design involves putting parking structure parts together. The parts of precast concrete include multi-storey structural wall panels, interior and exterior columns, structural floors,
817:
Automated car parks rely on similar technology to that used for mechanical handling and document retrieval. The driver leaves the car in an entrance module, and it is then transported to a parking slot by a robotic
249:
In recent times, parking structures built to serve residential and some business properties have been built as part of a larger building, often underground as part of the basement, such as the parking lot at the
1979:"parking sensor indicator/parking space indicator/led parking lot lighting, View car parking led indicator, KEYOP Product Details from Xiamen Keytop Communication & Technology Company Limited on Alibaba.com"
535:. In more recent developments, Queensway Bay Parking Garage, Long Beach CA, has received awards for it unique facade in 1992, Designed by International Parking Design and built by Bomel Construction Company Inc.
438:
at the sites for assembly. Decorations may include using of covers to close the holes in the precast concrete that contains the lifting anchors, and installing facades to the exterior of the structures.
2163:
154:
388:'s rooftop parking deck collapsed into the building, crashing through the upper level lottery kiosk adjacent to the food court and escalators to the ground floor below, killing two people.
339:
are used between sections not only for thermal expansion but to accommodate the flexing of the structure's sections due to vehicle traffic. Parking structures are generally not subject to
166:
vehicles. The company specialized in the sale, storage, valeting, and on-demand delivery of electric vehicles that could travel about 40 miles and had a top speed of 20 miles per hour.
814:, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed. For naturally ventilated car parks structures, the ventilation equipment is not needed.
1478:
661:
that requires mechanical ventilation. Natural or mechanical ventilation provides fresh air flow to disperse car exhaust in normal conditions, or hot gas and smoke in case of fire.
1007:
In
November 2019, a fully-clad parking barge for automobiles was patented in the United States. Its angular sides are designed to protect against driving wind, rain, and debris.
665:
does not apply to the United States where B+x refers to basement levels ascending in number x while descending in elevation, L1 or ground level with added levels as L2, etc.
645:
since their work is all about structures and since that term is the vernacular in the United States. When constructed as the base of a high-rise, it is sometimes called a
1421:
2079:
133:). The term multistorey (or multistory) is almost never used in the US, because almost all parking structures have multiple parking levels. Parking structures may be
421:
Precast parking structure showing an interior column, girders and double-tee structural floors. The two gray circles are covers to close the lifting anchor holes.
319:
In the United States, costs for parking garages are estimated to cost between $ 25,000 per space, with underground parking costing around $ 35,000 per space.
759:
decks have been demounted after a few years – to make room for the development of a permanent structure – and relocated to respond to local parking demand.
1457:
748:
To virtually double the parking surface without leaving any footprint on the ground, as no settlement for excavations or traditional foundations is needed;
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to replace steel wire mesh to lighten the load and yield more corrosion resistance especially for the cold-climate areas which use salt for melting snow.
363:
2189:
705:
Structure car parks are car parks made of structural steel components connected to each other to carry the loads and provide full structural rigidity.
2105:
1978:
1835:
1552:
1337:
263:
425:
As multi-storey car parks have become more common since the middle of the twentieth century, many constructions of such structures have been using
277:
Parking which serve shopping centers can be built adjacent to the center for easier access at each floor between shops and parking. One example is
2228:
1912:
1262:
1958:
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options. The Santa Monica Place shopping mall in
California has cameras on each stall that can help count the lot occupancy and find lost cars.
708:
Steel is a high-strength material requiring less material than other types of structures like concrete and timber. Steel construction features:
435:
1868:
362:, pancaking down and destroying more than 30 vehicles but injuring no-one. In December 2007, a car crashed into the wall of the deck at the
354:
Some parking structures have partly collapsed, either during construction or years later. In July 2009 a fourth-floor section failed at the
174:
in Washington, D.C. was built in 1927, it was reportedly the largest parking structure of its kind in the country. It was imploded in 1974.
1637:
528:
246:
floor systems, post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete floor systems or short-span podium parking with post-tensioned slabs and drop panels
1944:
1898:
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1206:
1439:
1310:
43:
1019:
opened an exhibition solely devoted to the study of parking garages and their impact on the built environment. This exhibition, titled
442:
In modern construction of the precast modules, there are other features to improve the strength of the structure. An example is to use
2271:
740:
Demand, steel features, and innovation have led to the development of a foundationless, modular, removable steel car park structure.
