360:
the one route Parks was currently operating), with Mid-Continent getting the third. But on August 9, the appeals court said that while Parks was free to pursue a full appeal, the court would not, in the meantime, stop the CAB order from being implemented on schedule on
September 26. Some Illinois cities supported PAL keeping the flights; now that PAL was operating, they were afraid that switching to Ozark would mean further delays, given that Ozark had no airline operations experience. Finally, on September 20, Ozark announced it would buy PAL, including five DC-3s, all its operations and equipment, for a 37.5% stake in Ozark. The CAB waived a review of the merger, saying it didn't want to stop the benefit the sale offered to the public. On September 25, Parks flew its last flight, and on September 26, the same operation flew under Ozark control.
231:
of the routes awarded in these certifications was 50% larger than the next biggest feeder network and over eight times as large as the smallest. PAT was recognized as potentially the “richest feeder network in the U.S.”. The certifications were contingent on a sufficient number of airports on these routes upgrading (radios and other infrastructure) to federal standards required to accept commercial aircraft. In May 1948, the CAB issued Parks a certificate for part of its system, based on a sufficient number of airports being of required standard. In the same month, Parks Air
Transport became Parks Air Lines (PAL).
126:
227:. The CAB had created the category of local service (or “feeder”) airlines earlier in the year to bring air transport to previously unserved smaller cities and was seeking to certificate new carriers to fly such routes. PAT had authorized capital of $ 3.5mm, over $ 60mm in 2024 dollars. This sounded impressive, but actual available capital (as represented to the CAB) was $ 650,000 committed by PAC, PASS and the board members of PAT (including Parks).
322:, subject to CAB approval. With PAL still not in operation, on 28 June 1949, the CAB launched the Parks Investigation Case, consolidating all Parks issues before the CAB. The CAB took 13 months to come to a final decision, but since the case included taking applications for replacement service, the likely outcome was clear. A December 1949 news article noted there was "general disbelief that Parks itself will get another chance to operate."
1390:
1414:
1402:
235:
dispatch, maintenance, operating real flights, etc., learning how to handle real operational issues. The CAB saw public benefit in PAT being able to connect passengers on routes from one of the cases onto routes from the other cases PAT won; in modern terms that PAT would have a hub at St Louis. They liked that Parks was well capitalized.
155:, a substantial network of routes to mostly smaller cities mostly centered on St Louis. But after lengthy delays in initiating service, the CAB instituted proceedings to strip Parks of its network. Parks started service just in advance of the CAB's decision, but after a brief period of operation and some litigation, merged into
334:
previously promised). The CAB's attorneys, in their case brief of
January 1950, criticized Parks for not previously putting his own money at risk, failing to operate even a single route, questioned his desire to operate and management competence. It also dismissed single-engine aircraft operation as
302:
which in
January 1949 turned it down a loan (based on all of Parks's enterprises) for a $ 600,000 loan on the basis of insufficient collateral and weak prospective earnings. The delay in starting service hurt Parks's reputation. Editorials expressed anger for him retaining routes he'd been unable to
243:
PAL didn't have the money to start operations. The CAB later determined that of the $ 650,000 in capital that Parks represented to the CAB, the airline only drew on $ 81,000 (which, it noted, had been spent mainly on intangible items). In early 1948, Ozark, in appealing to the CAB to reverse the PAT
230:
PAT won routes in three CAB cases, most with a St Louis terminus, in Dec 1946 (North
Central Case), September 1947 (Great Lakes Area Case) and December 1947 (Mississippi Valley Case). In February 1948, it added another route to Parks's Great Lakes certificate. (see nearby map). The resulting mileage
359:
On August 1 the CAB announced PAL lost its certification, but PAL obtained a temporary stay of the ruling through
Federal appeals court pending a hearing. The full board changed the outcome from that recommended by the examiner: Ozark was to get two of the three Parks certifications (which included
339:
and Mid-Continent), and one new, Ozark Air Lines. Ozark had been an unsuccessful applicant in the cases where PAL had won its certifications. A month later, Parks announced he'd acquired DC-3s and intended to start service in June. The CAB chairman wrote to dissuade Parks, saying such service would
234:
In making these awards to PAT, the CAB cited Parks's extensive experience with PAC and aviation generally. They noted he had airline experience through PAC's long-standing student-run "airline" ("Parks Air
College Airlines"), that ran like a real airline (other than carrying passengers) including
325:
In
October 1949, Parks raised a $ 400,000 loan for PAL by pledging his other companies, providing a personal guarantee and securing a $ 130,000 investment from St Louis University. He said the total enabled him to start service across the network using single-engined four-passenger