335:
Parking structures are subjected to the heavy and shifting loads of moving vehicles, and must bear the associated physical stresses.
1882:
1725:
1670:
583:
is used, to varying degrees, throughout the U.S. and Canada, often referring to underground parking, and designed professionally by
1126:
1998:
1504:
1073:
870:
715:
Speed: Allows construction or prefabrication off-site with rapid installation on-site. Some suppliers claim construction in days.
480:
has noted, "In the Pantheon of Building Types, the parking garage lurks somewhere in the vicinity of prisons and toll plazas."
451:
1294:
2083:
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main building's collapse that killed ninety-eight people was likely caused by the failure of the long-term degradation of
399:
657:
to refer to a structure designed for car storage that has openings along at least 40% of the perimeter, as opposed to an
584:
391:
In October 2012 four people were killed and nine more injured when a parking structure under construction at a campus of
1777:
780:
370:, weakening it and causing a small collapse which destroyed two cars below. On the same day, one under construction in
316:. The paramedics responding to the shooting were delayed because their ambulance was too large to enter the structure.
754:
Prefab modular components of the system make each project versatile and suitable for both large and small sized areas.
712:
Cost savings: inexpensive to manufacture and erect, and requires less maintenance than traditional building methods.
2281:
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811:
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2013:
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309:
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918:(red for occupied, green for available and blue is reserved for the disabled; above every parking space),
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and other large vehicles. On 15 December 2013, a man was killed during a robbery in the parking garage at
282:
271:
1642:
1032:
895:
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article speculated about design for an underground garage where the car is taken to a parking area by a
532:
371:
2236:
1270:
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above each lot in this indoor car park determine if a car has already taken the lot and indicate using
505:
262:
developed a two-level underground parking structure under six 10-storey high-rise residential halls at
1370:
Los Angeles Times, 15 March 1964, Tom Cameron, "$ 118 Million Going into Expansion at L.A. State"
2251:
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1425:
902:
Modern car parks utilize a variety of technologies to help motorists find unoccupied parking spaces,
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countries, and it is nowadays most commonly spelled without a hyphen. In the United States, the term
501:
476:
443:
331:
Shuttered construction site of multistorey car park nearly two years after partial structural failure
313:
240:
82:
48:
1396:"'Where is it?' Panicked 911 calls from wife of lawyer killed in mall carjacking beg for ambulance"
638:
515:
403:
340:
286:
1803:
1149:
822:. For the driver, the process of parking is reduced to leaving the car inside an entrance module.
1701:. Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Cultures; Wisconsin Humanities Council. Archived from
1617:
1588:
1173:
1068:
482:
406:
392:
290:
35:
327:
1945:"Innovative Parking Systems Helping to Maximize Space for New Developments | UrbanToronto"
1899:"Innovative Parking Systems Helping to Maximize Space for New Developments | UrbanToronto"
2053:
1864:
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618:
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467:
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110:
90:
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Los Angeles Times, 25 June 1963, "High Rise Developer Defends Loss of View to Convenience"
1298:
819:
359:
336:
278:
159:
1132:
1291:
1035:, "parkade" is a portmanteau or parking and arcade due to the architectural similarity.
973:
927:
721:
Removability: Steel car park structure could be designed to be removed at a later date.
294:
171:
52:
1612:
1458:"Elliot Lake rescuers came within feet of mall collapse victims, but could do nothing"
489:
A handful of structures have received considerable praise for their design, including
304:
These parking structures often have low ceiling clearances , which restrict access by
182:
2260:
1462:
1240:
850:
650:
305:
63:
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To double the parking surface by means of a light steel single-deck car park system.
190:
2164:"Could a floating garage on water fix Charleston parking? A Citadel grad thinks so"
1963:
1730:
1338:"When it opened in 1927, the Capital Garage was the largest U.S. parking structure"
1038:
997:
903:
785:
381:
was preceded by warning signs some weeks before, including cracks and water leaks.
259:
199:
1778:"Judging the Parking Podiums of DTLA's Newest High-Rises – Los Angeles Magazine"
874:
724:
Expandability: Steel car park structures can be expanded easily at a later date.
673:
497:
298:
232:
1926:
954:
849:
Automated car parks have been popular for multistorey residential buildings in
544:
1532:
1505:"Miami Dade College Parking Garage Collapsed Due To Unfinished Column: Lawyer"
1001:
993:
879:
682:
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has labeled parking structures as "the grim afterthought of American design".