244:
route awards, noted "severe financial losses suffered by Parks and his affiliated companies during the past two years." PASS lost over $ 148,000 in 1948. Oliver Parks had notable drains on the resources of his enterprises during the period 1944 to 1950:
256:) for $ 400,000. Parks named it Parks Metropolitan Airport. This was the war-time home of PAC. Parks then spent "a lot of money" rehabilitating it. By January 1950 Parks was trying to get St Louis buy it, saying if he couldn't sell it, he'd have to
286:
manufactured over 30 Ercoupes a day, but by
November, a glut forced the factory to suspend production and in 1947, ERCO exited the business. Some other light aircraft manufacturers went bankrupt. Parks pursued his Ercoupe activity through
143:, was a US scheduled airline that initially appeared likely to be one of the most significant carriers of its kind, but in the end, operated only a single route for three months in 1950. In 1946 and 1947 the airline was certificated as a
265:
Parks was a high-profile participant in an unsuccessful attempt to mass market light aircraft. In
November 1944, Parks predicted a market for 5 million “personal aircraft” through 1960. He was a prominent promoter and distributor of the
335:
unsuitable. In April, the case examiner published preliminary findings, recommending PAL be decertificated and its routes split between three other airlines, two of them existing (Turner Air Lines, which was soon to become
223:(FBOs) that ran and owned various airports under the umbrella of Parks Aircraft Sales and Service (PASS). In August 1944, Parks incorporated Parks Air Transport (PAT) in Nevada to apply to the CAB for certification as a
1446:
340:"not be in the public interest." Parks asserted the chairman's directive was a "suggestion" and the airline had every right to fly. PAL started service June 23 from St Louis to
2279:
2338:
2307:
2343:
211:. Parks started the school in 1927, the first such in the country, and Parks and his school played a key role in training military pilots for World War II.
1439:
151:(CAB), the now-defunct federal agency that, at the time, tightly regulated almost all US air transportation. The CAB awarded the airline, then known as
219:
During World War II, Parks's pilot training expanded to four other locations. After the war Parks converted these other four training companies into
2333:
2302:
428:
369:
294:. PAC had nominal assets of $ 3mm, including a 113-acre campus (with its own small airfield), 22 buildings including dormitories, labs and so on.
1432:
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162:
This was Oliver Parks's second use of the name "Parks Air Lines". He previously used it for his aviation activities prior to the
433:
2122:
1380:
2190:
1859:
949:
383:
Mid-Continent started flying over its portion of the former Parks routes on October 1, 1950. Mid-Continent merged with
2147:
1814:
1777:
423:
249:
159:, the carrier to which the CAB gave most of Park's route authorities. This marked the start of Ozark's operations.
81:
1359:
1989:
1974:
1737:
125:
2195:
2162:
2132:
1994:
1909:
1869:
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Ozark's maintenance base continued to be at Parks Metropolitan Airport until January 1952, when it moved to
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1944:
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20:
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373:
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In March 1949, the CAB ordered PAL to start operations by July 1. In April PAL announced its sale to
291:
2243:
2017:
220:
24:
2167:
2152:
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1949:
1939:
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800:
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operate, and politicians said they'd pass legislation to fix things if the CAB did not act.
271:
163:
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1904:
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353:
319:
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2200:
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1979:
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633:
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270:, one such light aircraft. For instance, Parks had the idea to sell them through
2228:
2112:
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2009:
1914:
1844:
1712:
1707:
1687:
1581:
1424:
345:
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107:
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453:
2157:
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1070:
950:"For a few magical years, it looked like every family would own an airplane"
167:
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2177:
1747:
1647:
208:
2185:
2087:
1889:
1804:
1511:
341:
267:
2137:
2269:
905:"ERCO Sales Conference Points Way To New Plane Marketing Approach"
298:
PAL was unable to obtain funding, including from government-owned
124:
877:
Parks Airport Available to City At 'Fair Value' Price, Head Says
283:
1428:
863:
East Side C. of C. To Support Move For Airport Across The River
260:
it because it lost $ 70,000 per year the previous three years.
455:
City Rapidly Heading Toward Position as World's Air Capital
469:"Investigation Of Local, Feeder, and Pick-Up Air Service"
395:
At the time PAL sold itself to Ozark, it had five DC-3s.