447:
243:
67:
17:
1381:"A drive-in movie theater is popping up atop the parking garage of the Grove"
1182:
1680:
1063:
1043:
891:
842:
614:
610:
512:
126:
58:
1663:
Parking structures: planning, design, construction, maintenance, and repair
1479:"Four Dead, Several Injured After Parking Garage Collapses at West Campus"
906:
when returning to the vehicle and improve their experience. These include
211:
interior inclined parking ramps and express ramps without parking – common
803:
474:
These structures are not usually known for their architectural value. As
378:
221:
31:
1913:"A new approach to parking for dealerships facing site size constraints"
1702:
1537:
963:
923:
858:
377:
In November 2008, the sudden collapse of the middle level of a deck in
267:
255:
504:
and designed by the internationally known Swiss architectural firm of
217:
exterior ramps – which may take the form of a circular or helical ramp
911:
431:
71:
1726:"Why do Minnesotans call them 'parking ramps' instead of 'garages'?"
982:
207:
The movement of vehicles between floors can take place by means of:
1959:"Park place: Here are some modern options for storing your vehicle"
976:
multi-storey car parking facility. The ship was given the new name
988:
953:
946:
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878:
854:
779:
672:
543:
461:
416:
326:
198:
189:
181:
153:
57:
42:
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1632:
829:
Additional factors that need to be taken into consideration are:
1422:"Part of parking deck collapses after car crashes into its side"
969:
518:
in the United Kingdom, which incorporates a multistorey car park
134:
1128:
car park | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com
395:
in Florida collapsed, purportedly due to an unfinished column.
1230:
Parking Structures by Mary S. Smith, et al. ISBN 0-7923-7213-1
887:
934:
availability, sorted by price and distance from the airport.
1207:"How not to create traffic jams, pollution and urban sprawl"
1752:
374:
collapsed as concrete was being poured on the sixth floor.
2235:. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from
1313:. Discount Park & Ride. 9 January 2015. Archived from
1269:. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from
593:
is used worldwide, and synonymously with “parking garage”.
227:
automated robot systems – combination of ramp and elevator
1665:(3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1846:
1440:"Man dies after Montreal parking garage roof collapses"
833:
Fear of breakdowns (How does the user get the car back)
446:
on post-tensioned concrete for the construction of the
231:
Where the car park is built on sloping land, it may be
2220:"Automatic invisible compact parking. Patent RU 97419"
1169:"Awash in Asphalt, Cities Rethink Their Parking Needs"
527:
In the United States, several have been listed on the
567:) is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and many
1804:"Enclosed Parking vs Open Parking - Benzina Stables"
727:
Creativity: Steel allows for long column-free spans.
270:, a 2,400 space underground parking structure below
2080:"P-arken öppen för besöksparkering – Vårt Göteborg"
806:and then an elevator to shuttles mounted on rails.
718:
Durability: Suppliers claim 50-plus years lifespan.
2190:"House of Cars: Innovation and the Parking Garage"
2139:. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from
627:is widely used in Western Canada and South Africa.
203:Motorcycle parking inside a multi-storey car park
2133:"1,0472,024 Floating parking barge for vehicles"
2054:"15 of the World's Most Unusual Parking Garages"
1827:
1825:
1021:House of Cars: Innovation and the Parking Garage
1863:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform,
1613:"A Miami Beach Event Space. Parking Space, Too"
351:can be applied where earthquakes are an issue.
1533:"Surfside Condo Collapse: What We Know So Far"
898:message with the parking space number or code.
599:is used mostly in the Southern United States.
8:
1606:
1604:
2252:"Robotic Parking Garage: No Tip Necessary "
1883:"Underground Garage to End Parking Problem"
1201:
1199:
836:Maintenance contracts needed with suppliers
1582:
1580:
214:interior circular or helical express ramps
2229:"Story of the Week Archives: Car Culture"
1999:"Servant or snoop in the parking garage?"
1263:"Story of the Week Archives: Car Culture"
30:"Parking garage" redirects here. For the
264:California State University, Los Angeles
1090:
617:, and has been observed as far east as
436:precast concrete lifting anchor systems
1633:"National Register Information System"
1144:
1142:
548:Entrance to the parking garage of the
409:in the basement-level parking garage.
343:after being checked for their initial
1656:
1654:
1652:
1558:. High Concrete Group. Archived from
1477:Castillo, Gregory (30 October 2012).
1420:Augstums, Ieva M. (6 December 2007).
1121:
1119:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
784:Automatic underground car storage in
7:
1638:National Register of Historic Places
1481:. Miami-Dade College. Archived from
529:National Register of Historic Places
2227:Mary Beth Klatt (21 October 2005).
2162:Johnson, Chloe (19 November 2019).
2028:"P-arken pĂĄ plats vid Lilla Bommen"
1611:Michael Barbaro (24 January 2011).
1261:Mary Beth Klatt (21 October 2005).
641:in the USA are likely to call it a
585:Structural Engineers and Architects
2137:USPTO Full-Text and Image Database
1833:"Cars, Parking and Sustainability"
1394:Queally, James (14 January 2014).
1106:"parking garage – English meaning"
826:high peak hour volume facilities.
777:, a self-parking feature in a car.
25:
1861:The Mechanical Parking Guide 2011
1844:The Transportation Research Forum
992:) and it is permanently towed in
224:(or elevators) – the least common
27:Building designed for car parking
2082:. 4 January 2016. Archived from
1167:Margolies, Jane (7 March 2023).
1074:Parking guidance and information
972:was transformed into a floating
871:Parking guidance and information
450:. Another example is the use of
2108:. 16 March 2017. Archived from
1849:. Retrieved on 16 October 2012.
1424:. Associated Press – via
1150:"multistorey – English meaning"
452:carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer
274:is one of the world's largest.
2014:"Parking & Transportation"
1859:Hamelink, Ir. Leon J. (2011),
1553:"High Precast Parking Systems"
1:
1724:Read, Katy (12 August 2022).
1695:"Wisconsin English varieties"
1336:Kelly, John (24 April 2021).
158:A circa 1929 drawing shows a
1154:Cambridge English Dictionary
1110:Cambridge English Dictionary
916:parking space LED indicators
524:in Edinburgh, United Kingdom
130:
1311:"The Guide to Parking Lots"
2300:
1831:Sanders McDonald, Shannon.
1753:"Buffalo Civic Auto Ramps"
1661:Anthony P. Chrest (2001).
1059:Automatic vehicle location
961:
950:P-Arken as seen from water
868:
772:
766:
736:Foundationless and modular
413:Precast parking structures
47:A multistorey car park in
29:
2272:Indoor positioning system
2170:. Evening Post Industries
1587:Beth Broome (June 2010).
1079:Trinity Square, Gateshead
958:P-Arken as seen from land
920:indoor positioning system
368:Charlotte, North Carolina
2106:"P-arken fĂĄr ny hemvist"
1757:Buffalo Civic Auto Ramps
1054:Automated parking system
1017:National Building Museum
942:Multistorey parking ship
794:automated parking system
773:Not to be confused with
769:Automated parking system
235:or have sloped parking.
792:The earliest use of an
659:enclosed parking garage
633:is used in New Zealand.
569:Commonwealth of Nations
550:Aquarium of the Pacific
522:Castle Terrace Car Park
310:The Mall at Short Hills
2168:The Post & Courier
2058:CarInsuranceQuotes.com
1838:10 August 2013 at the
1011:Education and research
959:
951:
899:
890:; and some can send a
789:
696:Automated (mechanical)
686:
559:(often abbreviated to
552:
506:Herzog & de Meuron
471:
422:
400:Surfside condominium's
332:
283:Bloomington, Minnesota
272:Nathan Phillips Square
204:
196:
187:
162:
137:if they are enclosed.
74:
55:
1808:benzinastables.com.au
1643:National Park Service
1135:on 25 September 2016.
1015:In October 2009, the
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949:
882:
783:
676:
605:is used in the upper
547:
533:North Terminal Garage
531:, including Boston's
465:
420:
372:Jacksonville, Florida
330:
202:
193:
185:
157:
66:'s parking garage in
61:
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1847:https://trforum.org/
1782:Los Angeles Magazine
1594:Architectural Record
1297:23 June 2006 at the
1292:Preservation Chicago
980:(a pun on the words
679:REDI shopping centre
677:A parking garage at
639:structural engineers
557:multistorey car park
502:Miami Beach, Florida
477:Architectural Record
341:building inspections
323:Structural integrity
314:Millburn, New Jersey
241:prestressed concrete
83:Commonwealth English
79:multistorey car park
2239:on 11 February 2007
2233:Preservation Online
2196:on 25 November 2016
2032:Västsvenska paketet
1810:. 26 September 2021
1699:Wisconsin Englishes
1589:"1111 Lincoln Road"
1446:. 26 November 2008.