147:(also known at that time as a "feeder airline") by the
1378:
2262:
2209:
2176:
2008:
1795:
1615:
1549:
1540:
1462:
1158:
Turner Air Lines Recommended For Air Line Operation
113:
103:
95:
87:
77:
62:
47:
34:
1146:, Decatur (IL) Herald and Review, 13 December 1949
1360:"Parks Air Lines Douglas DC-3 N12989 (c/n 4815)"
986:Oliver Parks Quits As Head Of Aircraft Sales Firm
1275:, Bloomington (IL) Pantograph, 26 September 1950
1261:, Bloomington (IL) Pantograph, 20 September 1950
1228:Court Decides Against Parks on Losing Air Routes
893:, Belleville (IL) News-Democrat, 27 January 1950
23:that operated from 1927 to 1937 and merged into
403:From August 1, 1950 Parks Air Lines timetable:
215:Winning routes from the Civil Aeronautics Board
1330:"40 Years of Deregulation—The Regulated Years"
1144:C.A.B. Changes Deadline Again On Filing Briefs
722:"Parks Air Lines Issued Temporary Certificate"
248:In 1945 PASS purchased what is today known as
2308:List of defunct airlines of the United States
1440:
819:"United Opposes Parks on Certificate Request"
195:was a prominent early aviator, known for his
8:
1289:, St Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 September 1950
1216:, Bloomington (IL) Pantograph, 2 August 1950
1160:, Decatur (IL) Daily Review, 14 January 1950
29:
1301:Airline to Take Over Part of Guard's Hangar
1202:, Bloomington (IL) Pantagraph, 25 June 1950
457:, St Louis Star and Times, October 31, 1928
129:Parks Air Lines routes certificated by the
1546:
1447:
1433:
1425:
1303:, St Louis Globe-Democrat, 13 January 1950
28:
1244:, St Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 August 1950
1172:Parks Air Line Denied Feeder Route Permit
1086:Parks Told To Start Air Service by July 1
865:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 December 1946
274:and Ercoupe did for a time, including at
2303:List of airline mergers and acquisitions
1088:, St Louis Star and Times, 23 March 1949
1074:, Decatur (IL) Review, 29 September 1949
1000:"St Louis University Gets Parks College"
799:: 779–851. December 1949 – August 1950.
1385:
1253:
1251:
1186:Parks Ready To Begin Flights to Chicago
968:"Aviation: Fulton's Folly, New Version"
446:
1317:, Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 August 1950
1315:Mid-Continent to Open New Feeder Route
1273:CAB Keeps Hands Off Sale Of Parks Line
1200:CAB Frowns, But Airline Starts Flights
1188:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 June 1950
1174:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 June 1950
1121:
1046:Waterloo (IA) Courier, 30 January 1949
1044:Parks Air To Renew Effort For RFC Loan
1021:
926:
879:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 July 1953
840:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
743:
699:
655:
2339:Defunct airlines of the United States
1259:Ozark Buys Parks, Ending Airline Fuss
1242:Cities Join to Help Parks Hold Routes
988:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 22 May 1950
7:
1060:, Waterloo (IA) Courier, 21 May 1950
891:Parks Plans To Subdivide His Airport
568:
566:
564:
533:
531:
529:
498:
496:
494:
387:in 1952, Braniff collapsed in 1982.
2344:Defunct companies based in Illinois
2254:Petroleum Helicopters International
1214:Feeder Air Service For City Assured
768:, Decatur Daily Review, May 4, 1948
514:: 639–713. June 1946 – March 1947.
16:1950 predecessor to Ozark Air Lines
1336:. World Airline Historical Society
1328:Keller, David (29 November 2018).
1287:Ozark Airlines Opens Chicago Route
1100:"Mid-Continent and Parks to Merge"
300:Reconstruction Finance Corporation
14:
2298:List of airline holding companies
2083:L-3 Flight International Aviation
376:(TWA) in 1987, which merged into
1412:
1400:
1388:
1366:. Ed Coates Aircraft Photographs
948:Glenshaw, Paul (November 2013).
614:: 73–84. January–December 1948.
584:: 726–804. April–December 1947.
549:: 360–456. April–December 1947.
2334:Airlines disestablished in 1950
793:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
608:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
578:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
543:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
508:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
473:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
166:, including pilot training and
479:: 1–57. July 1944 – May 1946.