1342:The Washington Post
1273:on 11 February 2007
1267:Preservation Online
1241:"asphaltnation.com"
685:, Helsinki, Finland
655:open parking garage
516:Preston bus station
458:Architectural value
444:prestressed strands
404:reinforced concrete
2131:Liollio, Zachary.
1618:The New York Times
1383:. 9 December 2020.
1174:The New York Times
1069:Car parking system
960:
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900:
884:Ultrasonic sensors
865:Other technologies
812:ventilating system
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669:Construction types
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483:The New York Times
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407:structural support
393:Miami-Dade College
384:In June 2012, the
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62:The interior of a
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36:The Parking Garage
2282:Structural system
2267:Garages (parking)
2143:on 1 January 2020
2086:on 4 January 2016
2002:Los Angeles Times
1887:Popular Mechanics
1885:, February 1931,
1870:978-1-466-43786-9
1784:. 13 October 2015
1485:on 27 August 2014
1049:Automatic parking
922:(IPS), including
908:adaptive lighting
799:Popular Mechanics
775:Automatic parking
763:Automated parking
643:parking structure
619:Buffalo, New York
591:Parking Structure
573:parking structure
494:1111 Lincoln Road
468:1111 Lincoln Road
349:Seismic retrofits
254:redevelopment in
103:parking structure
93:), also called a
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968:In 1991, a 1975
649:. United States
631:Parking building
427:precast concrete
386:Algo Centre Mall
345:occupancy permit
337:Expansion joints
252:Atlantic Station
186:Basement parking
143:parking mandates
99:parking building
91:American English
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87:parking garage
53:Czech Republic
49:Hradec Králové
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34:episode, see
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2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2232:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2167:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2136:
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2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:the original
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2057:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2034:(in Swedish)
2031:
2022:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:Toronto Star
1962:
1953:
1939:
1931:autostadt.de
1930:
1927:"Car Towers"
1921:
1907:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1860:
1854:
1843:
1812:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:Star Tribune
1729:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:the original
1698:
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1616:
1592:
1567:. Retrieved
1560:the original
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1508:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:the original
1472:
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1403:. Retrieved
1399:
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1345:. Retrieved
1341:
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1319:. Retrieved
1315:the original
1305:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:the original
1266:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1186:. Retrieved
1172:
1162:
1153:
1133:the original
1127:
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1039:Auto Stacker
1020:
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998:Lilla Bommen
987:
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904:car location
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603:Parking ramp
602:
597:Parking deck
596:
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540:Nomenclature
488:
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358:building in
353:
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260:Louis Lesser
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119:parking deck
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115:parking ramp
114:
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2243:22 February
2200:24 November
1984:24 November
1737:16 December
1277:22 February
1246:24 November
996:'s harbour
875:Parking lot
561:multistorey
500:section of
498:South Beach
448:shear walls
299:Basingstoke
233:split-level
95:multistorey
2261:Categories
1709:29 October
1405:15 January
1085:References
1002:Skeppsbron
994:Gothenburg
964:sv:P-Arken
869:See also:
683:Kalasatama
565:multistory
287:The Oracle
244:double-tee
1517:26 August
1489:26 August
1183:0362-4331
1064:Car condo
1044:Autostadt
892:Bluetooth
843:Autostadt
615:Wisconsin
611:Minnesota
555:The term
513:Brutalist
496:, in the
195:building.
127:Barcelona
2174:3 August
2116:20 April
2090:20 April
2064:20 April
2038:20 April
1836:Archived
1814:26 April
1788:14 April
1762:2 August
1681:44979661
1444:CBC News
1347:16 March
1321:27 March
1295:Archived
1216:14 April
1188:10 March
1027:See also
804:conveyor
788:, Greece
690:Concrete
379:Montreal
356:Centergy
220:vehicle
111:Canadian
109:(mainly
32:Seinfeld
2277:Parking
2147:31 July
1538:YouTube
978:P-Arken
974:pontoon
924:QR code
912:sensors
859:Toronto
820:trolley
625:Parkade
607:Midwest
576:terms:
432:girders
291:Reading
268:Toronto
256:Atlanta
150:History
131:history
107:parkade
68:Kungälv
1867:
1679:
1669:
1569:3 June
1181:
1033:Arcade
926:, and
178:Design
135:heated
72:Sweden
1563:(PDF)
1556:(PDF)
1000:near
857:. In
855:Paris
222:lifts
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