199:-based pilot training school,
1:
1456:Airlines of the United States
1128:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1028:: CS1 maint: date and year (
933:: CS1 maint: date and year (
847:: CS1 maint: date and year (
750:: CS1 maint: date and year (
706:: CS1 maint: date and year (
662:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2329:Airlines established in 1944
2191:Grand Canyon Scenic Airlines
1010:(11): 14. 9 September 1946.
915:(17): 15. 20 November 1944.
252:in Cahokia (the airport for
1815:Air Transport International
66:25 September 1950
2365:
2349:Airlines based in Illinois
1364:www.edcoatescollection.com
829:(5): 41. 2 February 1948.
789:"Parks Investigation Case"
290:In 1946 he donated PAC to
250:St. Louis Downtown Airport
185:
18:
2293:
1110:(17): 17. 25 April 1949.
688:(7): 57. 14 August 1950.
574:"Mississippi Valley Case"
370:St. Louis Lambert Airport
139:, named for its founder,
1738:Southern Airways Express
954:Air & Space Magazine
644:(14): 36. 5 April 1948.
424:East St. Louis, Illinois
19:Not to be confused with
2196:Griffing Flying Service
2163:World Atlantic Airlines
2133:Sierra Pacific Airlines
1995:Western Global Airlines
1910:Freight Runners Express
1870:Baron Aviation Services
1778:Warbelow's Air Ventures
1058:Dog-in-the-Manger Parks
805:2027/osu.32437011657539
732:(19): 49. 10 May 1948.
620:2027/osu.32437011657638
604:"Great Lakes Area Case"
590:2027/osu.32437011657687
555:2027/osu.32437011657687
539:"Great Lakes Area Case"
520:2027/osu.32437011657737
485:2027/osu.32437011657786
149:Civil Aeronautics Board
131:Civil Aeronautics Board
2098:Omni Air International
1850:Amerijet International
1825:Alaska Central Express
330:aircraft (rather than
313:Mid-Continent Airlines
168:aircraft manufacturing
133:
51:23 June 1950
21:National Parks Airways
2239:Critical Air Medicine
1860:Asia Pacific Airlines
1855:Ameristar Jet Charter
1668:Grand Canyon Airlines
1658:Denver Air Connection
434:Springfield, Illinois
337:Lake Central Airlines
307:Conflict with the CAB
225:local service carrier
145:local service carrier
128:
2224:AirMed International
2143:Superior Air Charter
2123:Presidential Airways
2093:New Pacific Airlines
1763:Tropic Ocean Airways
1703:Penobscot Island Air
1698:New England Airlines
1527:Sun Country Airlines
974:. November 18, 1946.
504:"North Central Case"
374:Trans World Airlines
372:. Ozark merged into
292:St. Louis University
221:fixed base operators
48:Commenced operations
2244:Life Flight Network
2018:Air Charter Bahamas
1920:Kalitta Charters II
429:St. Louis, Missouri
409:Champaign, Illinois
153:Parks Air Transport
42:Parks Air Transport
31:
25:Western Air Express
2178:Air taxi and tours
2153:Talkeetna Air Taxi
2108:Pentastar Aviation
1950:Northern Air Cargo
1940:Mountain Air Cargo
1835:Alpine Air Express
1810:Air Cargo Carriers
1783:Wright Air Service
1758:Tradewind Aviation
1517:Southwest Airlines
1072:Waited Long Enough
766:Parks Changes Name
203:(PAC), across the
134:
2316:
2315:
2219:Air Evac Lifeteam
2148:Superior Aviation
2103:Pacific Coast Jet
1965:Ryan Air Services
1960:Royal Air Freight
1945:National Airlines
1791:
1790:
1743:Star Marianas Air
1728:Seaborne Airlines
1723:San Juan Airlines
1693:Mokulele Airlines
1592:Piedmont Airlines
1507:Hawaiian Airlines
1502:Frontier Airlines
1482:American Airlines
419:Decatur, Illinois
414:Chicago, Illinois
378:American Airlines
282:. In Spring 1946
272:department stores
239:Failure to launch
205:Mississippi River
201:Parks Air College
123:
122:
63:Ceased operations
43:
2356:
2234:Boston MedFlight
2068:Hillwood Airways
2063:Gryphon Airlines
2053:Eastern Airlines
2048:Contour Aviation
2028:Alerion Aviation
1985:USA Jet Airlines
1925:Lynden Air Cargo
1900:Everts Air Cargo
1875:Bemidji Airlines
1773:Vieques Air Link
1653:Contour Airlines
1633:Aleutian Airways
1607:SkyWest Airlines
1602:Republic Airways
1547:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1403:
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1283:
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1246:
1238:
1232:
1230:, 10 August 1950
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982:
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932:
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895:
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873:
867:
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838:
815:
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785:
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756:
755:
749:
741:
718:
712:
711:
705:
697:
674:
668:
667:
661:
653:
634:"Feeder Mileage"
630:
624:
623:
600:
594:
593:
570:
559:
558:
535:
524:
523:
500:
489:
488:
465:
459:
451:
164:Great Depression
73:
71:
58:
56:
39:
32:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2289:
2285:Patriot Express
2258:
2205:
2172:
2038:Bighorn Airways
2004:
2000:Wiggins Airways
1970:Sky Lease Cargo
1955:Polar Air Cargo
1895:Empire Airlines
1880:Castle Aviation
1830:Aloha Air Cargo
1787:
1611:
1536:
1532:United Airlines
1522:Spirit Airlines
1497:Delta Air Lines
1472:Alaska Airlines
1458:
1453:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1389:
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1379:
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1183:
1179:
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1155:
1151:
1141:
1137:
1120:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1020:
998:
997:
993:
983:
979:
966:
965:
961:
947:
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942:
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903:
902:
898:
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874:
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856:
839:
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787:
786:
773:
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742:
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719:
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698:
676:
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654:
632:
631:
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572:
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562:
537:
536:
527:
502:
501:
492:
467:
466:
462:
452:
448:
443:
438:
401:
393:
385:Braniff Airways
366:
309:
241:
217:
193:Oliver L. Parks
190:
184:
179:
173:
157:Ozark Air Lines
137:Parks Air Lines
78:Operating bases
69:
67:
54:
52:
41:
30:Parks Air Lines
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2203:
2198:
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2201:Utah Airways
2128:Regional Sky
1980:UPS Airlines
1768:Ultimate Jet
1643:Boutique Air
1628:Air Flamenco
1623:Advanced Air
1597:PSA Airlines
1567:Endeavor Air
1368:. Retrieved
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1338:. Retrieved
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1024:cite journal
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188:Oliver Parks
182:Oliver Parks
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141:Oliver Parks
136:
135:
118:Oliver Parks
104:Headquarters
96:Destinations
2229:Air Methods
2113:Phoenix Air
2073:IBC Airways
1915:Kalitta Air
1845:Ameriflight
1713:Reliant Air
1708:Ravn Alaska
1688:Kenmore Air
1616:Independent
1582:Horizon Air
350:Springfield
317:Kansas City
280:J.C. Penney
197:Cahokia, IL
108:Cahokia, IL
38:August 1944
2323:Categories
2263:Government
2118:PlaneSense
1930:Martinaire
1840:Amazon Air
1753:Taquan Air
1718:Salmon Air
1663:Everts Air
1638:Bering Air
1562:CommuteAir
1550:Affiliated
441:References
328:Cessna 190
114:Key people
88:Fleet size
70:1950-09-25
55:1950-06-23
2158:Wheels Up
2078:KaiserAir
2058:ExcelAire
1865:Atlas Air
1572:Envoy Air
1407:Companies
1116:0005-2175
1016:0005-2175
921:0005-2175
835:0005-2175
738:0005-2175
694:0005-2175
650:0005-2175
380:in 2001.
354:Champaign
258:subdivide
2249:Lifestar
1990:West Air
1975:Transair
1748:Surf Air
1648:Cape Air
1542:Regional
1464:Mainline
1419:Aviation
209:St Louis
2186:Gem Air
2088:NetJets
2010:Charter
1890:CSA Air
1805:ABX Air
1512:JetBlue
1381:Portals
1340:30 June
346:Decatur
342:Chicago
268:Ercoupe
177:History
68: (
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35:Founded
2138:Skymax
1370:2 July
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364:Legacy
344:, via
276:Macy’s
2280:JPATS
2275:Janet
2270:Comco
2168:XOJET
1797:Cargo
391:Fleet
287:PASS.
207:from
1372:2024
1342:2024
1130:link
1112:ISSN
1030:link
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664:link
646:ISSN
352:and
315:, a
284:ERCO
278:and
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